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"Latar Belakang. Walaupun pasien HIV mendapat terapi antiretroviral yang efektif, penurunan fungsi fisik sering ditemukan lebih awal dan menimbulkan masalah baru berupa penuaan dan frailty.Tujuan. Mengetahui proporsi dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan prefrail dan frail pada pasien HIV dalam terapi antiretroviral.Metode. Desain studi potong lintang pada pasien HIV usia ≥30 tahun dalam terapi ARV minimal 6 bulan. Pasien yang memenuhi inklusi dilakukan pencatatan demografis, penyakit komorbid, faktor terkait HIV seperti lama terdiagnosis, lama ARV, dan CD4, pengukuran antropometri seperti indeks massa tubuh, penilaian depresi dengan Indo BDI-II, dan penilaian frailty dengan kriteria Fried. Pasien dengan riwayat infeksi otak, kanker, dan oportunistik aktif dieksklusi. Analisis bivariat dan multivariat dilakukan pada faktor-faktor tersebut.Hasil. Terdapat 164 pasien yang dianalisis. Proporsi prefrail sebanyak 51,2% (84 pasien) dan frail 3,7% (6 pasien), dengan komponen dominan pada kelemahan genggam. Pasien laki-laki sebanyak 72% dengan median usia (IQR) 40,5 (36-47) tahun, dan median CD4 nadir (IQR) 53 (21–147) sel/mm3, median CD4 awal (IQR) 77 (32 – 206) sel/mm3. Hepatitis C menjadi faktor komorbid terbanyak. Depresi berhubungan dengan prefrail dan frail dengan OR 2,14 (IK95%: 1,034–4,439) dan p = 0,036. Tidak terdapat hubungan faktor usia ≥50 tahun, ≥2 penyakit komorbid, lama terdiagnosis HIV ≥5 tahun, lama ARV ≥5 tahun, CD4 <200 sel/mm3, indeks massa tubuh ≥25 kg/m2, dan pendapatan rendah dengan prefrail dan frail.Kesimpulan. Terdapat proporsi prefrail sebanyak 51,2% dan frail 3,7%. Depresi merupakan salah satu faktor yang terbukti berhubungan terhadap prefrail dan frail pada pasien HIV dalam terapi ARV.

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Background. Although HIV patients receive effective antiretroviral therapy, decrease in physical function is often found earlier and creates new problems in the form of aging and frailty

Aim. to determine the proportion and factors associated with prefrail and frail in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy.

Method. A cross-sectional study design in HIV patients aged ≥30 years who were on ARV therapy for at least 6 months. Patients who fulfilled the inclusion were recorded demographically, comorbid diseases, HIV-related factors such as length of diagnosis, duration of ARV, CD4, anthropometric measurements such as body mass index, depression assessment with Indo BDI-II, and frailty assessment with Fried criteria. Patients with a history of brain infection, cancer, and active opportunists were excluded. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was carried out on these factors.

Results. There were 164 patients analyzed. The proportions of prefrail and frail were 51.2% and 3.7% respectively, with the dominant component in muscle weakness. Male patients were 72% with median age (IQR) 40.5 (36-47) years, median baseline CD4 (IQR) 77 (32 - 206) cell/mm3, and median nadir CD4 (IQR) 53 (21–147) cells/mm3. Hepatitis C is the most comorbid factor. Depression is related to prefrail and frail with OR 2.14 (95%CI: 1,034-4,439) and p = 0,036. There was no correlation between factors such as age ≥50 years, ≥2 comorbid diseases, length of diagnosis of HIV ≥5 years, duration of ARV ≥5 years, CD4 cell count <200 cells/mm3, body mass index ≥25 kg/m2, and low income with prefrail and frail.

Conclusion. The proportions of prefrail and frail are 51.2% and 3.7% respectively. Depression is one of the factors that is proven to be related to prefrail and frail in HIV patients in ARV therapy."

