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"Tulang adalah jaringan ikat dan merupakan bagian tubuh paling penting. Cacat tulang akibat trauma dan penyakit tulang menjadi salah satu masalah yang signifikan saat ini. Osteoarthritis (OA) adalah salah satu penyakit tulang rawan dengan prevalensi yang terus meningkat setiap tahunnya. Rekayasa jaringan tulang menjadi pengobatan alternatif dengan kombinasi sel, perancah, dan faktor sinyal. Perancah tulang harus memiliki sifat mekanik yang serupa dengan tulang, biokompatibilitas, dan biodegradabilitas yang baik. Pemilihan material yang tepat sangat penting dalam pembuatan perancah tulang karena biomaterial memiliki peranan penting dalam rekayasa jaringan tulang. Biomaterial seperti logam, polimer natural, polimer sintetis, keramik, dan kompositnya telah banyak digunakan dalam aplikasi biomedis. Kolagen tipe I merupakan salah satu biomaterial yang sering digunakan untuk perancah tulang. Pada penelitian ini, kolagen diekstrak dari ikan king kobia menggunakan metode deep eutectic solvent (DES). Kolagen tipe I hasil ekstraksi dengan metode DES memiliki yield sebesar 20.318%. Kolagen dikarakterisasi menggunakan SEM dan FTIR. Kolagen hasil ekstraksi digunakan dapat digunakan sebagai material perancah tulang dengan campuran alginat dan PVA. Perancah Kol/Alg/PVA dikarakterisasi dengan pengujian SEM, FTIR, uji tekan, porositas, laju degradasi, dan swelling. Perancah Kol/Alg/PVA memiliki porositas sebesar 29,98% dan memiliki laju degradasi yang bagus. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa perancah dapat digunakan untuk aplikasi perancah tulang.

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Bones are connective tissue and are the most important part of the body. Bone deformities due to trauma and bone disease are a significant problem today. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a cartilage disease with a prevalence that continues to increase every year. Bone tissue engineering is an alternative treatment with a combination of cells, scaffolds and signaling factors. Bone scaffolds must have mechanical properties similar to bone, good biocompatibility and biodegradability. Selection of the right material is very important in the manufacture of bone scaffolds because biomaterials play an important role in bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials such as metals, natural polymers, synthetic polymers, ceramics and their composites have been widely used in biomedical applications. Type I collagen is one of the most frequently used biomaterials for bone scaffolding. In this study, collagen was extracted from king kobia fish using the deep eutectic solvent (DES) method. Type I collagen extracted using the DES method has a yield of 20.318%. Collagen was characterized using SEM and FTIR. Extracted collagen can be used as a bone scaffolding material with a mixture of alginate and PVA. Col/Alg/PVA scaffolds were characterized by SEM, FTIR, compression test, porosity, degradation rate, and swelling. The Col/Alg/PVA scaffold had a porosity of 29.98% and had a good degradation rate. The characterization results show that the scaffold can be used for bone scaffold applications."

"ABSTRAKBiji lengkeng (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) memiliki kandungan polifenol yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dan efek penghambatan tirosinase. Fitosom adalah nanovesikel lipid yaitu suatu sistem pembawa obat terutama ekstrak tumbuhan yang dapat meningkatkan absorpsi obat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk memformulasi sediaan serum yang mengandung fitosom ekstrak biji lengkeng menggunakan koproses kasein-kolagen sebagai eksipien. Digunakan koproses kasein dengan kolagen karena kolagen memiliki manfaat dalam menjaga elastisitas kulit. Metode peredaman DPPH (2,2-Difenil-1-pikril hidrazil) digunakan untuk mengetahui nilai efficient concentration (EC50) ekstrak biji lengkeng dan uji penghambatan tirosinase dilakukan berdasarkan pengukuran dopakrom untuk memperoleh nilai inhibition concentaration (IC50). Efisiensi penjerapan fitosom dihitung berdasarkan penetapan kadar fenol total supernatan dengan metode Folin-Ciocalteu. Nilai EC50 dari ekstrak biji lengkeng sebesar 6,58 μg/mL. Uji penghambatan aktivitas tirosinase menunjukkan nilai IC50 sebesar 1795,93 μg/mL. Pembuatan fitosom dengan perbandingan fosfatidilkolin dan ekstrak sebesar 1,5 : 1 menunjukkan nilai efisiensi penjerapan sebesar 65,88%, nilai rata-rata diameter partikel (Z-average) sebesar 382,59 nm dan nilai polidispersitas (PDI) sebesar 2,03. Penggunaan koproses kasein-kolagen sebagai eksipien menghasilkan sediaan serum dengan viskositas rendah.

