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"Globalisasi, sebagai sebuah proses yang telah mengubah isu kesehatan menjadi masalah global, memicu perkembangan kajian tata kelola kesehatan global dalam Ilmu Hubungan Internasional. Karakter tata kelola kesehatan global yang multisektor dan multiaktor membuat kerja sama kesehatan tidak lagi eksklusif milik World Health Organization (WHO). Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memetakan perkembangan literatur akademis mengenai peran WHO dalam dua dekade terakhir. Tulisan ini berusaha memahami bagaimana literatur menjelaskan dinamika peran WHO dalam menghadapi tantangan kesehatan baru di tengah perubahan lanskap tata kelola kesehatan global. Dengan menggunakan metode tipologi, tulisan ini mengidentifikasi dua fenomena: pertama, peran WHO dalam menghadapi krisis kesehatan global; dan kedua, posisi WHO di tengah institusi kesehatan global lain. Pada fenomena pertama, mayoritas literatur menilai power dan political willingness negara dalam mematuhi WHO, otoritas WHO yang terbatas, dan mekanisme pendanaan WHO menjadi faktor penyebab penurunan peran organisasi sejak revisi International Health Regulation (IHR) tahun 2005. Pada fenomena kedua, mayoritas literatur menilai legitimasi dan normative power WHO sebagai keunggulan yang menjadikan organisasi ini tetap relevan sebagai aktor kunci dan aktor utama dalam tata kelola dan kerja sama kesehatan global. Tulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa dinamika peran WHO dalam tata kelola kesehatan global merupakan manifestasi adaptasi organisasi terhadap dinamika politik. Tulisan ini mengidentifikasi beberapa temuan dan celah dalam literatur. Pertama, literatur mengenai peran WHO didominasi oleh pendekatan principal-agent dan legal. Kedua, literatur memberikan perhatian besar pada topik krisis kesehatan global yang berupa penyakit menular, namun jarang membahas topik penyakit tidak menular serta program kesehatan penting lain. Ketiga, literatur yang ditulis dalam satu dekade terakhir fokus pada kritik bagi kegagalan organisasi. Keempat, aspek multisektor dan multiaktor dalam tata kelola kesehatan global masih belum dibahas secara mendalam. Kelima, tulisan akademis yang membahas peran WHO dalam menghadapi COVID-19 masih terbatas.

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Globalization, as a process that turned health issues into global problems, has triggered the development of global health governance study in International Relations. The multi-sector and multi-actor characteristics of global health governance make health cooperation no longer exclusively owned by World Health Organization (WHO). This paper aims to map the development of academic literature on the role of WHO in the last 2 decades. This paper seeks to understand how the literature explains the role of WHO in dealing with emerging health challenges amidst the changing landscape of global health governance. Using the typology method, this paper identifies two phenomena: first, WHO's role in dealing with global health crises; and second, WHO's position among other global health institutions. Regarding the first phenomenon, the majority of literature focuses on the power and political willingness of member states in complying with WHO’s regulations and recommendations, limited WHO’s authority, and WHO’s funding mechanism as factors which lead to the declining role of WHO since the revision of International Health Regulation (IHR) in 2005. Regarding the second phenomenon, the majority of literature finds that the legitimacy and normative power of WHO are the advantages that make the organization remain relevant as the key and prime actor in global health governance and cooperation. This paper concludes that the dynamic role of WHO in global health governance is a manifestation of its adaptation to global political dynamics. This paper also identifies several findings and gaps in the literature. First, the literature on the role of WHO is dominated by principal-agent and legal approaches. Second, the literature pays great attention to health crisis issues in the form of communicable diseases, but rarely discusses non-communicable diseases and other critical health programmes. Third, the literature written in the last decade focuses on criticisms regarding WHO’s organizational failure. Fourth, the multi-sector and multi-actor aspects of global health governance have not yet been discussed in depth. Fifth, the academic writings discussing the role of WHO in facing COVID-19 are still limited."