"Terapi antiretroviral mampu menekan replikasi HIV, mencegah morbilitas dan mortalitas. Kepatuhan pengobatan dibutuhkan untuk mencapai kesuksesan terapi, mencegah resistensi obat antiretroviral dan risiko penularan HIV ditengah masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui factor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kepatuhan pengobatan obat antiretroviral pasien HIV/AIDS di empat rumah sakit di DKI Jakarta tahun 2018-2019. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan rancangan cross sectional dari data baseline penelitian INA-PROACTIVE (data sekunder). dimana sebanyak 666 ODHA dipilih sebagai sampel. Kepatuhan pengobatan diukur berdasarkan self report. Data dianalisa dengan menggunakan cox proportional hazard regression dengan perangkat lunak STATA12. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan proporsi kepatuhan <95% sebesar 17,9%. Analisis faktor determinan kepatuhan berobat pada penelitian ini menggunakan analisis multivariat cox regresi dan besar pengaruh dinyatakan dalam prevalensi rasio (PR) dengan confident interval (CI) 95%. Penelitian ini menunjukkan faktor sosio-demografi yang berhubungan dengan ketidakpatuhan pengobatan pada ODHA yang mendapat terapi ARV adalah variabel jenis kelamin, usia, status pernikahan dan rute transmisi HIV. Faktor klinis yang mempunyai hubungan dengan kepatuhan minum obat ARV adalah variabel adanya riwayat infeksi oportunistik sifilis dan nilai CD4. Faktor pengobatan yang mempunyai hubungan dengan kepatuhan minum obat ARV adalah variabel jenis paduan ARV dan lama pengobatan ARV. Semua variabel tersebut tidak berpengaruh signifkan secara statistik dengan nilai p value > 0,05.

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Antiretroviral therapy suppresses HIV replication, prevent mobility and mortality. Treatment adherence is needed to achieve therapeutic success, prevent antiretroviral drug resistance and the risk of HIV transmission in the community. This study aims to determine the factors that associated with the adherent of antiretroviral drug treatment of HIV / AIDS patients in four hospitals in Jakarta in 2018-2019. This study was an observational study with a cross sectional design from the baseline data of INA-PROACTIVE study (secondary data) from 666 people living with HIV. Treatment compliance was measured by self-report. Data were analyzed using cox proportional hazard regression with STATA12 software. The results showed the proportion of non-adherent by 17.9%, Analysis of determinant factors for compliance with treatment in this study using multivariate cox regression analysis and the magnitude of the effect was expressed in the prevalence ratio (PR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Our study showed a proportion of ARV treatment adherence ≥ 95% showed 82.1%.

This study showed that the socio-demographic factors associated with ARV treatment adherence among people living with HIV who received ARV therapy were gender, age, marital status and HIV transmission route. Clinical factors that have a relationship with adherence of ARV were the variable history of opportunistic infection syphilis and CD4 value. Treatment factors that have a relationship with adherence of ARV were the variable type of ARV regiment and duration of ARV treatment. All these variables were not statistially significant effect with p value > 0.05."