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ABSTRACTThe longan seed (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) contains polyphenol compounds which have antioxidant activity and tyrosinase inhibitory effect. Phytosomes are lipid nanovesicles which can be used as a drug carrier systems especially drugs from plant extracts that can increase the absorption of the drug. The aim of this study is to formulate a serum containing longan seed extract phytosome using a coprocess of casein-collagen as an excipient. Casein was used in combination with collagen because of its benefit in maintaining skin elasticity. The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-pycril hydrazil) radical scavenging method was used to determine the value of efficient concentration (EC50) of longan seed extract, whereas tyrosinase inhibitory assay of longan seed extract was measured based on dopachrome measurement to obtain the value of inhibition concentaration (IC50). The entrapment efficiency of the phytosome was calculated based on determination of total phenolic compounds in the supernatant by using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The EC50 values ​​of longan seed extract was 6.58 μg/mL, the Z-average values was 382.59 nm and the polidispersity index (PDI) was 2,03. Tyrosinase inhibitory assay showed the IC50 values was 1795.93 μg/mL. Phytosome formulation with phosphatidylcholine and extract ratio of 1.5:1 showed the entrapment efficiency of 65,88%. The use of casein-collagen coprocess as an excipient resulted in a serum with low viscosity."

"[Penelusuran kolagen dari lapisan dalam rempela ayam kampung dan ayam negri diidentifikasi dengan cara tanpa perendaman dan dengan perendaman basa NaOH. Sifat fisiokimia kolagen dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) dan Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate – Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). Keberadaan kolagen dari sampel tanpa perendaman diketahui dari gugus fungsi molekul khas yang menyerap radiasi infra merah pada bilangan gelombang tertentu. Pada sampel dengan perendaman basa NaOH, memperlihatkan hilangnya gugus amida pada beberapa daerah jangkauan bilangan gelombang. Selain itu, perendaman juga mengurangi semua komponen kolagen dalam sampel. Kolagen yang berasal dari lapisan dalam rempela ayam merupakan kolagen tipe I dari hasil pemeriksaan bobot unit molekul sampel dengan uji SDS PAGE. Bentuk morfologi dari kolagen ini adalah berbentuk serat kecil dengan partikel-partikel kecil yang teramati menutup serat pada perbesaran kecil. Sementara kandungan atom penyusunnya merupakan susunan umum atom yang terdapat pada protein yaitu karbon, oksigen, fosfor dan sulfur dengan sedikit unsur pengotor.

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The collagen resulted from inner layer of free-range chicken and broiler chicken gizzard were identified by means of submersion with NaOH base and without submersion. The physiochemical of collagen were characterized with Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) andSodium Dodecyl Sulphate – Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). The presence of collagens in sample without submersion were observed from typical molecular functional group absorbing infrared radiation at a particular wave number. Futhermore, in the sample with NaOH base submersion demonstrated that the loss of amide groups in some range areas of wave number. In addition, the submersion bring about decreating all component of collagen in sample as well. The collagens derived from inner layer of gizzard chicken were type I of collagen resulted from examination the sample unit weight with SDS PAGE. The morphology of collagens were a small fibers with small particles covered fibers in small magnification. The content of the contituent atoms were general arrangement of atoms in the protein such as oxygen, phospor and sulphur with slight impurities.;The collagen resulted from inner layer of free-range chicken and broiler chicken gizzard were identified by means of submersion with NaOH base and without submersion. The physiochemical of collagen were characterized with Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) andSodium Dodecyl Sulphate – Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). The presence of collagens in sample without submersion were observed from typical molecular functional group absorbing infrared radiation at a particular wave number. Futhermore, in the sample with NaOH base submersion demonstrated that the loss of amide groups in some range areas of wave number. In addition, the submersion bring about decreating all component of collagen in sample as well. The collagens derived from inner layer of gizzard chicken were type I of collagen resulted from examination the sample unit weight with SDS PAGE. The morphology of collagens were a small fibers with small particles covered fibers in small magnification. The content of the contituent atoms were general arrangement of atoms in the protein such as oxygen, phospor and sulphur with slight impurities.;The collagen resulted from inner layer of free-range chicken and broiler chicken gizzard were identified by means of submersion with NaOH base and without submersion. The physiochemical of collagen were characterized with Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) andSodium Dodecyl Sulphate – Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). The presence of collagens in sample without submersion were observed from typical molecular functional group absorbing infrared radiation at a particular wave number. Futhermore, in the sample with NaOH base submersion demonstrated that the loss of amide groups in some range areas of wave number. In addition, the submersion bring about decreating all component of collagen in sample as well. The collagens derived from inner layer of gizzard chicken were type I of collagen resulted from examination the sample unit weight with SDS PAGE. The morphology of collagens were a small fibers with small particles covered fibers in small magnification. The content of the contituent atoms were general arrangement of atoms in the protein such as oxygen, phospor and sulphur with slight impurities.;The collagen resulted from inner layer of free-range chicken and broiler chicken gizzard were identified by means of submersion with NaOH base and without submersion. The physiochemical of collagen were characterized with Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) andSodium Dodecyl Sulphate – Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). The presence of collagens in sample without submersion were observed from typical molecular functional group absorbing infrared radiation at a particular wave number. Futhermore, in the sample with NaOH base submersion demonstrated that the loss of amide groups in some range areas of wave number. In addition, the submersion bring about decreating all component of collagen in sample as well. The collagens derived from inner layer of gizzard chicken were type I of collagen resulted from examination the sample unit weight with SDS PAGE. The morphology of collagens were a small fibers with small particles covered fibers in small magnification. The content of the contituent atoms were general arrangement of atoms in the protein such as oxygen, phospor and sulphur with slight impurities., The collagen resulted from inner layer of free-range chicken and broiler chicken gizzard were identified by means of submersion with NaOH base and without submersion. The physiochemical of collagen were characterized with Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) andSodium Dodecyl Sulphate – Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). The presence of collagens in sample without submersion were observed from typical molecular functional group absorbing infrared radiation at a particular wave number. Futhermore, in the sample with NaOH base submersion demonstrated that the loss of amide groups in some range areas of wave number. In addition, the submersion bring about decreating all component of collagen in sample as well. The collagens derived from inner layer of gizzard chicken were type I of collagen resulted from examination the sample unit weight with SDS PAGE. The morphology of collagens were a small fibers with small particles covered fibers in small magnification. The content of the contituent atoms were general arrangement of atoms in the protein such as oxygen, phospor and sulphur with slight impurities.]"