"Aviasi sipil merupakan salah satu industri yang mengakselerasi globalisasi. Dengan aktivitas lintas batas yang semakin meningkat, penerbangan udara telah mempercepat proses mobilisasi manusia, barang, dan kapital setiap harinya. Aktivitas lintas batas ini kemudian memunculkan kebutuhan untuk adanya tata kelola global yang dapat mengkoordinasi dan merespon isu-isu yang muncul akibat pelaksanaan aviasi sipil. Dengan metode tipologi, tulisan ini akan mengeksplorasi perkembangan tata kelola aviasi sipil global dengan meninjau 30 literatur yang akan dibagi menjadi dua tema besar: aktor dan isu dalam tata kelola aviasi sipil global. Penulis menemukan bahwa prinsip fundamental berupa kedaulatan penuh negara atas ruang udaranya menyebabkan proliferasi aktor non-negara tidak mengeliminasi sentralitas negara dalam tata kelola aviasi sipil global. Adapun globalisasi yang memperluas ruang lingkup tata kelola aviasi sipil global memunculkan dinamika baru dalam tata kelola aviasi sipil global berupa koordinasi dan kolaborasi yang terinstitusionalisasi dengan tata kelola global area isu di luar aviasi sipil.

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Civil aviation is one of the industries which have accelerated the process of globalization. With the ever-increasing frequency of transboundary activity, air transport has facilitated the mobilization process of humans, goods, and capital daily. The transboundary activity hence calls for an urgency for global governance that can coordinate activities among various actors and respond to emerging issues as a result of civil aviation. With the typology method, this literature review explores the development of global civil aviation governance by reviewing 30 pieces of literature which will be divided into two major themes: actors and issues in global civil aviation governance. This review finds that the fundamental principle of exclusive state sovereignty for its airspace causes the proliferation of non-state actors to not have an impact on state centrality in global civil aviation governance. Additionally, globalization that has widened the scope of global civil aviation governance induced a new dynamic in global civil aviation governance in the forms of coordination and institutionalized collaboration with the global governance of relevant issue areas."

"Menurut global competitiveness report 2007 - 08 yang beleum lama dipublikasikan oleh world economic forum (http://www.gcr,weforum.org) iIndonesia menempati urutan ke 54 dari 131 negara yang dinilai dalam indeks dayasaing global/IDG (Global competitiveness index/GCI) 2007-08..."

"Ketahanan pangan merupakan salah satu permasalahan yang berkaitan dengan kelangsngan hidup manusia. Dengan meruaknya malnutrisi dan krisis pangan global, muncul kesadaran bahwa masalah pangan melewati domain negara dan membutuhkan koordinasi antarnegara dan pemangku kepentingan lainnya. Oleh sebab itu, dibentuk tata kelola pangan global sebagai upaya transnasional untuk mencapai ketahanan pangan dunia. Menggunakan metode taksonomi, penulis meninjau 45 literatur mengenai tata kelola pangan global dalam empat bagian: 1) dinamika tata kelola pangan global, 2) aktor dalam tata kelola pangan global, 3) kontestasi norma dalam tata kelola pangan global, dan 4) kekuatan (power) dalam tata kelola pangan global. Berangkat dari tinjauan tersebut, penulis kemudian menganalisis konsensus dan perdebatan, persebaran dan kesenjangan, serta sintesis dari literatur akademik yang berada. Melalui analisis tersebut, penulis meraih empat penemuan. Pertama, dinamika tata kelola pangan global dapat dikaji dari segi historis dan paradigmatis, serta perkembangan dalam tata kelola pangan global dikatalisasi oleh krisis pangan global. Kedua, terjadi perluasan partipasi aktor dalam tata kelola pangan global. Ketiga, kontestasi norma dapat terjadi di berbagai tingkat aktor. Keempat, badan literatur kekuatan korporat (corporate power) mendominasi di pembahasan kekuatan dalam tata kelola pangan global. Penulis kemudian memaparkan celah dalam literatur yang dapat diisi melalui penelitian lebih lanjut serta rekomendasi praktis bagi formulasi kebijakan pangan di Indonesia.

