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"Owa kelawat (Hylobates muelleri) merupakan salah satu spesies owa yang berasal dari Kalimantan. Owa kelawat termasuk primata diurnal, arboreal, dan lebih menyukai buah-buahan. Keberadaan owa memiliki peran penting bagi kehidupan di sekitar kawasan hutan. Semakin maraknya perburuan liar dan rusaknya habitat, mengakibatkan adanya penurunan populasi sehingga owa kelawat tergolong satwa dilindungi dan berstatus Endangered (En) menurut IUCN. Owa kelawat termasuk satwa monogami yang memiliki pola pengasuhan biparental, yaitu pengasuhan dilakukan oleh induk betina maupun induk jantan. Ada beberapa kebun binatang yang memisahkan induk betina dengan induk jantan dari kandang dengan alasan untuk memudahkan pemeriksaan bayi satwa dan mengantisipasi kejadian tidak terduga misalnya induk jantan menyerang anak (infanticide), salah satunya di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka. Kebijakan pemisahan antara induk betina dengan induk jantan di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka hanya dipisahkan secara barrier fisik tetapi masih dapat saling melihat satu sama lain. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perilaku harian dari betina serta mengamati interaksi individu betina terhadap jantan owa kelawat yang berada pada kandang terpisah di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka. Subjek penelitian, yaitu satu individu betina (+20 tahun) dalam kondisi satu kandang dengan anaknya (2 tahun) yang merupakan hasil keturunan dengan jantan (+15 tahun) yang berada pada kandang sebelah yang dipisahkan secara fisik namun masih dapat saling melihat. Penelitian ini dilakukan selama 20 pengulangan dari April sampai Mei 2023 mulai pukul 09.00 – 14.00 WIB. Metode pada penelitian ini yaitu focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian perilaku harian betina yang teramati terdiri dari istirahat (79,68%), autogrooming (5,65%), vokalisasi (4,95%), makan (4,40%), bergerak (2,68%), menyusui (2,32%), dan menggendong (0,32%), sedangkan untuk perilaku agonistik tidak ditemukan selama pengamatan berlangsung dan untuk perilaku interaksi yang teramati, yaitu sitting close (63,31%), allogrooming (36,65%), dan body contact (0,04%). Keberadaan pengunjung memiliki dampak netral bagi satwa. Implementasi The Five Freedoms di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka terlaksana dengan baik. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah perilaku harian tertinggi yaitu istirahat dan individu betina owa kelawat masih memiliki ketertarikan kepada individu jantan.