"Rangka manusia tersusun atas struktur-struktur seperti: ligamen, tendon, otot, dan organ manusia yang lain. Dalam regenerasi jaringan tulang, rekayasa jaringan memiliki keunggulan dibandingkan metode allograft dan autograft karena hanya menginduksi respon sistem imun minor dan tidak memerlukan operasi kedua untuk mendapatkan tulang donor dari tubuh pasien sendiri yang mana terdapat peningkatan risiko infeksi ketika lebih banyak operasi dilakukan. Salah satu aplikasi rekayasa jaringan adalah pembuatan perancah mirip matriks ekstraseluler yang memberikan dukungan struktural pada sel karena struktur jaringnya. Kolagen adalah salah satu sumber perancah biokompatibel dan memadai untuk rekayasa jaringan untuk regenerasi tulang dalam hal sifat mekanik, struktur pori, permeabilitas, hidrofilisitas dan stabilitas in vivo. Dalam penelitian ini kolagen bersumber dari ikan King Kobia dengan metode ASC dan PSC. Freeze-dryingmerupakan proses pengeringan di mana pelarut dan/atau media suspensi dikristalisasi pada suhu rendah dan selanjutnya disublimasikan dari keadaan padat langsung ke fase uap. Metode ini menghasilkan bahan dengan stabilitas bentuk yang baik sehingga tidak berubah setelah rekonstitusi dengan air. Dalam penelitian ini penulis menambahkan material seng oksida (ZnO) dan titanium oksida (TiO2) yang selanjutnya akan diuji karakteristiknya. Penambahan TiO2 dan ZnO meningkatkan porositas perancah. Dalam penelitian ini ZnO meningkatkan persentase porositas dengan signifikan. Namun, struktur mekanik dari uji tekanan kompresif dan porositas belum menunjukan hasil yang menyerupai penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya. Hal ini mungkin terjadi akibat adanya kesalahan pengukuran volume atau konsentrasi pada proses pencampuran komposit dan ketidaksesuaian spesifikasi liofilisasi. Kedua faktor ini mengubah tekstur dan struktur perancah menjadi mengerut dan menempel pada wadah well-plate.

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The human skeleton is composed of structures such as: ligaments, tendons, muscles, and other human organs. In bone tissue regeneration, tissue engineering has advantages over allograft and autograft methods because it only induces a minor immune system response and does not require a second operation to obtain donor bone from the patient's own body where there is an increased risk of infection when more operations are performed. One application of tissue engineering is the fabrication of extracellular matrix-like scaffolds that provide structural support to cells due to their net structure. Collagen is one source of biocompatible scaffolds and is adequate for tissue engineering for bone regeneration in terms of its mechanical properties, pore structure, permeability, hydrophilicity and in vivo stability. In this study, collagen was sourced from King Cobia fish using the ASC and PSC methods. Freeze-drying is a drying process in which the solvent and/or suspension medium is crystallized at low temperature and then sublimated from the solid state directly into the vapor phase. This method produces a material with good shape stability so that it does not change after reconstitution with water. In this study the authors added zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium oxide (TiO2) materials which would then be tested for their characteristics. The addition of TiO2 and ZnO increased the porosity of the scaffolds. In this study, ZnO significantly increased the percentage of porosity. However, the mechanical structure of the compressive stress and porosity tests has not shown results that resemble those of previous studies. This may occur due to volume or concentration measurement errors in the composite mixing process and non-compliance with lyophilization specifications. These two factors change the texture and structure of the scaffold to shrink and stick to the well-plate container."