"Kurangnya kepatuhan terhadap pengobatan menjadi faktor risiko munculnya jenis HIV yang resisten terhadap obat, yang dapat ditularkan kepada orang lain. Kepatuhan terhadap pengobatan yang buruk tidak hanya membahayakan kesehatan individu tetapi juga meningkatkan penularan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan terjadinya ketidakpatuhan minum obat ARV pada ODHIV yang mendapatkan terapi ARV di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kabupaten Tangerang. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian observasional dengan rancangan cross sectional. Penelitian dilakukan di poli HIV Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kabupaten Tangerang dan waktu penelitian dilakukan pada bulan November 2023 menggunakan data sekunder. Populasi penelitian berjumlah 1.337 ODHIV yang aktif menjalani pengobatan antiretroviral di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kabupaten Tangerang dengan menggunakan total sampling sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi sehingga sampel penelitian berjumlah 1.286 ODHIV. Hasil analisis univariat menunjukan bahwa usia ≥ 35 tahun (56,45), laki-laki (61,20%), pendidikan rendah (87,10%), belum kawin atau cerai (51,92%), domisili dalam kabupaten Tangerang (55,88%), mendapatkan konseling kepatuhan (63,73%), memiliki jaminan kesehatan (51,92%), ≥5km akses layanan kesehatan (54,07%), IO non TB (40,90%), stadium lanjut (63,69%), viral load ≥40 mL (46,73%), tidak ada efek samping obat (53,34%), lamanya pengobatan >5 tahun (72,01%), masuk kedalam populasi kunci (88,01%) dan tidak mendapat dukungan (61,12%). Hasil analisis kai kuadrat secara statistik ada hubungan antara umur, jenis kelamin, status pendidikan, status perkawinan, domisili, pelayanan konseling kepatuhan, stadium klinis WHO, viral load, lamanya pengobatan ARV, kelompok populasi kunci dan dukungan teman sebaya (P-Value<0,05) dengan ketidakpatuhan minum obat ARV. Hasil analisis cox regression dengan faktor yang secara statistik berhubungan terhadap ketidakpatuhan minum obat antiretroviral pada ODHIV adalah umur (P-Value=0,01) nilai PR 1,20 dengan 95% CI (1,05-1,38), status perkawinan (P-Value=0,02) nilai PR 1,18 dengan 95% CI (1,03-1,36), domisili (P-Value=0,01) nilai PR 1,19 dengan 95% CI (1,04-1,36), viral load (P-Value=0,001) nilai PR 1,27 dengan 95% CI (1,10-1,43), lamanya pengobatan ARV (P-Value=0,005) nilai PR 1,25 dengan 95% CI (1,07-1,47), kelompok populasi kunci (P-Value=0,02) nilai PR 1,27 dengan 95% CI (1,04-1,56), dukungan teman sebaya (P-Value=0,04) nilai PR 1,15 dengan 95% CI (1,00-1,32). Faktor umur, status perkawinan, domisili, viral load, lamanya pengobatan, kelompok populasi kunci dan dukungan teman sebaya  memiliki pengaruh terhadap ketidakpatuhan minum obat antiretroviral (ARV) pada ODHIV di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kabupaten Tangerang.

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Lack of treatment adherence becomes a risk factor for the emergence of drug-resistant strains of HIV, which can be transmitted to others. Poor adherence to treatment harms the individual’s health and increases the risk of transmission. This study aims to observe the factors associated with the occurrence of non-adherence to taking ARV drugs in PLHIV who receive ARV therapy at the Regional General Hospital of Tangerang Regency. This type of study uses observational research with a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted at the HIV Specialist of the Regional Govern Hospital of Tangerang Regency and the time of the study was carried out in November 2023 using secondary data. The study population amounted to 1,337 PLHIV who were actively undergoing antiretroviral treatment at the Regional General Hospital of Tangerang Regency using total sampling by inclusion and exclusion criteria so that the study sample amounted to 1,286 PLHIV. The results of the univariate analysis showed that the age of ≥ 35 years (56.45), male (61.20%), low education (87.10%), unmarried or divorced (51.92%), domiciled in Tangerang district (55.88%), received compliance counselling (63.73%), had health insurance (51.92%), ≥5km of health service access area (54.07%), non-TB IO (40.90%), advanced stage (63.69%), viral load ≥40 mL (46.73%), no drug side effects (53.34%), duration of treatment ≥5 years (72.01%), entered into key populations (88.01%) and received no support (61.12%). The results of the kai squared analysis statistically showed there was an association between age, sex, educational status, marital status, domicile, adherence to counselling services, WHO clinical stage, viral load, duration of ARV treatment, key population groups and peer support (P-Value<0.05) with non-adherence to taking ARV drugs. The results of Cox Regression analysis with factors statistically related to non-adherence to taking antiretroviral drugs in ODHIV were age (P-Value = 0.01), PR value 1.20 with 95% CI (1.05-1.38), marital status (P-Value = 0.02), PR value 1.18 with 95% CI (1.03-1.36), domicile (P-Value = 0.01), PR value 1.19 with 95% CI (1.04-1.36), viral load (P-Value = 0.001), PR value 1.27 with 95% CI (1.10-1.43),  duration of ARV treatment (P-Value = 0.005), PR value 1.25 with 95% CI (1.07-1.47), key population group (P-Value = 0.02), PR value 1.27 with 95% CI (1.04-1.56), peer support (P-Value = 0.04), PR value 1.15 with 95% CI (1.00-1.32). Factors such as age, marital status, domicile, viral load, duration of treatment, key population groups and peer support have an influence on non-adherence to taking antiretroviral drugs (ARV) in PLHIV at the Regional General Hospital of Tangerang Regency."