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Kelawat gibbon (Hylobates muelleri) is a species of gibbon originating from Kalimantan. The gibbon kelawat includes diurnal, arboreal primates, and prefers fruits. The existence of gibbons has an important role for life around forest areas. The increasing prevalence of poaching and habitat destruction has resulted in a decline in population so that the gibbon is classified as a protected animal and has Endangered (En) status according to the IUCN. The kelawat gibbon is a monogamous animal that has a bi-parental parenting pattern, in which parental care is carried out by either the female or the male parent. There are several zoos that separate the female and male parents from the cages for the reason of facilitating medical check-ups of baby animals and anticipating unexpected events, for example the male parent attacking the child (infanticide), one of which is at the Gembira Loka Zoo. The separation policy between female and male parents at the Gembira Loka Zoo is only separated by a physical barrier but they can still see each other. This study aims to analyze the daily behavior of females and observe the interactions of individual females with male gibbons in separate cages at the Gembira Loka Zoo. The research subject was a female individual (+20 years) in the same cage with her child (2 years) who was the result of offspring with a male (+15 years) who were in the next cage which were physically separated but could still see each other. This research was conducted for 20 repetitions from April to May 2023 from 09.00 – 14.00 WIB. The methods in this study were focal animal sampling and ad libitum sampling. Based on the results of the research, the observed female daily behavior consisted of resting (79,68%), autogrooming (5,65%), vocalization (4,95%), eating (4,40%), moving (2,68%), breastfeeding (2,32%), and carrying (0,32%), while for agonistic behavior was not found during the observation and for the observed interaction behavior, namely sitting close (63,31%), allogrooming (36,65%) , and body contact (0,04%). The presence of visitors has a neutral impact on animals. The implementation of The Five Freedoms at the Gembira Loka Zoo is well done. The conclusion of this study is that the highest daily behavior is resting and the female gibbon kelawat still has an interest in the male individual."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian aktivitas pair bonding pada Famili Hylobatidae di Bandung Zoological Garden. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perilaku pair bonding pada Famili Hylobatidae yang terdapat di Bandung Zoological Garden dan dikaitkan dengan kehadiran pengunjung. Subjek penelitian yaitu satu pasang siamang yang berasal dari alam liar dengan usia masing-masing 3 tahun, serta satu pasang owa jawa yang berasal dari alam liar dengan usia 25 tahun (♂) dan 29 tahun (♀). Penelitian dilakukan selama empat pekan dari Maret sampai April 2021 mulai pukul 09.00—16.00 WIB. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode scan sampling dan ad-libitum. Perilaku yang diamati terbagi menjadi enam kategori utama yaitu allogrooming, presenting, embraces, behavioural synchronization, close proximity dan agonistic gestures. Kondisi pengunjung dibagi menjadi tiga kategori, yaitu aktivitas, kepadatan, dan kebisingan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa telah terbentuk pair bonding antara kedua individu siamang dengan ditemukan adanya aktivitas dan perilaku allogrooming, presenting, embraces, nongrooming, agonistic gestures, dan perilaku kebersamaan lainnya. Tidak ditemukan adannya aktivitas pair bonding pada pasangan owa jawa, meskipun proses perkawinan telah terjadi dan telah memiliki keturunan. Hal tersebut diasumsikan bahwa pair bonding pada owa jawa telah terdegradasi karena pemisahan antara individu jantan dan betina kurang lebih selama 6 bulan. Hasil penelitian pula menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas pair bonding pada Famili Hylobatidae di BAZOGA masih dapat teramati apabila dikaitkan dengan keberadaan pengunjung.

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Research about pair bonding activities in the Hylobatidae Family at the Bandung Zoological Garden. This study aims to analyze the behaviour of pair bonding in the Hylobatidae family in Bandung Zoological Garden and associated with the presence of visitors. The research subjects are one pair of siamangs (with an age of 3 years each) from the wild and one pair of Javan gibbons from the wild with the age of 25 years (♂) and 29 years (♀). The research was conducted for four weeks from March to April 2021, starting at 09.00—16.00 WIB, using scan sampling and ad-libitum methods. In this study, the observed behaviour is divided into six main categories: allogrooming, presenting, embraces, behavioral synchronization, close proximity, and agonistic gestures. The condition of the visitors is also divided into three categories: activity, density, and noise. The results showed that the pair bonding has already formed between the two siamang individuals, with activities and behaviours found such as allogrooming, presenting, embraces, nongrooming, agonistic gestures, and other synchronous behaviours. There is no evidence of pair bonding activity in the Javan gibbon pair, even though the mating process had occurred and the presence of their offspring, which is the result of the mating process. It is assumed that pair bonding in Javan gibbons has been degraded due to the separation between male and female individuals for approximately six months. There is no influence of the presence of visitors on pair bonding behavior in the Hylobatidae Family at the Bandung Zoological Garden."

"Owa kelawat merupakan salah satu owa endemik Pulau Kalimantan yang terus mengalami penurunan populasi yang diakibatkan oleh perburuan owa kelawat dan konversi hutan sebagai habitat alami owa kelawat. Salah satu upaya untuk melestarikan keberadaan owa kelawat tersebut adalah konservasi ex situ berupa kebun binatang, namun keterbatasan lahan pada kebun binatang mengakibatkan adanya sistem perkandangan owa yang saling berdekatan satu sama lain, sehingga owa akan merasakan kehadiran maupun suara vokalisasi dari owa lainnya. Penelitian mengenai perilaku owa kelawat terhadap suara vokalisasi owa sekitar telah dilakukan di Pusat Primata Schmutzer, Taman Margasatwa Ragunan, Jakarta. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi respon perilaku owa kelawat terhadap vokalisasi owa sekitar kandang dan menganalisis pengaruhnya terhadap perilaku owa kelawat. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Juli sampai awal September 2020 selama 5 hari tiap pekannya. Metode yang digunakan yaitu continuous scan sampling dengan interval waktu 15 menit tanpa jeda selama 6 jam perhari. Pencatatan dilakukan terhadap aktivitas harian owa kelawat tanpa terjadi vokalisasi dan saat terjadi vokalisasi owa nonsimpatrik di sekitar kandang subjek. Subjek penelitian yaitu dua pasang owa kelawat (Hylobates muelleri) yang berada di kadang berbeda. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan respon yang diberikan owa kelawat pada saat terjadi vokalisasi owa sekitar berupa melakukan pergerakan, perilaku mengawasi dan perilaku membalas vokalisasi. Berdasarkan Uji U Mann-Whitney pada α = 0,05 menunjukkan bahwa vokalisasi yang dilakukan owa nonsimpatrik di sekitar kandang memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap perilaku owa kelawat.