"Pada masa menopause, produksi estrogen oleh ovarium berhenti. Berkurangnya produksi estrogen menyebabkan perubahan fisik dan mental pada wanita menopause. Perubahan tersebut sering menimbulkan perasaan tidak nyaman, antara lain terjadi pada kulit. Kulit wanita menopause menjadi tipis dan mudah luka karena menipisnya epidermis; ketebalan dermis juga berkurang karena menurunnya jumlah kolagen dermis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ovariektomi (ovx) bilateral (yang diasumsikan sebagai upaya penurunan kadar estrogen) terhadap lapisan dermis kulit dan dampak terjadinya perubahan tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan 32 ekor tikus Wistar betina berumur ± 3 bulan dengan berat badan 150-250 g, dan dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok perlakuan, yaitu kelompok I (ovx 50 hari), kelompok II (kontrol 50 hari), kelompok III (ovx 100 hari), dan kelompok IV (kontrol 100 hari). Kelompok I dan II dibedah pada hari ke-50, kelompok III dan IV dibedah pada hari ke-100. Organ kulit diambil dari abdomen dan dibuat sajian histologis dengan pewarnaan Trichrome. Preparat kemudian dianalisis secara kuantitatif dengan menggunakan serapan warna RGB (Red, Green, Blue) atau format RGB menggunakan program Adobe Photoshop 7.0.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara tebal dermis maupun tebal pulasan kolagen dermis antara tikus 50 dan 100 hari pada ovariektomi bilateral dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Namun demikian, ditemukan perbedaan yang signifikan pada kenaikan berat badan tikus ovariektomi bilateral 50 dan 100 hari. Tidak adanya perbedaan tersebut kemungkinan disebabkan karena estrogen yang berkurang akibat ovariektomi segera digantikan oleh estrogen dari jaringan lemak akibat kenaikan berat badan; dan estrogen dari kulit, yang merupakan tempat biosintesis estrogen ekstraglandular. Penelitian ini akan lebih akurat jika diperoleh data kadar estrogen darah, kadar biosintesis kolagen dan variasi waktu pengamatan.

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AbstractAt menopause, estrogen production by the ovary ceases. Decreased estrogen causes physical and mental changes in menopausal women. These changes often result in discomfort, such as changes in the skin. The skin of menopausal women becomes thinner and more prone to injury due to the thinning of the epidermis; the thickness of the dermis also decreases because of the reduced collagen in the dermis. This research aims to investigate the influence of bilateral ovariectomy (ovx), assumed as a method to decrease estrogen levels, on the dermal layer of the skin and the impact of these changes. Thirty-two female Wistar rats, aged ±3 months, weighing 150-250 g, were divided into 4 groups, each containing 8 rats. Group I, sacrificed 50 days after ovariectomy, and Group II, the control group, were sacrificed on day 50. Group III, sacrificed 100 days after ovariectomy, and Group IV, the control group, were sacrificed on day 100. Skin samples were taken from the abdomen and made into histological slides stained with Trichrome. These slides were then analyzed quantitatively using the RGB (Red, Green, Blue) color absorption method with Adobe Photoshop 7.0.The results showed no significant difference in dermis thickness and collagen staining thickness between the 50-day and 100-day bilateral ovariectomy groups compared to the control groups. However, there was a significant difference in body weight increase between the 50-day and 100-day bilateral ovariectomy groups. The lack of difference in dermis thickness and collagen staining is possibly due to the decrease in estrogen levels from ovariectomy being quickly replaced by estrogen from fat tissue as a result of weight gain, and estrogen from the skin, which represents extraglandular estrogen biosynthesis. This research would be more accurate if blood estrogen levels, collagen biosynthesis rates, and variations in observation time were also measured."

