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"Perkembangan teknologi menyediakan sarana baru untuk melakukan kekerasan dalam hubungan romantis, yang disebut sebagai cyber intimate partner aggression (CIPA), yang kerap kali terjadi pada usia dewasa muda. Penelitian terdahulu menemukan bahwa anxious attachment berhubungan dengan CIPA dan adverse childhood experience (ACE), yang merupakan prediktor kuat dari CIPA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat peran mediasi anxious attachment dalam hubungan antara ACE dan CIPA pada individu dewasa muda di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan 3 instrumen penelitian, yaitu (1) Cyber Aggression in Relationship Scale (CARS; Watkins et al., 2018) untuk mengukur CIPA; (2) Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF; Bernstein et al., 2003) untuk mengukur ACE; dan (3) Experience in Close Relationship Scale-Revised 18 (ECR-R-18; Margaretha, 2020; Wongparkan & Wongparkan, 2012) untuk mengukur anxious attachment. Sampel penelitian ini berasal dari 941 partisipan dengan rata-rata usia 22.7 tahun, yang sedang atau pernah menjalani hubungan romantis serta menggunakan teknologi untuk menjalani hubungan romantis. Hasil analisis regresi menunjukkan bahwa ACE dapat memprediksi perilaku CIPA secara signifikan dan positif. Hasil analisis mediasi juga menunjukkan bahwa anxious attachment berperan sebagai mediator parsial dalam hubungan ACE dan CIPA. Penelitian ini memiliki implikasi pada pengembangan usaha preventif dan intervensi CIPA.

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Technology developments have resulted in a new form of violence often occurring in young adult romantic relationships, namely cyber intimate partner aggression (CIPA). While previous findings show anxious attachment and adverse childhood experience (ACE) as strong predictors of CIPA, this study aims to look at the mediating role of anxious attachment in the relationship between ACE and CIPA in young adults in Indonesia. This study uses 3 research instruments, namely (1) Cyber ??Aggression in Relationship Scale (CARS; Watkins et al., 2018) to measure CIPA; (2) Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF; Bernstein et al., 2003) to measure ACE; and (3) Experience in Close Relationship Scale-Revised 18 (ECR-R-18; Margaretha, 2020; Wongparkan & Wongparkan, 2012) to measure anxious attachment. This study takes samples from 941 participants with an average age of 22.7 years who are currently or have previously been committed in a romantic relationship. The results of the regression analysis shows that ACE can predict CIPA behavior significantly and positively. The results of the mediation analysis also show that anxious attachment acts as a partial mediator in the relationship between ACE and CIPA. This research has implications for the development of CIPA preventive and intervention efforts."

"Literatur menunjukkan bahwa kedua bentuk kekerasan hubungan intim, yakni secara langsung yang disebut sebagai in-person intimate partner aggression (IPA) dan secara siber yang disebut sebagai cyber intimate partner aggression (CIPA), kerap kali terjadi pada populasi dewasa muda. Berdasarkan penelitian terdahulu, IPA dan CIPA dapat diprediksi oleh adverse childhood experience (ACE) melalui proses belajar sosial. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat peran ACE dalam memprediksi IPA dan CIPA, serta menguji hubungan antara kedua bentuk kekerasan tersebut. Penelitian ini melibatkan 945 individu dewasa muda di Indonesia yang pernah atau sedang menjalani hubungan romantis. Instrumen-instrumen yang digunakan adalah Revised Conflict Tactics Scales–Short Form (CTS2S; Straus & Douglas, 2004) untuk mengukur tindakan IPA; (2) Cyber Aggression in Relationship Scale (CARS; Watkins dkk., 2018) untuk mengukur tindakan CIPA; dan (3) Childhood Trauma Questionnaire–Short Form (CTQ- SF; Bernstein dkk., 2003) untuk mengukur ACE. Hasil analisis regresi menunjukkan bahwa dimensi physical assault, psychological aggression, dan sexual coercion dari IPA dan perilaku CIPA secara keseluruhan dapat diprediksi secara signifikan dan positif oleh ACE (β=0.005, SE=0.001, p>0.001; β=0.016, SE=0.002, p>0.001; β=0.005, SE=0.001, p>0.001; β=0.085, SE=0.016, p>0.001). Seluruh dimensi IPA ditemukan memiliki hubungan yang positif dan signifikan dengan CIPA (p<0.001). Implikasi hasil penelitian serta saran metodologis dan praktis dibahas lebih lanjut.