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The kelawat gibbon is one of the endemic gibbons of Kalimantan Island which have population decline caused by hunting gibbons and the conversion of forest. One of the efforts to preserve the existence of the kelawat gibbon is ex situ, however limited space for ex situ conservation especially zoos, results in the gibbon enclosure system that is close to each other, so that the gibbons will feel the presence and vocalization of other gibbons. Research about behavior of kelawat gibbon on vocalizations of the surrounding gibbons has been conducted at Schmutzer Primate Center, Ragunan Zoo, Jakarta. The aim of this research were to identify the response of kelawat gibbon behavior to vocalization of the surrounding gibbons and to analyze its effect on kelawat gibbon behavior. The study was conducted on July to early September 2020 for 5 days per each week. The method used is continuous scan sampling with an interval of 15 minutes without interruption for 6 hour per day. The recording was made on the daily activity of kelawat gibbon when there was vocalization and without vocalization of surrounding gibbons. The research subjects were two pairs of kelawat gibbon (Hylobates muelleri) in the different cages. The observations showed that the responses given by kelawat gibbons when there was vocalization of gibbon around them were movement, monitoring behavior and vocalization behavior. Based on the Mann-Whitney U test at at α = 0.05, its shows that the vocalization performed by surrounding gibbons has a significant effect on the behavior of the kelawat gibbons."

"Perburuan dan perdagangan merupakan salah satu ancaman yang dihadapi oleh owa jawa. Solusi untuk melestarikan owa jawa yang diperdagangkan dan dijadikan peliharaan adalah dengan rehabilitasi dan reintroduksi. Reintroduksi jarang terjadi sehingga informasi mengenai adaptasi pasangan owa jawa yang lahir di alam tetapi dibesarkan di luar habitat masih sedikit. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui ikatan pasangan (pair-bond) dan area jelajah pasangan owa jawa yang telah direhabilitasi dalam upaya adaptasi di alam liar. Ikatan pasangan dan area jelajah dapat dijadikan parameter kesuksesan reintroduksi. Data ikatan pasangan diambil menggunakan metode focal-animal sampling, sedangkan area jelajah ditentukan berdasarkan koordinat GPS. Pembentukan ikatan pasangan (pair-bonding) dapat diketahui berdasarkan intensitas perilaku sosial dan seksual antar pasangan. Berdasarkan pengamatan selama penelitian ini, ikatan pasangan (pair-bond) merenggang setelah pelepasliaran berlangsung sehingga pasangan berpisah. Jarak jelajah harian Sadewa (jantan) dan Kiki (betina) berbeda, yaitu Sadewa berkisar 0,86--2,13 km, sedangkan Kiki antara 0,95--1,86 km. Area jelajah Sadewa dan Kiki berbeda yaitu Sadewa 16,386 hektare, sedangkan Kiki 7,309 hektare. Perbedaan inidapat disebabkan oleh pengaruh kedekatan jarak dengan manusia dan kecepatan gerak individu

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Hunting and trafficking are major threats for javan gibbons existance. Effective strategies to conserve this species are through rehabilitation and reintroduction, especially for traded and kept as pets javan gibbons. However, it was rarely conducted, thus the information of wild-born captive-raised javan gibbon adaptation in the wild is still limited. The aim of this study was to determine the rehabilitant javan gibbon’s pair-bond and ranging area during their adaptation in the wild. Pair-bond and ranging area could be used to estimate the success of failure of a reintroduction program. Pair-bond activities was recorded using focalanimal sampling method and ranging area was calculated based on recorded GPS coordinates. Pair-bonding was determined based on the intensity of the pair’s social and sexual behavior. Pair-bond was observed to be weakened after the release took place, resulted in the pair split up. The daily path range of Sadewa (male) and Kiki (female) were different, Sadewa traveled between 0.86--2.13 km daily, while Kiki traveled 0.95--1.86 km. The ranging area of Sadewa and Kiki were also different, Sadewa 16.386 ha and Kiki 7.309 ha. The differences in both daily path range and ranging area might be influenced by the proximity to humans and the individual’s agility."