"Latar Belakang: Dibutuhkan waktu 14 hari donor kulit STSG sembuh. Kolagen berperan penting untuk menginduksi penyembuhan luka dan proses epitelisasi lebih cepat. Sementara gliserin menjaga kulit tetap lembab dan mendorong migrasi sel epitel. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui fungsi gel kolagen dan gliserin dalam mempercepat penyembuhan luka pada daerah donor STSG. Bahan dan Metode: Uji coba klinis non-acak dilakukan pada 18 pasien dewasa untuk membandingkan tingkat epitelisasi pada donor STSG antara kombinasi gel kolagen dan gliserin dibandingkan tulle yang dikombinasikan dengan kasa lembab. Luka dinilai pada hari ke 7, 10, dan 14 pascaoperasi. Persentase epitelisasi dievaluasi dan difoto. Setiap foto dianalisis dengan menggunakan program analisis warna Adobe Photoshop. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan SPSS 20.0 dan diuji dengan independent t-test. Hasil: Delapan belas pasien yang membutuhkan pencangkokan kulit dimasukkan dalam penelitian ini. Terdapat 13 pria dan 5 wanita dengan usia rata-rata 33,34 tahun berkisar 15-50 tahun . Area donor rata-rata adalah 140,89 cm2 berkisar 100-240 cm2 . Persentase tingkat epitelisasi lebih besar dengan menggunakan kombinasi gel kolagen dan gliserin pada hari ke-7 pasca operasi 88,05 , 95 CI 85,75-90,63 vs 77,18 , 95 CI 73,39-81,02 ; p

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Background It usually takes 14 days for the split thickness skin donor site to heal. Collagen plays an important role to induce faster wound healing and epithelialization. Meanwhile, glycerin keeps skin moisturized and promotes epithelial cells migration. This study was conducted to identify the role of combined collagen and glycerin based gel in promoting faster wound healing on split thickness skin graft donor sites.Materials and Methods A non randomized clinical trial was performed on 18 adult patients to compare the dressing for split thickness skin graft donor site epithelialization rate between combination of collagen and glycerin based gel versus tulle grass combined with moist gauze. The wound was assessed on postoperative day 7, 10, and 14. The epithelialization percentage was evaluated and photographed. Each photo was analyzed using Adobe Photoshop color match program. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20.0 and tested with independent t test.Result Eighteen patients requiring skin grafting were included in this study. There were 13 men and 5 women with mean age 33.34 year old ranged 15 50 year old . The average donor area was 140.89 cm2 ranged 100 240 cm2 . Epithelialization rate was greater using combination of collagen and glycerin based gel on postoperative day 7 88.05 , 95 CI 85.75 90.63 vs 77.18 , 95 CI 73.39 81.02 p 0.05 and day 10 96.92 , 95 CI 96.02 97.82 vs 89.22 , 95 CI 87.6 90.85 p 0.05 . Meanwhile, there is no epithelialization rate difference on postoperative day 14 between both dressing types 100 vs 99.72 0.55 , p 0.05Conclusion Although showing better epithelialization rate at day 7 and 10, combination of collagen and glycerin based gel covered gauze showed no difference in the healing of split thickness skin graft donor sites in comparison with tulle grass combined with moist gauze at day 14. Keywords Donor site, STSG, collagen and glycerin based gel, epithelialization. "

"Gangguan dan penyakit tulang merupakan hal yang mengkhawatirkan karena prevalensinya yang meningkat. Rekayasa jaringan tulang dengan pengembangan struktur melalui kombinasi perancah, sel, dan/atau faktor biologis merupakan solusi yang menjanjikan untuk regenerasi tulang. Kolagen dan hidroksiapatit termasuk bahan perancah yang paling umum digunakan untuk rekayasa jaringan tulang dan dapat diekstraksi dari sumber alam. Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan terbesar dan produsen ikan terbesar kedua di dunia, memiliki sumber daya laut yang melimpah. Perikanan tuna yang termasuk paling besar dan paling produktif di dunia menghasilkan produk sampingan dengan jumlah yang besar. Pada penelitian ini, kolagen dan hidroksiapatit diekstraksi dari produk sampingan tuna, yaitu tulang kerangka dan kepala, menggunakan ekstraksi pelarutan asam untuk kolagen dan kalsinasi untuk hidroksiapatit. Kolagen hasil ekstraksi dikarakterisasi menggunakan UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FTIR, dan SEM-EDX, sedangkan hidroksiapatit hasil ekstraksi dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, SEM-EDX, dan XRD. Berdasarkan hasil karakterisasi, kolagen hasil ekstraksi memiliki puncak absorbansi di 225 nm, memiliki struktur heliks rangkap tiga, struktur mikro lembaran berlapis, berpori, dan sedikit berkerut. Sedangkan hidroksiapatit hasil ekstraksi memiliki ukuran dan bentuk partikel bervariasi dengan ukuran kristal 16,64 nm, 15,62 nm, 16,63 nm, 4,39 nm, crystallinity index 0,643, 0,572, 0,613, 0,027, dan nilai Ca/P 1,753±0,052, 1,806±0,074, 1,792±0,021, 1,935±0,091 masing-masing untuk sampel kalsinasi 1, sampel kalsinasi 2, sampel kalsinasi 3, dan sampel ultrasonikasi. Kolagen hasil ekstraksi dapat dikembangkan sebagai bahan perancah tulang karena memliki struktur berpori yang dibutuhkan untuk penetrasi sel, nutrisi dan transfer limbah, serta angiogenesis; sedangkan hidroksiapatit sampel kalsinasi 1 memiliki nilai rasio Ca/P (1,753±0,052) yang paling mendekati rasio Ca/P pada tulang manusia (1,67). Ekstraksi kolagen dan hidroksiapatit ini diharapkan dapat memanfaatkan produk sampingan sumber daya laut dan dapat digunakan sebagai material perancah tulang untuk mengatasi gangguan dan penyakit tulang.