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The literature shows that both direct and online forms of intimate partner aggression, known as in-person intimate partner aggression (IPA) and cyber intimate partner aggression (CIPA), are common in the young adult population. Based on earlier studies, IPA and CIPA can be predicted by adverse childhood experience (ACE) through social learning processes. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the role of ACE in predicting IPA and CIPA, as well as the relationship between the two forms of intimate partner aggression. This study involved 945 young adults in Indonesia who were or are currently in a romantic relationship. The instruments used were Revised Conflict Tactics Scales–Short Form (CTS2S; Straus & Douglas, 2004) to measure IPA; (2) Cyber Aggression in Relationship Scale (CARS; Watkins et al., 2018) to measure CIPA; and (3) the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire–Short Form (CTQ-SF; Bernstein et al., 2003) to measure ACE. The results of the regression analysis showed that the dimensions of IPA (physical assault, psychological aggression, and sexual coercion) and CIPA can be predicted significantly and positively by ACE (β=0.005, SE=0.001, p>0.001; =0.016, SE=0.002 , p>0.001; =0.005, SE=0.001, p>0.001; =0.085, SE=0.016, p>0.001). All dimensions of IPA were also found to have a positive and significant relationship with CIPA (p<0.001). The implications of the research as well as methodological and practical suggestions are discussed further."

"Kualitas hidup merupakan salah satu aspek penting dalam kehidupan seseorang. Adverse childhood experiences yang dialami individu selama masa perkembangan dapat mengganggu tingkat kualitas hidup. Peneliti mendapatkan 181 partisipan berusia 18-25 tahun yang berasal dari 30 provinsi di Indonesia. Psychological flexibility diukur dengan Comp-ACT (Comprehensive Assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Treatment Processes), kualitas hidup diukur dengan WHOQOL-BREF (World Health Organization Quality of Life - Brief Version), dan adverse childhood experiences diukur menggunakan WHO ACE-IQ (World Health Organization Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire). Hasil analisis regresi linear sederhana menunjukkan bahwa psychological flexibility berperan signifikan terhadap kualitas hidup individu dewasa muda yang mengalami adverse childhood experiences. Dalam penelitian ini, psychological flexibility, beserta dimensi-dimensinya, mampu memprediksi kualitas hidup individu dewasa muda yang mengalami adverse childhood experiences. Psychological flexibility secara signifikan berhubungan positif dengan kualitas hidup individu dewasa muda yang mengalami adverse childhood experiences.

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Quality of life is one of the important aspects of an individual's life. Adverse childhood experiences encountered during developmental stages can disrupt the level of quality of life. Researchers obtained 181 participants aged 18-25 years from 30 provinces in Indonesia. Psychological flexibility was measured using the Comp-ACT (Comprehensive Assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Treatment Processes), quality of life was measured using the WHOQOL-BREF (World Health Organization Quality of Life - Brief Version), and adverse childhood experiences were measured using the WHO ACE-IQ (World Health Organization Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire). The results of a simple linear regression analysis showed that psychological flexibility plays a significant role in the quality of life of young adults who have experienced adverse childhood experiences. In this study, psychological flexibility and its dimensions were proven to predict the quality of life of young adults who have experienced adverse childhood experiences. Psychological flexibility is significantly positively related to the quality of life of young adults who have experienced adverse childhood experiences."