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Food security is central to the survival of human beings. With the ascendance of malnutrition and global food crises, emerged an awareness that food security goes beyond the domain of national boundaries and achieving it requires coordination between countries and other relevant stakeholders. Therefore, global food governance was formed as a transnational effort to achieve world food security. Utilizing a taxonomical classification, I review 45 pieces of academic literatures on global food governance in four parts: 1) dynamics of global food governance, 2) actors in global food governance, 3) norms contestation in global food governance, and 4) power in global food governance. I then analyze the consensus and debates found in the literature, literary distribution and research gaps, and a concluding synthesis of the literature. Through this analysis, I uncover four key findings. First, the dynamics of global food governance can be perused from a historical and paradigmatic standpoint. I then cover how developments in global food governance are catalyzed by global food crises. Second, actors’ participation in global food governance is expanding. Third, norms contestation occur between actors from different levels. Fourth, works on corporate power dominate the literature of power in global food governance. I proceed to argue on the literature gaps that could be filled through further research moving forward and practical recommendations to assist formulation of food policies in Indonesia."

"Understanding global health economics and policy has never been so important. This remarkable three-volume collection of chapters is sure to become the standard on health economics and health policy around the world.'David CutlerOtto Eckstein Professor of Applied EconomicsHarvard UniversityThis Handbook covers major topics in global health economics and public policy and provides a timely, systematic review of the field. Edited by Richard M Scheffler, Distinguished Professor of Health Economics and Public Policy and Director of the Global Center for Health Economics and Policy Research at the University of California, Berkeley, the Handbook features academics and practitioners from more than a dozen countries. Contributors are from the London School of Economics and Political Science, Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona, University of York, University of Oslo, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of California - Berkeley, Stanford University, Johns Hopkins University, University of Toronto, University of Oxford, Harvard Medical School, OECD, the World Health Organization and the World Bank, many of whom have also acted as economic and policy advisors to government and non-governmental organizations across the world. Experts in these areas who provide critical analyses and relevant data for further exploration and research include: Thomas E Getzen, Executive Director of the International Health Economics Association (iHEA); Douglas E Hough, Associate Scientist and Associate Director of the Master in Healthcare Management programme at the Bloomberg School of Public Health of John Hopkins University; Guillem López-Casasnovas, former President of iHEA and member of the Advisory Council of the Spanish Health and Social Welfare Ministry and of the Advisory Council of the Catalan Health Ministry since 1984; Alistair McGuire, Professor of Health Economics at the London School of Economics and Political and advisor to a number of governments and governmental bodies across Europe; Tor Iversen, Research Director at the Health Economics Research Programme at the University of Oslo and former member of the iHEA Arrow Award Committee 2007-2011; William H Dow, Professor and Associate Dean for Research at University of California ,Berkeley and former Senior Economist for the Council of Economic Advisors (White House); Audrey Laporte, the Director of the Canadian Centre for Health Economics; Alexander S Preker, President and CEO of Health Investment & Financing Corporation; Ayda Yurekli, who initiated and developed the World Health Organization TaXSiM simulation model that has been used by many Ministries of Finance around the world for the development of tax policies; Marko Vujicic, Managing Vice President of the Health Policy Resources Center at the American Dental Association; Mark Sculpher, Director of the Programme on Economic Evaluation and Health Technology Assessment at the University of York and former President of the International Society of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) (2011-2012); and Peter Berman, who has had almost 40 years of experience in global health and was formerly a Lead Health Economist at the World Bank. The Handbook spans across three volumes. The chapters deal with key global issues in health economics, are evidence-based, and offer innovative policy alternatives and solutions. The Handbook's approach toward global health economics and public policy will make it a useful resource for health economists, policymakers, private sector companies, NGOs, government decision-makers and those who manage healthcare systems."