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Bone disorders and diseases are a matter of concern because of their increasing prevalence. Bone tissue engineering with structural development through a combination of scaffolds, cells, and/or biological factors is a promising solution for bone regeneration. Collagen and hydroxyapatite are among the most commonly used scaffold materials for bone tissue engineering and can be extracted from natural sources. Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country and the second-largest fish producer in the world, has abundant marine resources. Tuna fisheries, which are among the largest and most productive in the world, produce large amounts of by-products. In this study, collagen and hydroxyapatite were extracted from tuna by-products, including skeleton and head, using acid solubilization extraction for collagen and calcination for hydroxyapatite. The extracted collagen was then characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FTIR, and SEM-EDX, while the extracted hydroxyapatite was characterized using FTIR, SEM-EDX, and XRD. Based on the characterization results, the extracted collagen has an absorbance peak at 225 nm, has a triple-helix structure, a layered sheet microstructure, is porous, and is slightly wrinkled. While the extracted hydroxyapatite has various particle sizes and shapes with crystal sizes of 16.64 nm, 15.62 nm, 16.63 nm, 4.39 nm, crystallinity index 0.643, 0.572, 0.613, 0.027, and Ca/P values were 1.753±0.052, 1.806±0.074, 1.792±0.021, 1.935±0.091 for the calcined sample 1, calcined sample 2, calcined sample 3, and ultrasonicated sample, respectively. Extracted collagen can be developed as a bone scaffold material because it has a porous structure required for cell penetration, nutrition and waste transfer, and angiogenesis; while the hydroxyapatite of calcined sample 1 has a Ca/P ratio value (1.753±0.052) which is closest to the Ca/P ratio in human bone (1.67). The extraction of collagen and hydroxyapatite is expected to be able to utilize marine by-products and can be used as bone scaffold material to treat bone disorders and diseases."

"Latar Belakang : Angka kejadian reseksi anastomosis pada kasus intususepsimasih sangat tinggi. Hal ini dikarenakan masih seringnya pasien datang terlambatsetelah 72 jam, kurangnya SDM untuk melakukan reduksi non operatif, dankurangnya penunjang seperti USG untuk menegakkan diagnosa. Penting untukmemperhatikan presisi, tehnik dan mempertimbangkan usus yang tersisa dalammelakukan reseksi anastomosis. Hingga saat ini belum ada standar operasi khususyang dapat menjadi panduan bagi para dokter bedah dalam melakukan reseksiakibat intususepsi. Karena itu, peneliti tertarik untuk mencari batas reseksi yangdiperlukan untuk menghasilkan suatu anastomosis end-to-end yang optimal danrendah tingkat kebocorannya. Penelitian akan dilakukan kepada tikus sebagai pilotstudy sebelum dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut.Tujuan : Mengetahui batas reseksi usus yang optimal dinilai dari kebocorananastomosis berdasarkan grading kolagen pada batas reseksi tersebut.Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan hewan cobatikus putih Sprague Dawley. Tikus putih dilakukan intususepsi denganmenggunakan stylet, dari proksimal ke distal. Setelah 45 menit, intususepsi direduksi.Tikus putih dikelompokkan dalam tiga kelompok sesuai batas reseksianastomosis, yang kemudian batas reseksi ini dilakukan pemeriksaan gradingkolagen. Setelah 5 hari, dilakukan laparotomi untuk menilai kebocorananastomosis.Hasil : Pada perbandingan grading kolagen dengan reseksi usus didapatkangrading terbanyak pada batas 1 adalah grading 2 (57,1 %), pada batas 2 grading 2(71,4 %) ,batas 3 grading 3 (71,4%).Perforasi terbanyak ditemukan pada grading2 sebanyak 5 sampel. Pada perbandingan batas reseksi dengan perforasididapatkan perforasi terbanyak pada batas 1 (85,7 %)Simpulan : Terdapat perbedaaan grading kolagen pada batas reseksi usus dimanabatas kelompok batas 3 memiliki grading kolagen yang lebih baik ( grade 3 dan 4)sehingga kelompok batas 3 lebih direkomendasikan secara histopatologis.Grading kolagen dapat dinilai untuk melihat kemungkinan perforasi hasilanastomosis. Terdapat faktor-faktor lain yang dapat mempengaruhi kejadianperforasi selain grading kolagen.

