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"Indonesia, as the largest palm oil producer in the world, also produces palm oil mill effluent (POME). While the latter is a liquid waste that is hazardous for the environment, with proper processing, it can be a potential energy source. The objective of this study was to study the performance of biogas production from POME at various temperatures. The POME and sludge mixture was fermented, according to the treatment, at 27-28oC, 45oC, and 55oC, with the results showing that methane could thereby be produced by as much as 0,19 m3, 0,25 m3, and 0,28 m3 respectively. For each kilogram of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, with POME fermentation at room temperature, 45oC, and 55oC, biogas could be produced with methane content of 65.44%, 62.57%, and 59.15%, respectively."

"In the palm oil refining processes, the free fatty acid content is reduced to an acceptable level by using steam-stripping that causes, also, the loss of nutraceuticals such as tocopherols and carotenoids. An alternative method, such as solvent extraction, to separate free fatty acids, especially palmitic acid as the major free fatty acid present in palm oil, will conserves not only the important nutraceuticals but, also, conserves energy because a steam requirement is eliminated. The objective of this research is to evaluate the performance of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES), each consisting of betaine as the hydrogen bonding acceptor and a polyalcohol as the hydrogen bonding donor, to extract palmitic acid from palm oil. The goal is to obtain a NADES that is able to extract palmitic acid from palm oil with the highest extraction yield. The viscosity of various studied NADES was 10-236 cSt while the polarity parameter, determined by using Nile red as the solvatochromic dye, was 48.9-50.8 kcal/mol. The obtained data shows that, for NADES having similar polarity to that of betaine, the extraction yields reduce with increasing viscosity of the NADES. The highest extraction yield of 60% (w/w), corresponding to a distribution coefficient value of 0.75, was obtained by using NADES consisting of betaine and 1,2-butanediol. The extraction yield and distribution coefficient values indicated the potential of NADES, prepared by friendly compounds of betaine and polyalcohols, as alternative green solvents in the solvent extraction process when separating free fatty acids from palm oil."

"Oleic acid, one of the major components of palm oil, has attracted much interest in modern oleochemistry. The internal olefin group in oleic acid is a useful functional group in the transformation of a fatty acid to other functional chemicals and materials. In this paper, we discuss the application of the olefin metathesis reaction by preparing a long-chain dicarboxylic acid and alkene from the ester of oleic acid. The internal olefin metathesis reaction of methyl oleate produced dimethyl 9-oktadecendioate and 9-octadecene in the presence of a ruthenium Grubbs II (second generation) catalyst with a 51% yield. We also found that there was a higher amount of the E isomer products than the Z isomer products."

"Diplomasi ekonomi di ranah industri kelapa sawit sebenarnya sudah menjadi perhatian di masa pemerintahan Presiden Joko Widodo. Diplomasi ini bisa dilakukan oleh aktor non-negara, seperti Serikat Petani Kelapa Sawit (SPKS). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji upaya diplomasi yang dilakukan aktor SPKS dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan petani sawit kecil dan menarik investasi untuk berbagai program peremajaan sawit. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus. Penelitian ini merupakan satu kasus implementasi diplomasi ekonomi oleh aktor non-negara. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan analisis induktif, yaitu berbagai data kecil dan khusus mengenai strategi lobi yang dilakukan SPKS melalui petisi online di change.org akan ditelaah dan diinterpretasikan, untuk kemudian ditarik gambaran yang lebih umum mengenai upaya diplomasi ekonomi oleh aktor non-negara. Sementara konsep yang digunakan adalah konsep petisi online. Hasilnya, petisi online yang dilakukan SPKS telah mampu menarik perhatian publik, namun masih perlu dukungan dari pemerintah. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah perlu ada sinergisitas antarkementerian di Indonesia dan pengusaha untuk mendukung petisi online yang dilakukan SPKS, seperti Kementerian Pertanian, Badan Pengelola Dana Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit (BPDPKS), Kementerian Perindustrian, Kementerian Keuangan, Bappenas, dan Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal (BKPM). Seluruh pihak tersebut berkolaborasi untuk meningkatkan kualitas sawit domestik, mengembangkan kompetensi, dan menyejahterakan petani sawit."

"The combination of baffled air flotation and a membrane system for the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) was studied. The POME was obtained from a palm oil factory in PTPN I Tanjong Seumantoh, Aceh, Indonesia. Operation variables and conditions, such as the hydraulic retention time and air flow rates, were varied to find the optimum process. The air flotation process is able to reduce the concentration of suspended solids and fats/ oils contained in the wastewater, which increases the performance of the membrane by reducing clogging. The results showed that this method was promising for POME treatment. The optimum organic removal efficiency of the air flotation pretreatment was obtained at HRT = 5 days and at an air flow rate of 11 L/min. The effluent was subsequently passed through an anaerobic membrane system to achieve the highest removal efficiency treatment. The removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS), and fats/oils after passing through the membrane system were 97%, 93.9%, 99.8%, 94.5%, 96.2%, and 99.9%, respectively. The results also showed that the pH could be neutralized to 6.18, while a dissolved oxygen (DO) level of 1.60 mg/L could be achieved. A high quality of effluent was obtained, which met the standards for POME effluent."