"Understanding global health economics and policy has never been so important. This remarkable three-volume collection of chapters is sure to become the standard on health economics and health policy around the world.'David CutlerOtto Eckstein Professor of Applied EconomicsHarvard UniversityThis Handbook covers major topics in global health economics and public policy and provides a timely, systematic review of the field. Edited by Richard M Scheffler, Distinguished Professor of Health Economics and Public Policy and Director of the Global Center for Health Economics and Policy Research at the University of California, Berkeley, the Handbook features academics and practitioners from more than a dozen countries. Contributors are from the London School of Economics and Political Science, Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona, University of York, University of Oslo, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of California - Berkeley, Stanford University, Johns Hopkins University, University of Toronto, University of Oxford, Harvard Medical School, OECD, the World Health Organization and the World Bank, many of whom have also acted as economic and policy advisors to government and non-governmental organizations across the world. Experts in these areas who provide critical analyses and relevant data for further exploration and research include: Thomas E Getzen, Executive Director of the International Health Economics Association (iHEA); Douglas E Hough, Associate Scientist and Associate Director of the Master in Healthcare Management programme at the Bloomberg School of Public Health of John Hopkins University; Guillem López-Casasnovas, former President of iHEA and member of the Advisory Council of the Spanish Health and Social Welfare Ministry and of the Advisory Council of the Catalan Health Ministry since 1984; Alistair McGuire, Professor of Health Economics at the London School of Economics and Political and advisor to a number of governments and governmental bodies across Europe; Tor Iversen, Research Director at the Health Economics Research Programme at the University of Oslo and former member of the iHEA Arrow Award Committee 2007-2011; William H Dow, Professor and Associate Dean for Research at University of California ,Berkeley and former Senior Economist for the Council of Economic Advisors (White House); Audrey Laporte, the Director of the Canadian Centre for Health Economics; Alexander S Preker, President and CEO of Health Investment & Financing Corporation; Ayda Yurekli, who initiated and developed the World Health Organization TaXSiM simulation model that has been used by many Ministries of Finance around the world for the development of tax policies; Marko Vujicic, Managing Vice President of the Health Policy Resources Center at the American Dental Association; Mark Sculpher, Director of the Programme on Economic Evaluation and Health Technology Assessment at the University of York and former President of the International Society of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) (2011-2012); and Peter Berman, who has had almost 40 years of experience in global health and was formerly a Lead Health Economist at the World Bank. The Handbook spans across three volumes. The chapters deal with key global issues in health economics, are evidence-based, and offer innovative policy alternatives and solutions. The Handbook's approach toward global health economics and public policy will make it a useful resource for health economists, policymakers, private sector companies, NGOs, government decision-makers and those who manage healthcare systems."

"ABSTRAKTulisan ini membahas tentang Isu Kepemimpinan (leadership) dalam tata kelola iklim global yang merupakan isu yang masih jarang dikaji dalam ilmu hubungan internasional secara komprehensif mengenai apa itu kepemimpinan, siapa aktor-aktor potensial, serta signifikansi perannya dalam proses negosiasi lingkungan global, khususnya tata kelola global isu perubahan iklim. Kajian literatur ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis apa isu kepemimpinan dalam tata kelola iklim global dan bagaimana kepemimpinan mempengaruhi tata kelola iklim global. Dalam menjawab pertanyaan tersebut, tulisan ini menggunakan metode taksonomi dalam pengkajian literatur dengan memetakan literatur tentang struktur tata kelola iklim global (UNFCCC) sebelum era Paris Agreement dan setelah Paris Agreement, konsep kepemimpinan itu sendiri dalam tata kelola lingkungan global dan isu perubahan iklim, tema peran kepemimpinan dalam pembentukan rezim dan proses negosiasi perubahan iklim, khususnya Protokol Kyoto dan UNFCCC, dan memusatkan fokus perhatian pada peran kepemimpinan negara individual, terutama kepemimpinan Amerika Serikat (AS), kepemimpinan Uni Eropa, dan kepemimpinan dari negar-negara berkembang yang diantaranya merupakan negara ekonomi berkembang. Selain itu, tema kepemimpinan terhadap aktor-aktor non-negara, terutama korporasi, organisasi non-pemerintah (NGOs), dan kepemimpinan kota (cities) dalam tata kelola iklim global yang semakin terfragmentasi. Bagian ketiga tulisan akan menganalisa keterkaitan isu kepemimpinan berdasarkan tiga perspektif tradisional hubungan internasional yaitu perspektif neorealisme, liberal institusionalisme, dan konstruktivisme. Bagian akhir tulisan kemudian memuat kesimpulan atas hasil pemetaan dan analisis serta refleksi untuk kepemimpinan Indonesia dalam tata kelola isu iklim global."