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Background : There is still high presentation of intussuseption cases with resection and

anastomose, caused of multi factors as : patient delay more than 72 hours, less on

profesional expert to do non operative reduction and less of examination such as ultra

sound to make a diagnose. That is important to take attention with pretition, tehniques

and less of intestine when do the resection. There is still no operative standard about the

boundary of resection cause of intussuseption, thats why the author want to do the

experimental to find the optimal part of resection with minimal leakage. The experimental

will do on rat as a pilot study.

Aim : How to get the optimal part of resection compared with anastomotic leakege based

on collagen grading.

Method : The experimental test using a Sprague Dawley rat. We make a intussuseption

on gut rat using a styleth from proximal to distal. The release do after 45 minutes. The

rats then separated into three boundaries group, and did resection-anastomose with each

gut from groups were performed a histopatologic test to count collagen grading. Leakage

of anastomose were examinated after 5 days

Result : In comparison between collagen grading and the extent of resection

obtained the highest grading in group 1 is grade 2 (57,1%), group 2 is grade 2

(71,4%), group 3 (71,4%). The highest Leakage can be found on grade 2 (5

sample).in comparison the extent of resection and leakage,the highest is group 1

(85,7%).

Summary : There are differences about collagen gradingin the extent of bowel

resection which is the third group of resection has higher collagen grading (3 and

4 ) and then more recommended as histopatologic exam. Collagen grading could

be marked to see possibilities of anastomotic leakage. There is some factors that

affect a leakage besides collagen grading."

"Latar belakang: Penuaan paru ditandai dengan perubahan struktur dan fisiologi paru. Secara struktural, terjadi perubahan ketebalan septum interalveolar dan komponen di dalamnya, salah satunya adalah serat kolagen interstisial, sehingga dapat memengaruhi fungsi paru sebagai organ respirasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui korelasi antara jumlah serat kolagen interstitial paru dengan ketebalan septum interalveolar pada penuaan tikus Sprague-Dawley. Metode: Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional analytic correlative. Penelitian ini menggunakan 24 ekor tikus Sprague-Dawley sebagai subjek penelitian. Subjek penelitian terdiri atas empat kelompok usia, yaitu 2 hari, 16 hari, 3-4 bulan, dan >12 bulan yang ditentukan dengan m ± 0.043 μm, dan 0,512 ± 0.020 μm. Uji korelasi non parametrik Spearman (p = 0,03) antara jumlah serat kolagen interstisial dengan ketebalan septum interalveolar menunjukkan nilai koefisien korelasi (r = 0,213). Kesimpulan: Pada penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa terdapat korelasi yang lemah antara jumlah serat kolagen interstisial paru dengan ketebalan septum interalveolar pada penuaan tikus Sprague-Dawley. Dengan demikian, dapat dipikirkan bahwa serat kolagen interstisial dapat mempengaruhi ketebalan septum interalveolar paru tikus yang menua, meskipun bukan satu-satunya faktor yang mempengaruhi.

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Background: Lung aging is characterized by structure and physiologic changes of the lung. Structurally, the interalveolar septum thickness and all of its components including collagen fiber are change, so that affect the lung function as a respiratory organ. This study is aimed to determine the correlation between the amount of pulmonary interstitial collagen fiber and interalveolar septum thickness on Sprague-Dawley rat aging. Method: The design of this research is cross sectional analytic correlative. The data was taken from the lung tissue preparations of 24 rats in 4 groups based on age, 2 days, 16 days, 3-4 months, and >12 months using single blind randomization technique. The methods of preparation making are based on the literatures. Data that was assessed were the histology of pulmonary interstitial collagen fiber and interalveolar septum. Then, they were analized using SPSS 20.0. Result: Sequentially, the modes of interstitial collagen fiber are 1, 2, 2, and 3; while the interalveolar septum thickness means are 0,436 ± 0.059 μm, 0,399 ± 0.022 μm, 0,474 ± 0.043 μm, and 0,512 ± 0.020 μm. By using non parametric Spearman correlation test (p = 0.03), it was obtained the correlation coefficient (r = 0.213) between the amount of pulmonary interstitial collagen fiber with the interalveolar septum thickness. Conclusion: There is a weak correlation between the amount of pulmonary interstitial collagen fiber with the interalveolar septum thickness of Sprague- Dawley rat aging. Thus, it can be thought that pulmonary interstitial collagen fiber may affects interalveolar septum thickness of rat aging, although it’s not as the only one factor."