"The research aims to scale up a small-scale stirred batch reactor to a large-scale stirred batch reactor in order to degum crude palm oil for use as a raw material in biodiesel production. The scale-up is based on the similarity of fluid Reynolds numbers in the two differently sized reactors. To achieve this aim, computational fluid dynamic modeling and simulations of the two reactors were performed. A small-scale palm oil degumming process was carried out in a 250 cc autoclave reactor using a magnetic stirrer at 500 rpm. The simulation results of this small reactor yielded a fluid Reynolds number in the range of 5 to 3,482. The large-scale reactor proposed in this research is 1.25 m3 in volume and is equipped with two impellers: a pitched blade impeller and a Rushton turbine impeller. The pitched blade impeller is placed over the Rushton turbine impeller. They are rotated at 100 rpm. Under this setting and operation, the resulting fluid Reynolds number was in the range of 486 to 202,000. This result indicates that the large-scale reactor was able to reproduce the reaction performance obtained in the small-scale reactor."

"Indonesia merupakan produsen minyak kelapa sawit terbesar di dunia sejak mendahuluiMalaysia di tahun 2008. Industri kelapa sawit memiliki kontribusi signifikan terhadap ProdukDomestik Bruto Indonesia. Kebijakan Renewable Energy Directive II to the Delegated Act2019 yang diberlakukan oleh Uni Eropa mengancam keberlanjutan industri kelapa sawitIndonesia dengan rencana untuk menghentikan penggunaan kelapa sawit per tahun 2030.Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut, Indonesia berupaya mencari pasar baru untuk kelapa sawitdengan menjalin kerja sama dengan berbagai negara, salah satunya Persatuan Emirat Arab(“PEA”) sebagaimana tertuang dalam IUAE-CEPA. Penelitian ini menganalisis prosespembentukan IUAE-CEPA tersebut serta potensi peningkatan ekspor minyak sawit Indonesiadengan diberlakukannya IUAE-CEPA. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis normatif denganmenggunakan gabungan metode doktrinal dan nondoktrinal. Dalam penelitian ini ditemukanbahwa pembentukan IUAE-CEPA dapat mendukung perdagangan antara Indonesia dan PEAserta membantuk Indonesia mengakses pasar baru, tidak hanya PEA, namun juga ke negara-negara Timur Tengah lainnya dengan PEA sebagai pintu masuk.

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Indonesia is the largest palm oil producer in the world since overtaking Malaysia in 2008. The palm oil industry has a significant contribution to Indonesia's Gross Domestic Product. The 2019 Renewable Energy Directive II to the Delegated Act policy implemented by the European Union threatens the sustainability of the Indonesian palm oil industry with plans to stop using palm oil by 2030. To overcome this, Indonesia is trying to find new markets for palm oil by collaborating with various countries, one of which is the United Arab Emirates (“UAE”) as stated in IUAE-CEPA. This research analyzes the process of establishing the IUAE-CEPA as well as the potential for increasing Indonesian palm oil exports with the implementation of the IUAE-CEPA. This research is normative juridical research using a combination of doctrinal and non-doctrinal methods. In this research, it was found that the formation of IUAE-CEPA could support trade between Indonesia and the UAE and help Indonesia access new markets, not only the UAE, but also other Middle Eastern countries with the PEA as an entry point."

"Palm oil is produced from the mesocarp part of the oil palm fruit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), contains balanced saturated fatty acids (47.8-55.2%) and unsaturated fatty acids (43.1-53.8%), and is semi-solid at room temperature with a melting point of 33.0-39.0 °C. About 80%, palm oil is applied to food products. In food products, palm oil needs to be purified through a refining process to remove free fatty acids, water, and impurities. Palm oil can be fractionated based on differences in melting points to produce palm olein fraction and palm stearin fraction with yields of about 70- 80% and 20-30%, respectively. Food products produced from palm oil and its fractions include cooking oil, vanaspati, shortening, margarine, cocoa butter equivalent, and human milk fat substitute. These food products are produced by modifying the physicochemical characteristics of palm oil and its fractions through blending, hydrogenation, and interesterification processes. The challenge for the palm oil industry in the future is to produce products that are low in contaminants such as 3- monochloropropane-1,2-diol and glycidyl esters, trans-fat free, and products that have high functional and nutritional value, such as structured lipids. Improving the quality and developing diversification of palm oil-based food products will encourage the sustainability of the palm oil industry in Indonesia"