"Program rehabilitasi owa jawa (Hylobates moloch) di Pusat Penyelamatan dan Rehabilitasi Javan Gibbon Center (JGC) bertujuan untuk memulihkan kondisi kesehatan dan perilaku sebelum direintroduksi ke alam liar. JGC telah mereintroduksi pasangan owa jawa Sadewa dan Kiki pada Juni 2013 di Gunung Puntang, Pegunungan Malabar, Bandung Selatan. Akan tetapi, Sadewa dan Kiki berpisah setelah direintroduksi. Berpisahnya pasangan yang telah direintroduksi diduga karena kurang kuatnya pair bonding antarpasangan. Penelitian mengenai perilaku pasangan owa jawa telah dilakukan di JGC dengan menggunakan metode scan sampling dan ad libitum sampling terhadap 10 owa jawa. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada bulan Oktober--November 2013 sejak pukul 06.00--16.00 wib dengan interval pengambilan data 5 menit. Perilaku pasangan yang diamati meliputi perilaku sosial (afiliatif dan agonistik), proximity, vokalisasi, dan perilaku harian (locomotion, makan, istirahat, stereotypic behavior, dan perilaku lainnya). Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa P2 memiliki perilaku sosial tertinggi (9,03% ± 0,29), kemudian P1 (4,16% ± 0,19), P3 (0,97% ± 0,09), dan Adhy-Cika (0,83% ± 0,09), namun P1 memiliki pair bonding yang lebih kuat karena telah berhasil melakukan kopulasi dan memiliki anak. P1 dan P2 memiliki persentase aktivitas harian dan sosial yang tidak jauh berbeda dengan Sadewa- Kiki dan Septa-Echi yang sudah direintroduksi, sehingga penyebab berpisahnya Sadewa-Kiki bukan karena tidak memiliki pair bonding.

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Rehabilitation program in Javan Gibbon Center (JGC) aims to restore physical and behavior condition before release. JGC has reintroduced Sadewa and Kiki on June 2013 in Puntang, Malabar, South Bandung, but they split after reintroduced. Separation of the pair of gibbon after release occurred due to lack of pair bonding. Study about behavioral and pair bonding of javan gibbon in rehabilitation center was conduct on October--November 2013 at the JGC. Data were collected from 06 am to 04 pm using 5-min scan sampling to record social behavior (positive affiliation and agonistic), proximity, vocalization, and daily activities (locomotion, feeding, resting, & stereotypic behavior). The result from this observation indicate that P2 has a higher social activities than P1, but P1 have a strong pair bonding, because they succeeded copulation and give birth an offspring. From this study I conclude that P1 and P2 have a similar percentage of social behavior and daily activities with Sadewa-Kiki and Septa-Echi, pair bonding is not the cause of the split."