"Penggunaan kalsium fosfat sebagai bahan pengganti tulang sudah banyak diaplikasikan, khususnya pengaplikasian hidroksiapatit karena kemiripannya dengan mineral tulang manusia. Hidroksiapatit merupakan senyawa kalsium fosfat yang paling stabil dan telah banyak digunakan sebagai implan tulang, namun hidroksiapatit memiliki sifat brittle yaitu mudah rapuh dan mempunyai sifat resorbabilitas yang sangat rendah. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan biomaterial pada jaringan tulang, selain mineral diperlukan material organik sebagai penyusun matriks. Salah satu yang dapat digunakan adalah kolagen yang merupakan protein fungsional yang ada didalam tubuh dan memiliki peran penting dalam menjalankan fungsi tubuh. Kombinasi antara hidroksiapatit dan kolagen memiliki potensi untuk rekayasa jaringan tulang karena kesamaan dan sifat biologis alaminya. Pada penelitian ini komposit hidroksiapatit/kolagen disintesis secara In-situ menggunakan metode iradiasi gelombang mikro dengan daya sebesar 400 Watt selama 10, 20, dan 30 menit. Penggunaan iradiasi gelombang mikro digunakan karena dapat memicu pertumbuhan kristal hidroksiapatit dengan waktu yang relatif cukup singkat dibandingkan dengan metode konvensional seperti konduksi dan konveksi. Pada hasil karakterisasi menggunakan difraksi sinar-x didapatkan pola puncak puncak yang mengindikasikan terbentuknya fasa hidroksiapatit yang di berada pada sudut 2θ 25°, 28°, 32°, 39°, 53° dan bidang miller (002), (210), (300), (310), (004) pada seluruh komposit yang di iradiasi selama 10, 20, dan 30 menit serta diperoleh ukuran kristal sebesar 21,94 - 22,65 nm serta indeks kristalinitas sebesar 0,269 - 0,297. Hasil ini menujukan bahwa semakin lama waktu radiasi yang diberikan maka ukuran kristal serta nilai indeks kristalinitas juga meningkat. Hasil karakterisasi FTIR menandakan adanya karakteristik serapan dari hidroksiapatit dan kolagen pada komposit yang ditandai dengan terdapatnya gugus fosfat (PO4) pada bilangan gelombang 564 cm-1, 603-602 cm-1, 1032 cm-1 dan 961-962 cm-1, gugus karbonat (CO3) pada bilangan gelombang 875-876 cm-1, gugus hidroksil (OH) pada bilangan gelombang 3566 cm-1, Amida A (N-H) pada bilangan gelombang 3423-3442 cm-1, Aminda B (C-H) pada bilangan gelombang 2963-2964 cm-1, Amida I (C=O) pada bilangan gelombang 1646-1650 cm-1, Amida II (N-H) pada bilangan gelombang 1540-1542 cm-1 serta Amida III (C-H) pada bilangan gelombang 1260-1263 cm-1. Hasil karakterisasi menggunakan SEM memperlihatkan bahwa hidroksiapatit telah terpresipitasi dan menyelimuti pori kolagen.

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Calcium phosphate has been widely applied as a bone substitute, especially hydroxyapatite, because of its similarity with human bone minerals. Hydroxyapatite is the most stable calcium phosphate compound, However, hydroxyapatite has brittle properties and very low resorbability. To meet the biomaterials needs of bone tissue, in addition to minerals, organic materials are needed as matrix compounds. Collagen, a functional protein found in the body, can fulfill this role. A hydroxyapatite and collagen combination has the potential to be engineered into bone tissue because of its similarity and natural biological properties. In this study, the hydroxyapatite/collagen composite was synthesized in situ using the microwave irradiation method with a power of 400 Watt for 10, 20, and 30 minutes. Microwave irradiation is used because it can trigger the growth of hydroxyapatite crystals in a relatively short time compared to conventional methods, such as conduction and convection. In the results, using x-ray diffraction, the peak pattern showed the formation of the hydroxyapatite phase indicated at an angle of 2θ 25°, 28°, 32°, 39°, 53° and the miller indices (002), (210), (300), (310), (004) in all composites that were irradiated for 10, 20, and 30 minutes obtained a crystal size of 21.94 nm - 22.65 nm, and a crystallinity index of 0.269 - 0.297. This shows that the longer the composite is exposed to radiation, the crystal size, and value of the crystallinity index also increase. The results of the use of FTIR shows the absorption characteristics of hydroxyapatite and collagen in the composite that were characterized by the presence of a phosphate group (PO4) on wavenumber 564 cm-1, 603-602 cm-1, 1032 cm-1 and 961-962 cm-1, a carbonate group (CO3) on wavenumber 875-876 cm-1, a hydroxyl group (OH) on wavenumber 3566 cm-1, Amide A (N-H) on wavenumber 3423-3442 cm-1, Amide B (C-H) on wavenumber 2963-2964 cm-1, Amide I (C=O) on wavenumber 1646-1650 cm-1, Amide II (N-H) on wavenumber 1540-1542 cm-1, Amide III (C-H) on wavenumber 1260-1263. Characterization using SEM showed that hydroxyapatite had precipitated and covered the collagen pores."