"Latar Belakang Walaupun mendapatkan terapi antiretroviral (ARV), inflamasi kronik akibat infeksi HIV dikombinasikan dengan faktor-faktor lain menyebabkan proses penuaan lebih dini pada pasien HIV/AIDS, salah satu tandanya risiko jatuh.Tujuan Mengetahui proporsi kejadian jatuh dan risiko jatuh serta faktor faktor yang berhubungan pada pasien HIV/AIDS dalam terapi ARV.Metode Studi potong lintang dilakukan pada pasien HIV/AIDS berusia > 40 tahun dalam terapi ARV minimal 6 bulan. Pada pasien yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dilakukan pencatatan data demografis, pengukuran antropometri, faktor terkait HIV, terapi ARV, komorbid, obat, penilaian depresi dengan Indo-BDI-II, neuropati dengan kriteria Toronto, frailty dengan kriteria Fried, dan risiko jatuh dengan uji Timed Up and Go (TUG). Pasien menolak, tidak dapat berjalan dan memiliki gangguan motorik dieksklusi. Analisis bivariat dan multivariat dilakukan pada faktor-faktor tersebut.Hasil Dari 102 sampel didapatkan proporsi kejadian jatuh 24,5% dan risiko jatuh sebesar 51,96%. Subjek mayoritas laki-laki (83,3%), median usia (IQR) 45 (5) tahun, CD4 nadir median (IQR) 71,5 (220,25) sel/mm3, CD4 saat ini median (IQR) 495,5 (361) sel/mm3, komorbid terbanyak hepatitis C (31,3%), polifarmasi 21,6% subjek, dalam terapi lini 2 ARV (10.78%), depresi (14,71%), neuropati 38,2%) prefrail 53,9% dan frail 14,7%, penapisan demensia 14,7%. Faktor yang berhubungan dengan risiko jatuh adalah prefrail/frail (OR 6,395, IK95% 2,348-17,417 p<0,001) riwayat jatuh (OR 3,162 IK95% 1,085-9,212 p 0,035) dan penggunaan Efavirenz (OR 5,878 IK95% 1,083-31,906 p 0,040).Kesimpulan Proporsi kejadian jatuh pada pasien HIV/AIDS dalam terapi ARV meyerupai populasi geriatri non HIV dengan risiko jatuh 52%. Faktor yang behubungan adalah status prefrail/frail, riwayat jatuh sebelumnya, dan penggunaan Efavire

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Background Despite given Antiretroviral Therapy (ART), chronic inflammation due to HIV infection combined with other factors implicate in the early aging process. Fall risk is one of the aging symptoms that can be assessed objectively.

Aims To determine proportion of any fall and factors associated with risk of fall in PLWH undergoing antiretroviral therapy.

Methods cross sectional study in PLWH aged 40 years or older who has take ART at least for 6 months. Data were recorded in subjects fulfilled inclusion criteria, including demographic data, anthropometry measurements, HIV related factors, comorbidities, drugs prescribed, depression using Indo-BDI-II questionnaire, neuropathy assesment sing Toronto Scoring criteria, Fried criteria frailty, and fall risk assessed by Timed Up and Go Test. Patients denied to participate, unable to walk, or having motoric abnormality in upper extremity was excluded. Bivariat and multivariat analysis was carried out to these factors.

Results among 102 subjects, proportions of any falls was 24,5% subjects and proportions of fall risk was 52%. Most of subjects were male (83,3%), median of age (IQR) was 45 (5) years, with nadir CD4 (IQR) was 71,5 (220,25) cell/mm3 and current CD4 was 495,5 (361) cells/mm3. Hepatitis C was the most comorbid disease (31,3%), polypharmacy prescribed in 21,6%, and 10,8% were in LPV/r therapy. Factors included were depression found in 14,7%, neuropathy in 38,2%m prefrail 53,9%, frail 14,7%, and patients positive screened for dementia 14,7%. Significant factors associated with risk of fall were prefrail/frail status (OR 6,395, IK95% 2,348-17,417 p<0,001), history of fall (OR 3,162 IK95% 1,085-9,212 p 0,035), and under EFV prescription (OR 5,878 IK95% 1,083-31,906 p 0,040).