"Konservasi lutung jawa (Trachypithecus auratus) yang merupakan primata endemik Indonesia berstatus vulnerable dilakukan di Gembira Loka Zoo. Pengamatan interaksi sosial dan reproduksi dapat menjadi faktor pendukung dari keberhasilan rehabilitasi di penangkaran. Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai interaksi sosial dan reproduksi lutung jawa (Trachypithecus auratus E. Geoffroy, 1812) jantan dan betina di Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis interaksi sosial dan reproduksi 2 kelompok lutung jawa jantan dan betina pada 2 kandang yang berbeda. Pengamatan dilakukan pada 4 pasangan, yang terdiri dari P1 (jantan A dan betina 1A), P2 (jantan A dan betina 2A), P3 (jantan 1B dan betina B), serta P4 (jantan 2B dan betina B). Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode scan sampling dan ad libitum dengan interval 10 menit. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, interaksi sosial yang teramati adalah body contact, proximity, allogrooming, non-contact aggression, dan contact aggression. Interaksi sosial didominasi oleh interaksi sosial affiliative dibandingkan agonistik. Frekuensi interaksi sosial affiliative tertinggi teramati pada P3 (30,44%) dan interaksi sosial agonistik tertinggi teramati pada P1 (1,29%). Sementara itu, interaksi reproduksi yang teramati adalah atraktivitas, proseptivitas, dan reseptivitas, dengan frekuensi atraktivitas dan proseptivitas tertinggi teramati pada P3 (70,11%), sedangkan frekuensi reseptivitas tertinggi pada P2 (3,45%). Hasil uji Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan adanya perbedaan signifikan (Asymp. Sig < 0,05) pada perilaku proximity, allogrooming, atraktivitas dan proseptivitas, serta menunjukkan tidak adanya perbedaan signifikan (Asymp. Sig > 0,05) pada perilaku body contact, non contact aggression, contact aggression dan reseptivitas. Selama pengamatan, teramati adanya interaksi sosial dan reproduksi lutung jawa antarkandang yang berbeda.

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Conservation of  Javan lutung (Trachypithecus auratus), an endemic primate of Indonesia classified as vulnerable, is conducted at Gembira Loka Zoo. Observations of social interactions and reproductive can be supportive factors for the success of rehabilitation in captivity. Research has been conducted on the social interactions and reproduction of male and female Javan langur (Trachypithecus auratus E. Geoffroy, 1812) at Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta. This study aims to analyze the social interactions and reproductive of two groups of male and female Javan langurs in two different enclosures. Observations were made on four pairs, consisting of P1 (male A and female 1A), P2 (male A and female 2A), P3 (male 1B and female B), and P4 (male 2B and female B). The methods used were scan sampling and ad libitum with a 10-minute interval. Based on the results of the study, observed social interactions included body contact, proximity, allogrooming, non-contact aggression, and contact aggression. Social interactions were dominated by affiliative social interactions compared to agonistic ones. The highest frequency of affiliative social interactions was observed in P3 (30.44%), while the highest frequency of agonistic social interactions was observed in P1 (1.29%). Meanwhile, observed reproductive interactions included attractivity, proceptivity, and receptivity, with the highest frequency of receptivity was observed in P2 (3.45%). Kruskal-Wallis test results showed significant differences (Asymp. Sig < 0.05) in proximity behavior, allogrooming, attractiveness, and proceptivity, while showing no significant differences (Asymp. Sig > 0.05) in body contact, non-contact aggression, contact aggression, and receptivity behaviors. During the observation, social and reproductive interactions between different enclosures of Javan langurs were observed."

"Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus Raffles, 1821) merupakan spesies endemik asal Sumatera yang berstatus terancam/endangered akibat adanya degradasi habitat, fragmentasi, urbanisasi, hingga perburuan dan perdagangan hewan. Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai interaksi siamang jantan dan betina serta pengaruh duet vokalisasi siamang di Zona Primata Gembira Loka Zoo Yogyakarta. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis perilaku interaksi jantan-betina pada siamang, menganalisis adanya kaitan interaksi jantan-betina siamang terhadap vokalisasinya, dan mengidentifikasi serta menganalisis keberadaan pengaruh yang diakibatkan duet vokalisasi siamang terhadap vokalisasi hewan lain dalam Zona Primata Gembira Loka Zoo Yogyakarta. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap sepasang individu siamang jantan dan betina menggunakan kombinasi metode scan sampling, ad-libitum sampling, dan all occurrence sampling dengan 30 pengulangan pada periode Januari sampai Maret 2024, pukul 09.00 – 15.00 WIB. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis perilaku interaktif dengan total frekuensi tertinggi adalah approaching (436) dan terendah sharing food (0). Duet teramati pada 20 kali pengulangan dan selalu terjadi secara bersahutan dengan owa kalimantan (Hylobates albibarbis) yang letak kandangnya berdekatan. Adapun perilaku mating, berupa mounting hingga kopulasi, teramati pada sebagian besar pengulangan, dengan kopulasi yang berhasil teramati sebanyak sepuluh kali. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, diketahui bahwa sebagian besar interaksi siamang jantan dan betina dilakukan dalam kondisi close proximity, termasuk dalam melakukan duet. Duet yang dilakukan siamang dapat terdengar oleh H. albibarbis dan memicu vokalisasi balasan dari H. albibarbis sehingga terjadi vokalisasi secara antiphonal.