"[ ABSTRAK Jurnal ini membahas komunikasi global yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan multinasional (MNC) dengan produk minuman berkarbonasi bernama Coca-Cola. Di eraglobalisasi saat ini, sebuah perusahaan MNC mengkoordinasikan seluruh aktivitas pemasaranke berbagai negara. Dalam hal ini perusahaan melakukan adanya standarisasi produk,packaging, dan merek. Bahkan, beberapa produk dan jasa secara serempak menyamakanpesan komunikasi atau kampanye penjualannya. Sebagai alat kampanye pemasaran, Coca-Cola merilis 24 versi dari The World Is Ours, lagu untuk menyemarakkan perhelatan PialaDunia 2014, dengan berbagai bahasa dari bermacam negara. Beberapa negara yang turutmerilis lagu ini adalah Indonesia, Mexico, Colombia, South Africa, China, Japan, Argentina,Vietnam, Korea, Middle East, Thailand, Malaysia, South Africa, Nepal, Bosnia &Herzegovina, Myanmar, Romania and Brazil. Dari penjelasan tersebut maka penulis akanmeneliti adanya komunikasi global yang terjalin melalui kampanye Coca Cola yang dikaitkanmenggunakan konsep glokalisasi.

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ABSTRACT This journal discusses global communication conducted by multi-national companies (MNCs)

with a carbonated beverage product called Coca-Cola. In the current era of globalization, a

MNC company coordinates all marketing activities to different countries. In this case the

company doing the standardization of products, packaging, and brand. In fact, some products

and services simultaneously equalize message communication or sales campaigns. As a tool

of marketing campaign, Coca-Cola released 24 versions of The World Is Ours, songs to

enliven the 2014 World Cup event, with the various languages of the various nations. Somecountries are also releasing this song is Indonesia, Mexico, Colombia, South Africa, China,

Japan, Argentina, Vietnam, Korea, Middle East, Thailand, Malaysia, South Africa, Nepal,

Bosnia & Herzegovina, Myanmar, Romania and Brazil. From these explanations, the authors

will examine the global communications established through the Coca Cola campaign are

linked using the concept of glocalization.;This journal discusses global communication conducted by multi-national companies (MNCs)

with a carbonated beverage product called Coca-Cola. In the current era of globalization, a

MNC company coordinates all marketing activities to different countries. In this case the

company doing the standardization of products, packaging, and brand. In fact, some products

and services simultaneously equalize message communication or sales campaigns. As a tool

of marketing campaign, Coca-Cola released 24 versions of The World Is Ours, songs to

enliven the 2014 World Cup event, with the various languages of the various nations. Somecountries are also releasing this song is Indonesia, Mexico, Colombia, South Africa, China,

Japan, Argentina, Vietnam, Korea, Middle East, Thailand, Malaysia, South Africa, Nepal,

Bosnia & Herzegovina, Myanmar, Romania and Brazil. From these explanations, the authors

will examine the global communications established through the Coca Cola campaign are

linked using the concept of glocalization., This journal discusses global communication conducted by multi-national companies (MNCs)

with a carbonated beverage product called Coca-Cola. In the current era of globalization, a

MNC company coordinates all marketing activities to different countries. In this case the

company doing the standardization of products, packaging, and brand. In fact, some products

and services simultaneously equalize message communication or sales campaigns. As a tool

of marketing campaign, Coca-Cola released 24 versions of The World Is Ours, songs to

enliven the 2014 World Cup event, with the various languages of the various nations. Somecountries are also releasing this song is Indonesia, Mexico, Colombia, South Africa, China,

Japan, Argentina, Vietnam, Korea, Middle East, Thailand, Malaysia, South Africa, Nepal,

Bosnia & Herzegovina, Myanmar, Romania and Brazil. From these explanations, the authors

will examine the global communications established through the Coca Cola campaign are

linked using the concept of glocalization.]"