Conclusion proportion of any fall in PLWH undergoing antiretroviral therapy resembled those in geriatric population, with high rate of fall risk up to 52% of the patients. Factors associated with risk of fall were frail/prefrail status, history of previous fall, and current EFV use."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Infeksi HIV masih banyak ditemukan di Indonesia saat ini. Terapi antiretroviral telah merubah morbiditas dan mortalitas pasien terinfeksi HIV, dan juga merubah manifestasi oral HIV/AIDS, termasuk kandidiasis orofaring KOF . Dalam penelitian ini dieksplorasi peran faktor genetik dan respons imun pasien terinfeksi HIV dengan dan tanpa KOF, sebelum dan sesudah terapi ARV.Metode: Subyek penelitian sebesar 82 pasien terinfeksi HIV, ARV-na ve dengan jumlah sel T CD4

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ABSTRACTBackground HIV infection remains common in Indonesia nowadays. Antiretroviral therapy ART has altered morbidity and mortality of HIV infected people, and also altered oral manifestation of HIV AIDS, including oropharyngeal candidiasis OPC . Here we explore the role of host genetic factors and immune responses in HIV infected patients beginning ART.Methods This study included 82 ARV na ve HIV infected patients with "

"Liver disease has been identified as a leading cause of death in HIV-infected patients since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1996. The HIV treatment community has been caught largely unaware of this emerging dilemma. Many HIV care providers are ill-equipped to understand and interpret liver injury patterns, or to provide comprehensive care and management for viral coinfections which they are not familiar with.HIV and liver disease provides a comprehensive update of the field covering the epidemiology, pathogenesis, management and treatment of liver disease in patients with HIV infection. The volume will help HIV care providers understand and interpret liver injury patterns, and/or provide comprehensive care and management for viral coinfections. Gastroenterologists and hepatologists will gain an understanding of complex drug regimens that are used to treat HIV and which may impact HCV and HBV treatment. Written by expert clinicians and researchers across multiple disciplines, HIV and Liver Disease will be of great value to gastroenterologists, hepatologists, infectious disease practitioners, as well as other health care providers who provide care or participate in research in the field of HIV."

"Kepatuhan terapi ARV adalah hal terpenting bagi penderita HIV agar keberhasilan manajemen terapi dapat tercapai, dimana dapat dipengaruhi beberapa faktor diantaranya sosiodemografi (usia, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan, dan pekerjaan), tingkat pengetahuan HIV, dan pengetahuan ARV. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap kepatuhan terapi ARV pada penderita HIV/AIDS. Menggunakan cross sectional, analisa data menggunakan uji chi-square, pada 90 responden penderita HIV yang mengkonsumsi ARV di Kota Depok.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kepatuhan terapi ARV diantaranya Usia (p: 0,000 , α: 0,05), Tingkat pendidikan (p: 0,000 , α: 0,05), Pengetahuan HIV (p: 0,000 , α: 0,05), dan Pengetahuan ARV (p: 0,006 , α: 0,05). Sementara jenis kelamin (p: 0,729 , α: 0,05),dan Pekerjaan (p: 0,119 , α: 0,05) tidak berhubungan.

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The adherence towards ARV therapy plays the most important role for HIV infected patients in order to achieve successful management of therapy, which various factors are presumed to affect such as sociodemographic factors (age, sex, education, and occupation), knowledge HIV and ARV. This research is conducted to find out the factors, which are affecting the obedience of the HIV infected people toward ARV therapy. The criss sectional design is used in the research, to analyze data , the author uses chi-square consecutive sampling and total samples from 90 correspondents, HIV infected patients who are currently consuming ARV in Depok.