"Berbagai studi telah dilakukan mengenai keterkaitan antara pengalaman sulit di masa kecil dengan depresi dan keterkaitan makna hidup dengan depresi. Peran kedua variabel tersebut terhadap depresi juga telah diteliti, akan tetapi, belum ada penelitian yang membandingkan peran keduanya terhadap depresi, khususnya pada populasi dewasa muda di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji peran pengalaman sulit di masa kecil dan makna hidup (keberadaan makna dan pencarian makna) terhadap depresi pada dewasa muda. Partisipan penelitian adalah dewasa muda yang berasal dari wilayah Jabodetabek (N=482), yang diberikan kuesioner BDI-II untuk mengukur depresi, ACE-Q untuk mengukur pengalaman sulit di masa kecil, dan MLQ untuk mengukur makna hidup. Hasil penelitian menggunakan analisis multiple linear regression menunjukkan bahwa pengalaman sulit di masa kecil memprediksi depresi secara positif, makna hidup pada dimensi keberadaan makna memprediksi depresi secara negatif, dan dimensi pencarian makna memprediksi depresi secara positif. Dibandingkan pengalaman sulit di masa kecil, makna hidup merupakan prediktor yang lebih kuat terhadap depresi, khususnya dimensi keberadaan makna. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, kesadaran masayarakat mengenai makna hidup sebagai faktor resiko depresi perlu ditingkatkan dan praktisi kesehatan sebaiknya tidak fokus pada faktor resiko lingkungan saja, namun juga pada faktor resiko personal.

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Many studies have done research about the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and depression and the relationship between meaning in life and depression. The role of those two variables in depression has also been done, however, there isn't any research that compares the role of both variables in depression, specifically, in the young adults population in Indonesia. This study aims to test the role of adverse childhood experiences and meaning in life (presence of meaning and searching for meaning) in depression in young adults. Participants of this study are young adults who live in Jabodetabek (N=482), who were given BDI-II questionnaire to measure depression, ACE-Q to measure adverse childhood experiences, and MLQ to measure meaning in life. The results of this study, using multiple linear regression, showed that adverse childhood experiences predicted depression positively, meaning in life in Presence Of Meaning dimension predicted depression negatively, and meaning in life in Search For Meaning dimension predicted depression positively Compared to adverse childhood experiences, meaning in life is the stronger predictor in depression, especially, in the dimension of presence of meaning. According to the results of this study, public awareness of meaning in life as a risk factor for depression needs to be raised and health practitioners should not just focus on the environmental risk factors that might cause depression, but also on personal risk factors."

"Beberapa tahun terakhir, terdapat peningkatan isu perceraian dan kekerasan dalam rumah tangga di Indonesia, termasuk pada pasangan dewasa muda. Tingginya isu rumah tangga dapat menjadi indikasi bahwa pasangan dewasa muda kurang mampu mengatasi ketegangan yang terjadi sehingga memengaruhi relationship satisfaction. Beberapa penelitian menemukan bahwa adverse childhood experience (ACE) merupakan salah satu faktor risiko terhadap ketidakmampuan pasangan dalam mengatasi konflik pada masa dewasanya. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui peran kemampuan self-compassion sebagai moderator dalam hubungan ACE dan relationship satisfaction pada kelompok dewasa muda dalam hubungan pernikahan. Penelitian ini menggunakan alat ukur Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire untuk mengukur jumlah pengalaman sulit yang dialami pada masa kanak-kanak, Relationship Assessment Scale untuk mengukur kepuasan hubungan romantis, dan Self-Compassion Scale untuk mengukur tingkat kemampuan self-compassion. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 258 dewasa muda (20 – 40 tahun) di Jabodetabek dengan mayoritas adalah partisipan wanita (78.7%). Multiple regression analysis menunjukkan bahwa self-compassion (β=-1.48, p<.05) beserta dengan ketiga dimensinya, mampu memoderatori dengan melemahkan hubungan negatif ACE dan relationship satisfaction. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa self-compassion mampu meningkatkan relationship satisfaction meskipun pasangan pernah mengalami ACE. Limitasi dari penelitian ini adalah teknik sampling yang digunakan merupakan convenience sampling sehingga tidak semua partisipan memiliki ACE dan tidak meratanya proporsi sampel.

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In recent years, there has been an increase in the issues of divorce and domestic violence in Indonesia, including among young adult couples. This rise may indicate that young adult couples struggle to manage tension, affecting their relationship satisfaction. Studies have identified adverse childhood experiences (ACE) as a risk factor for adult couples' inability to resolve conflicts. This study aims to investigate the role of self-compassion as a moderator in the relationship between ACE and relationship satisfaction among young married adults. The study utilized the Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire to assess the number of adverse childhood experiences, the Relationship Assessment Scale to measure romantic relationship satisfaction, and the Self-Compassion Scale to assess self-compassion levels. Participants included 258 young adults (aged 20 – 40) in the Jabodetabek, with a majority being female (78.7%). Multiple regression analysis indicated that self-compassion (β=-1.48, p<.05) and its three dimensions moderated the negative relationship between ACE and relationship satisfaction. It can be concluded that self-compassion can enhance relationship satisfaction despite partners having experienced ACE. A limitation of this study is the use of convenience sampling, leading to not all participants having ACE and an uneven sample proportion."