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Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus Raffles, 1821) is an endemic species from Sumatera which has been classified as endangered species due to habitat degradation, fragmentation, urbanization, hunting, and animal trade. Research on the interaction of male and female siamang and the influence of its duet vocalizations has been conducted in the Primate Zone of Gembira Loka Zoo Yogyakarta. This research aims to analyze the behavior of male-female interactions in siamang, analyze the relationship between its male-female interactions and its vocalizations, and to identify and analyze the countercall responses on siamang’s vocalizations from other animals in the Primate Zone. The research was conducted on one pair of male and female siamang using a combination of scan sampling, ad-libitum sampling, and all occurrence sampling methods and was held on 30 repetitions for the period of January to March 2024 at 09.00—15.00 WIB. The research results show that the highest and lowest total frequency of interactive behavior is approaching (436) and sharing food (0), respectively. The duets were observed in 20 repetitions and were always been responded by their neighboring group of singing primates, the bornean gibbon (Hylobates albibarbis). Mating behaviors (mounting and copulation) were observed in most of the repetitions, with ten successful copulations observed. Based on these results, it is concluded that most of the male-female siamang interactions are carried out in close proximity, including duets. The duet performed by the siamangs were heard by H. albibarbis and triggers H. albibarbis to produce their countercalls, resulting in antiphonal vocalizations."

"Beruang madu (Helarctos malayanus) merupakan salah satu spesies dari Famili Ursidae dan dapat ditemukan di Pulau Sumatra dan Kalimantan. Ancaman yang dihadapi beruang madu di habitat alaminya menyebabkan diperlukannya lembaga konservasi ex-situ untuk melestarikan dan memastikan kesejahteraan beruang madu. Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka merupakan salah satu lembaga konservasi ex-situ yang berada di Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Beruang madu merupakan hewan soliter di alam, sedangkan beruang madu di penangkaran dapat ditempatkan di kandang yang sama. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menambah informasi mengenai interaksi antara sepasang beruang madu jantan dan betina dengan perbedaan usia yang mencolok yang ditempatkan di kandang peraga yang sama. Penelitian ini juga ingin mengamati perilaku reproduksi beruang madu jantan ketika ditempatkan di kandang peraga yang sama dengan beruang madu betina yang sudah melewati masa produktifnya. Subjek penelitian ini adalah seekor beruang madu jantan bernama Potter (8 tahun) dan seekor beruang madu betina bernama Tutik (24 tahun). Pengamatan dilakukan di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka selama 100 jam atau 360.000 detik dengan metode focal animal sampling. Hasil yang didapat yaitu beruang madu jantan melakukan perilaku afiliatif dengan persentase sebanyak 94,82%, agonistik sebanyak 0,00%, dan reproduktif sebanyak 5,18%. Beruang madu betina melakukan perilaku afiliatif dengan persentase sebanyak 14,55%, agonistik sebanyak 76,37%, dan reproduktif sebanyak 9,09%. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah beruang madu jantan lebih banyak melakukan perilaku afiliatif (94,82%) dibandingkan agonistik (0,00%) terhadap beruang madu betina. Beruang madu betina cenderung menghindari interaksi sosial dan lebih banyak melakukan perilaku agonistik (76,37%) terhadap beruang madu jantan. Selama waktu pengamatan, perilaku reproduktif lebih banyak dilakukan beruang madu jantan (19 detik) dibandingkan beruang madu betina (5 detik). Beruang madu jantan tetap melakukan perilaku sosial normal, baik reproduktif maupun nonreproduktif, walaupun tidak dibalas dan ditolak beruang madu betina yang sudah melewati usia produktif.