The result of the research condusted in this thesis shows factors associated with adherence toward ARV therapy among age (p: 0,000 , α: 0,05), education (p: 0,000 , α: 0,05), knowledge HIV (p: 0,000 , α: 0,05), and knowledge ARV (p: 0,006 , α: 0,05). While sex (p: 0,729 , α: 0,05), and occupation (p: 0,119 , α: 0,05) are not associated."

"Latar Belakang. Walaupun pasien HIV mendapat terapi antiretroviral yang efektif, penurunan fungsi fisik sering ditemukan lebih awal dan menimbulkan masalah baru berupa penuaan dan frailty.Tujuan. Mengetahui proporsi dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan prefrail dan frail pada pasien HIV dalam terapi antiretroviral.Metode. Desain studi potong lintang pada pasien HIV usia ≥30 tahun dalam terapi ARV minimal 6 bulan. Pasien yang memenuhi inklusi dilakukan pencatatan demografis, penyakit komorbid, faktor terkait HIV seperti lama terdiagnosis, lama ARV, dan CD4, pengukuran antropometri seperti indeks massa tubuh, penilaian depresi dengan Indo BDI-II, dan penilaian frailty dengan kriteria Fried. Pasien dengan riwayat infeksi otak, kanker, dan oportunistik aktif dieksklusi. Analisis bivariat dan multivariat dilakukan pada faktor-faktor tersebut.Hasil. Terdapat 164 pasien yang dianalisis. Proporsi prefrail sebanyak 51,2% (84 pasien) dan frail 3,7% (6 pasien), dengan komponen dominan pada kelemahan genggam. Pasien laki-laki sebanyak 72% dengan median usia (IQR) 40,5 (36-47) tahun, dan median CD4 nadir (IQR) 53 (21-147) sel/mm3, median CD4 awal (IQR) 77 (32 - 206) sel/mm3. Hepatitis C menjadi faktor komorbid terbanyak. Depresi berhubungan dengan prefrail dan frail dengan OR 2,14 (IK95%: 1,034-4,439) dan p = 0,036. Tidak terdapat hubungan faktor usia ≥50 tahun, ≥2 penyakit komorbid, lama terdiagnosis HIV ≥5 tahun, lama ARV ≥5 tahun, CD4 <200 sel/mm3, indeks massa tubuh ≥25 kg/m2, dan pendapatan rendah dengan prefrail dan frail.Kesimpulan. Terdapat proporsi prefrail sebanyak 51,2% dan frail 3,7%. Depresi merupakan salah satu faktor yang terbukti berhubungan terhadap prefrail dan frail pada pasien HIV dalam terapi ARV.

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Background. Although HIV patients receive effective antiretroviral therapy, decrease in physical function is often found earlier and creates new problems in the form of aging and frailty

Aim. to determine the proportion and factors associated with prefrail and frail in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy.

Method. A cross-sectional study design in HIV patients aged ≥30 years who were on ARV therapy for at least 6 months. Patients who fulfilled the inclusion were recorded demographically, comorbid diseases, HIV-related factors such as length of diagnosis, duration of ARV, CD4, anthropometric measurements such as body mass index, depression assessment with Indo BDI-II, and frailty assessment with Fried criteria. Patients with a history of brain infection, cancer, and active opportunists were excluded. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was carried out on these factors.

Results. There were 164 patients analyzed. The proportions of prefrail and frail were 51.2% and 3.7% respectively, with the dominant component in muscle weakness. Male patients were 72% with median age (IQR) 40.5 (36-47) years, median baseline CD4 (IQR) 77 (32 - 206) cell/mm3, and median nadir CD4 (IQR) 53 (21-147) cells/mm3. Hepatitis C is the most comorbid factor. Depression is related to prefrail and frail with OR 2.14 (95%CI: 1,034-4,439) and p = 0,036. There was no correlation between factors such as age ≥50 years, ≥2 comorbid diseases, length of diagnosis of HIV ≥5 years, duration of ARV ≥5 years, CD4 cell count <200 cells/mm3, body mass index ≥25 kg/m2, and low income with prefrail and frail.