"Dewasa muda menggunakan teknologi komunikasi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, termasuk untuk menjalin hubungan romantisnya. Namun, teknologi digital kemudian berpotensi menjadi sebuah wadah untuk melakukan kekerasan terhadap pasangan, dikenal sebagai cyber intimate partner aggression (CIPA). Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya, CIPA dapat diprediksi oleh adverse childhood experience (ACE). ACE dipercaya berpotensi memunculkan early maladaptive schema (EMS) pada individu yang kemudian meningkatkan kemungkinan melakukan CIPA. Penelitian sebelumnya menemukan bahwa skema domain yang paling berpengaruh antara hubungan ACE dan CIPA adalah disconnection & rejection. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat peran mediasi domain disconnection & rejection, secara keseluruhan dan masing-masing skema di dalamnya, dalam hubungan antara cyber intimate partner aggression dengan adverse childhood experience. Partisipan pada penelitian ini adalah 941 dewasa muda yang pernah atau sedang menjalani hubungan romantis dan berdomisili di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa perilaku cyber intimate partner aggression dapat diprediksi secara signifikan dan positif oleh adverse childhood experience (β=.084, SE=.016 p <.001). Selanjutnya, skema domain disconnection & rejection secara keseluruhan dapat memediasi hubungan tersebut secara signifikan. Dari lima skema yang ada, skema abandonment dan skema mistrust/abuse yang dapat secara signifikan memediasi hubungan yang ada. Implikasi hasil penelitian dibahas lebih lanjut.

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Young adults use communication technology in their daily lives, including to establish romantic relationships. However, communication technology potentially creates a new platform for violence against partner, known as cyber intimate partner aggression (CIPA). Based on previous research, CIPA can be predicted by adverse childhood experience (ACE). ACE is believed to have the potential to cause early maladaptive schema (EMS) in individuals which then increases the likelihood of performing CIPA. Previous research found that the most influential domain scheme in the relationship between ACE and CIPA was disconnection & rejection. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the mediation role of the disconnection & rejection domain, as a whole and separately for each schema in the domain, in the relationship between cyber intimate partner aggression and adverse childhood experience. Participants in this study were 941 young adults who had or are currently in a romantic relationship and domiciled in Indonesia. The results indicate that the behavior of cyber intimate partner aggression can be significantly and positively predicted by adverse childhood experience (β=.084, SE=.016 p <.001). Furthermore, the overall disconnection & rejection domain schema can significantly mediate the relationship. Out of the five existing schemas, the abandonment schema and the mistrust/abuse schema could significantly mediate the existing relationship. Research implications discussed further."

"Penelitian kuantitatif ini ditujukan untuk melihat hubungan trait kepribadian dengan gejala depresi pada individu yang mengalami adverse childhood experience dan berdomisili di Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, dan Bekasi (Jabodetabek) dan berusia 18-29 tahun. Pengukuran terhadap trait kepribadian menggunakan instrumen Mini-IPIP, sedangkan ACEs diukur dengan ACE-Q, dan gejala depresi diukur dengan BDI-II. Penelitian melibatkan 250 partisipan dengan rata-rata skor ACEs 2, rata-rata gejala depresi minimal, dan kecenderungan memiliki trait kepribadian yang sedang. Hasil analisis regresi menunjukkan trait extraversion (b = -0.14, p < 0.05) dan trait conscientiousness (b = -0.25, p < 0.05) memiliki pengaruh signifikan dengan arah negatifdalam hubungan ACEs dan gejala depresi. Sedangkan trait neuroticism berpengaruh signifikan secara positif (b = 0.49, p < 0.01).