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The malayan sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) is one of the species in Ursidae Family and can be found in the Island of Sumatra and Borneo. The threats that sun bears receive in its natural habitat lead to the need for ex-situ conservation to preserve and ensure the welfare of sun bears. Gembira Loka Zoo is one example of ex-situ conservation that is located at Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Sun bears are known to be solitary animals in the wild, however sun bears in captivity can be placed in the same enclosure. This study was done to add information about the interaction of male and female sun bear with prominent age gap when placed in the same enclosure. This study was also conducted to observe the male reproductive behavior when placed in the same enclosure with a female sun bear that has surpassed the productive age. The subject of this study was a male sun bear named Potter (8 years old) and a female sun bear named Tutik (24 years old). Observation was done for 100 hours or 360.000 seconds with focal animal sampling method. The result of this study is the male sun bear did affiliative behavior with the percentage of 94,82%, agonistic for 0,00%, and reproductive with 5,18%. The female sun bear did affiliative behavior with the percentage of 14,55%, agonistic with 76,37%, and reproductive with 9,09%. The conclusion of this study is the male sun bear did more affiliative behavior (94,82%) than agonistic behavior (0,00%). The female sun bear tends to avoid social interactions and did a lot of agonistic behavior (76,37%) towards the male sun bear. During observation, reproductive behavior was done more by the male sun bear (19 seconds) then the female sun bear (5 seconds). The male sun bear keeps on doing normal social behavior, whether it’s reproductive or non-reproductive, even though the behavior did not reciprocated and was rejected by the female sun bear that has surpassed the productive age."

"Perilaku pengasuhan orangutan kalimantan (Pongo pygmaeus) menjadi gambaran adanya interaksi antara orangutan induk dan anaknya. Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai pola perilaku pengasuhan orangutan kalimantan di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka. Peralihan habitat dari alam ke kebun binatang dapat menyebabkan perubahan perilaku salah satunya perilaku pengasuhan. Perilaku pengasuhan menjadi bagian terpenting dalam pertumbuhan dan perkembangan orangutan anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengamati dan menganalisis pola perilaku pengasuhan orangutan kalimantan, sehingga orangutan dapat berperilaku secara alami dan orangutan anak dapat diasuh dengan baik. Subjek penelitian ini yaitu satu orangutan induk (Mony) dan satu orangutan anak (Hope). Metode yang digunakan yaitu focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian terdapat pola pengasuhan yang terbentuk, yaitu breastfeeding, grooming, following, food sharing, protection, carried, playing, no food sharing, dan aggression. Perilaku pengasuhan tertinggi yaitu perilaku breastfeeding (32,60%), sedangkan perilaku terendah yaitu perilaku no food sharing dan aggression (0%). Pengaruh keberadaan pengunjung membuat perilaku pengasuhan yang muncul memiliki perbedaan, seperti ketika ramai pengunjung perilaku yang mendominasi (following), sedangkan ketika sepi pengunjung perilaku yang mendominasi (breastfeeding). Kesejahteraan orangutan kalimantan di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka, Yogyakarta termasuk ke dalam kategori sangat baik dengan nilai rata-rata 85,20. Perilaku pengasuhan yang diberikan orangutan induk sesuai dengan kondisi anaknya dimana masih usia yang belum disapih. Selain itu, terdapat pengaruh keberadaan pengunjung terhadap beberapa perilaku pengasuhan yang muncul pada orangutan kalimantan di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka.

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Parenting behavior of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) becomes an overview of interactions between parent orangutans and their children. A study regarding the parenting behavior of Bornean orangutans in Gembira Loka Zoo has been conducted. Habitat transition from nature to the zoo can cause changes in behavior, one of which is parenting behavior. Parenting behavior becomes the most important part of the growth and development of baby orangutans. Therefore, this study aims to observe and analyze the parenting behavior of Bornean orangutans, so that orangutans can behave naturally and baby orangutans can be well cared for. The subjects of the study were one parent orangutan (Mony) and one baby orangutan (Hope). Methods used were focal animal sampling and ad libitum sampling. Based on the results of the study, the parenting behaviors formed were breastfeeding, grooming, following, food sharing, protection, carried, playing, no food sharing, and aggression. The highest parenting behavior was breastfeeding (32,60%), while one lowest parenting behavior was no food sharing and aggression (0%). The influence of visitors made parenting behavior different. When there were many visitors, the dominating behavior was following, while when there were no visitors, the dominating behavior was breastfeeding. The welfare of Bornean orangutans in Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta is included in a very good category with an average score of 85,20. The parenting behavior given by parent orangutans is in accordance with the babies’ conditions, which are not weaned yet. Moreover, there is an influence of visitors on some parenting behavior that appear in Bornean orangutans in Gembira Loka Zoo."