Conclusion. The proportions of prefrail and frail are 51.2% and 3.7% respectively. Depression is one of the factors that is proven to be related to prefrail and frail in HIV patients in ARV therapy."

"Terapi Antiretroviral (ARV) merupakan revolusi dalam pengobatan pasien HIV/AIDS. Beberapa faktor prognosis yang diketahui mempengaruhi kesintasan hidup pasien terapi ARV adalah umur, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan, status pernikahan, stadium klinis, status fungsional, kadar CD4 awal, cara penularan HIV, infeksi oportunistik, jenis ARV yang digunakan, dan kepatuhan minum obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor prognosis yang mempengaruhi kesintasan hidup pasien terapi ARV di Rumah Sakit Pusat Angkatan Darat (RSPAD) Gatot Soebroto Jakarta tahun 2007-2017. Desain penelitian ini adalah kohort retrospektif menggunakan data rekam medis pasien terapi ARV di RSPAD Gatot Soebroto Jakarta. Sampel penelitian adalah pasien terapi ARV berusia dewasa yang naïve ARV di RSPAD Gatot Soebroto Jakarta pada tahun 2007-2017 sebanyak 812 pasien. Penelitian ini menemukan probabilitas kesintasan pasien terapi ARV selama 11 tahun pengamatan adalah sebesar 66,5%. Hasil analisis dengan Extended Cox menunjukkan bahwa faktor prognosis yang paling signifikan mempengaruhi kesintasan pasien terapi ARV adalah infeksi oportunistik, dimana pasien yang mempunyai infeksi oportunistik memiliki risiko kematian 9,5 kali dibandingkan yang tidak memiliki infeksi oportunistik.

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Antiretroviral therapy (ARV) is a revolution in the treatment of HIV/AIDS patients. Some prognosis factors that are known to affect the survival of ARV patients are age, gender, education level, marital status, clinical stage, functional status, initial CD4 level, transmission of HIV, opportunistic infections, type of ARV used, and adherence. This study aims to determine prognosis factors that influence the survival of ARV therapy patients at the Central Army Hospital (RSPAD) Gatot Soebroto Jakarta in 2007-2017. The design of this study was a retrospective cohort using medical record data on ARV therapy patients at Gatot Soebroto Hospital in Jakarta. The study sample was a naive ARV patient at the Gatot Soebroto Hospital in Jakarta in 2007-2017 as much as 812 patients. This study found the probability of survival of antiretroviral therapy patients during the 10 years of observation was 66.5%. The results of the analysis with Extended Cox show that the most significant prognosis factor affecting the survival of ARV therapy patients is opportunistic infections, where patients who have opportunistic infections have a risk of death 9.5 times compared to those who do not have opportunistic infections."