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This quantitative research is aimed to look at the relationship between personality traits

and symptom of depression in individuals who experienced adverse childhood

experiences and live in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi (Jabodetabek) and

aged 18-29 years. The personality traits was measured using the Mini-IPIP as the instrument, while ACEs was measured by ACE-Q, and depression tendency was

measured by BDI-II. The research involved 250 participants with an average ACEs score of two, an average of minimal symptom of depression, and a tendency to have moderate personality traits. The regression analysis showed that extraversion (b = -0.14, p <0.05) and conscientiousness (b = -0.25, p <0.05) had a significant effect in a negative direction on the relationship between ACEs and depression tendency. Meanwhile, neuroticism had

a significant positive effect on the relationship (b = 0.49, p < 0.01)."

"Jumlah warga Negara Indonesia yang melakukan bunuh diri adalah sebesar 11 juta orang dengan memiliki latar belakang depresi. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 50% orang yang mengalami adverse childhood experience akan berakhir memiliki gejala depresi di masa dewasa. Jenis attachment style di masa dewasa juga berhubungan dengan adverse childhood experience dan berkontribusi dalam memunculkan gejala depresi. Penelitian kali ini mencoba melihat hubungan antara adverse childhood experience, jenis attachment style di masa dewasa, dan gejala depresi. Gejala depresi diukur menggunakan Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), adverse childhood experience diukur dengan menggunakan Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire (ACE), dan attachment style di masa dewasa diukur dengan menggunakan Adult Attachment Scale (AAS). Penelitian kali ini dilakukan terhadap 482 orang dewasa muda di jabodetabek. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan positif dan signifikan antara adverse childhood experience (r = 0,388, n = 482, p < 0,01). Adverse childhood experience memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dan paling besar dengan anxious attachment style di masa dewasa dibandingkan dengan jenis attachment lain (r = 0,271, n = 482, p < 0,01). Anxious attachment style di masa dewasa juga memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dan paling tinggi dengan gejala depresi dibandingkan dengan jenis attachment lainnya (r = 0,486, n = 482, p < 0,01). Penelitian ini memiliki limitasi yakni kriteria partisipan yang kurang terfokus terhadap orang-orang yang pernah mengalami adverse childhood experience dan proporsi sampel yang kurang merata.

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The number of Indonesian citizens who commit suicide is 11 million people with a background of depression. Previous research has shown that as many as 50% of people who experience bad childhood experiences end up with depressive symptoms in adulthood. This type of stylistic attachment in adulthood is also associated with adverse childhood experiences and contributes to depressive symptoms. The current study looks at the relationship between adverse childhood experiences, types of attachment styles in adulthood, and symptoms of depression. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), adverse childhood experiences as measured using the Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire (ACE), and attachment style in adulthood measured using the Adult Attachment Scale (AAS). The current research was conducted on 482 young adults in Jabodetabek. The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between bad experiences during childhood (r = 0.388, n = 482, p <0.01). Adverse childhood experiences had a significant and greatest association with anxious attachment style in adulthood compared with other attachment types (r = 0.271, n = 482, p <0.01). Anxious attachment style in adulthood also had a significant and highest association with depressive symptoms compared to other types of attachments (r = 0.486, n = 482, p <0.01). The limitations of this study are, the criteria of participants are less focused on people who have experienced adverse childhood experience and the proportion of the sample is not evenly distributed."

"Latar Belakang Adverse childhood experience (ACE), termasuk kekerasan, pengabaian, dan disfungsi rumah tangga, secara signifikan memengaruhi hasil psikologis dan perilaku jangka panjang, seperti agresivitas. Mengidentifikasi agresi di dalam penjara, terutama di antara narapidana berisiko sedang, sangat penting untuk memastikan keselamatan, penempatan risiko, dan mencegah residivisme. Penelitian ini mengkaji korelasi antara ACE dan agresivitas pada populasi narapidana berisiko sedang. Metode Penelitian cross-sectional dilakukan menggunakan WHO ACE-IQ untuk mengukur variabel ACE dan Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire untuk mengukur variabel agresivitas pada 121 narapidana berisiko sedang di Nusa Kambangan, yang dianalisis menggunakan SPSS. Hasil Setidaknya satu ACE dilaporkan oleh 90,9% narapidana; 40,6% memiliki empat atau lebih ACE. Kekerasan kolektif (67,8%) adalah ACE yang paling umum. Rata-rata agresivitas pada narapidana adalah 76,31 (73,18 – 79,45). Setiap dimensi agresivitas pada narapidana tergolong tingkat sedang. Korelasi signifikan ditemukan antara skor total BPAQ dan jumlah ACE, kekerasan emosional, kekerasan fisik, kekerasan seksual dengan kontak, dan kekerasan kolektif. Lebih banyak ACE secara signifikan dikaitkan dengan peningkatan agresi secara keseluruhan dan dimensinya: agresi fisik, agresi verbal, kemarahan, dan permusuhan. Kesimpulan ACE sangat prevalen ditemukan pada narapidana Nusa Kambangan. Di sisi lain, agresivitas yang dimiliki adalah dalam tingkat sedang. Adanya ACE dengan jumlah atau jenis tertentu secara signifikan berkorelasi dengan agresivitas total seorang narapidana. Skrining ACE dan agresivitas perlu dipertimbangkan pada narapidana.