"Latar Belakang: Sejak era terapi antiretroviral (ARV) khususnya lini dua yang meliputi non nucleoside reverse trascriptase inhibitor (NRTI) dan protease inhibitor (PI), ditemukan lebih banyak efek samping metabolik terutama resistensi insulin pada pasien HIV. Dari penelitian sebelumnya, diketahui resistensi insulin berhubungan dengan meningkatnya usia dan komorbid obesitas. ARV dalam meningkatkan risiko terjadinya resistensi insulin dapat terjadi dengan secara langsung mengintervensi jalur pensinyalan insulin tingkat seluler dan tidak langsung sebagai konsekuensi dari defek dalam metabolisme lipid pada pasien dengan sindrom lipodistrofi yang dikaitkan dengan peningkatan kadar asam lemak bebas/free fatty acids (FFA). Terdapat perbedaan hasil dari studi sebelumnya di Negara dan ras yang bervariasi, terkait proporsi kejadian resistensi insulin pada pasien HIV dalam terapi ARV lini dua dan hubungannya dengan durasi terapi, lipodistrofi, dan kadar FFA.Tujuan: Mengetahui proporsi kejadian resistensi insulin pada pasien HIV dalam terapi ARV lini dua dan hubungannya dengan durasi terapi, lipodistrofi, dan kadar FFA. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi observasional potong lintang yang dilakukan pada 111 pasien HIV dalam terapi ARV lini dua. Dilakukan wawancara, pemeriksaan fisik (tekanan darah, indeks masa tubuh, parameter untuk menilai lipodistrofi), dan pemeriksaan laboratorium (gula darah puasa, insulin puasa, trigliserida, HDL, dan FFA. Data karakteristik disajikan dalam rerata bila distribusi normal dan median bila tidak normal.Subjek dinyatakan mengalami resistensi insulin dengan menghitung indeks Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). Nilai titik potong HOMA-IR ditentukan dalam penelitian ini dengan tambahan data sekunder, pada populasi pasien HIV dalam terapi ARV. Selanjutnya, dilakukan analisis statitistik dengan uji t tidak berpasangan jika distribusi normal dan uji Mann Whitney U untuk data distribusi tidak normal.Hasil: Median usia subjek adalah 39 tahun (19-58) dan 82% nya adalah perempuan. Didapatkan nilai titik potong HOMA-IR 2,705 dengan sensitivitas 67,9% dan spesifisitas 69,1%. 61 dari 111 subjek (55%) mengalami resistensi insulin. Median durasi PI adalah 52 (0,5-178) bulan, durasi NRTI 121 (19-238) bulan. Terdapat 9 subjek dengan lipodistrofi. Median kadar FFA adalah 2,38 (0,28-40,38). Durasi PI (p=0,015) dan durasi NRTI (p=0,027) berhubungan bermakna secara statistik dengan resistensi insulin. Sedangkan, lipodistrofi dan kadar FFA tidak berhubungan bermakna dengan resistensi insulin.Simpulan: Proporsi resistensi insulin pada pasien HIV dalam terapi ARV lini kedua adalah 55%. Pada penelitian ini durasi terapi NRTI dan PI, berhubungan dengan terjadinya resistensi insulin pada subjek. Sedangkan, ditemukan perbedaan tidak bermakna secara statistik antara kadar FFA, dan adanya lipodistrofi dengan resistensi insulin pada pasien HIV dalam terapi ARV lini kedua.

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Background: Since the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART), especially the second line which includes non nucleoside reverse trascriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and protease inhibitor (PI), there were more cases of metabolic side effects especially insuin resistance in HIV infected patients. Previous studies stated positive correlation between older age and obesity as a comorbid. ART increases risk of insulin resistance by directly intervering in celluer insulin signaling pathway or indirectly through defects of lipid metabolism, lipodystrophy, and elevation of FFA levels. There were controversial results from previous studies in different Country and races regarding the proportion of insulin resistance, and its relation with ART duration, lipodystophy, and FFA levels.

Objective: To obtain the proportion on insulin resistance in HIV patiens on second line ART, and its relation with ART duration, lipodystophy, and FFA levels.

Methods: It is an observational cross-sectional study in 111 HIV patiens on second line ART. Interview, physical examination (of blood pressure, body mass index, and lipodystrophy parameter), and laboratory examination (fasting blood glucose and insulin, triglyceride, HDL, and FFA level) were done. Charateristics of subjects are displayed as mean value if the data distribution is normal and median (min-max value) if not. Insulin resistance is measured with HOMA-IR index. Cut off value was calculated with additional secondary data in population of HIV patiens on ART. Then, statistic analysis is done with unpaired t test for data with normal distribution or mann whitney test for data with abnormal distribution.

Results: Age media value of the subjects is 39 (19-58) years old and 82% of the subjects are female. The obtained cut off value of HOMA-IR is 2,705 with Sensitivity of 67,9 and Specificity of 69,1%. 61 of 11 subjects were insulin resistant. PI duration s median value is 52 (0,5-178) months, NRTI duration s median value is 121 (19-238) months. There were 9 subjects found that have lipodystrophy. FFA levels media value is 2,38 (0,28-40,38). PI (p=0,015) and NRTI (p=0,027) durations were significantly corresponded with insulin resistance. Meanwhile, lipodystrophy and FFA levels were not significantly correlated with insulin resistance.

Conclusions: Insulin resistance is found in 55% HIV patients on second line ART. Therapy duration is found to be related with insulin resistance while lipodystophy and FFA levels have no significant difference between subjects with insulin resistance and not."