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Introduction

Adverse childhood experience (ACE), including abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction,

significantly influence long-term psychological and behavioral outcomes, for instance,

aggressiveness. Identifying aggression in prisons, particularly among medium-risk inmates, is

crucial to ensure safety, risk placement, and prevent recidivism. This study examines the

correlation between ACE and aggressiveness in a medium-risk prison population.

Method

A cross-sectional study was conducted using the WHO ACE-IQ to measure ACE and Buss-

Perry Aggression Questionnaire to measure aggression among 121 medium-risk inmates in

Nusakambangan, analyzed using SPSS.

Results

At least one ACE was reported by 90.9% of inmates; 40.6% had four or more ACEs.

Collective violence (67.8%) was the most prevalent ACE. The average aggressiveness among

inmates is 76.31 (73.18 – 79.45). Each dimension of aggressiveness among inmates is

categorized at a moderate level. Significant correlations were found between the total BPAQ

score and the number of ACEs, emotional abuse, physical abuse, contact sexual abuse, and

collective violence. More ACEs were significantly associated with increased overall

aggression and its dimensions: physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, and hostility.

Conclusion

ACE is highly prevalent among prisoners at Nusa Kambangan. On the other hand, their level

of aggression is moderate. Possessing a specific amount or type of ACE is significantly

correlated with an inmate's overall aggression level. Screening for ACE and aggression

should be considered for inmates."

"Berbagai studi telah dilakukan mengenai keterkaitan antara adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) dan self-compassion terhadap gejala depresi. Peran kedua variabel tersebut terhadap gejala depresi juga telah diteliti, akan tetapi penelitian yang membandingkan peran keduanya terhadap gejala depresi masih sangat terbatas, khususnya pada populasi emerging adulthood di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji peran pengalaman sulit di masa kecil dan self-compassion terhadap gejala depresi pada emerging adulthood. Partisipan penelitian adalah individu emerging adulthood (N=482), yang diberikan kuesioner BDI-II untuk mengukur depresi, ACEQ untuk mengukur pengalaman sulit di masa kecil, dan SCS-SF untuk mengukur self-compassion yang dilakukan secara daring. Hasil penelitian menggunakan analisis regresi linear berganda menunjukkan bahwa baik pengalaman sulit di masa kecil maupun self-compassion berperan secara signifikan terhadap gejala depresi. Dibandingkan pengalaman sulit di masa kecil, self-compassion merupakan prediktor yang lebih kuat terhadap gejala depresi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, kesadaran masyarakat tentang self-compassion perlu ditingkatkan karena dapat menjadi faktor pelindung potensial untuk gejala depresi.

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Many studies have done research about the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and self-compassion as predictors to depression symptoms. The role of those two variables in depression symptoms has also been done, however studies that comparing role those two variable on depressive symptoms are still very limited, specifically, in the emerging adulthood population in Indonesia. This study aims to test the role of adverse childhood experiences and self-compassion in depression symptoms in emerging adulthood. Participants of this study were emerging adulthood individuals (N=482), who were given BDI-II questionnaire to measure depression, ACE-Q to measure adverse childhood experiences, and SCS-SF to measure self-compassion conducted online. The results of this study, using multiple linear regression, showed that both adverse childhood experiences and self-compassion have a significant role in depression. Compared to adverse childhood experiences, self-compassion is the stronger predictor in depression symptoms. According to the results of this study, public awareness of self-compassion needs to be raised as it can be a potential protective factor for depression symptoms."