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"Sindroma Down disebabkan abnormalitas kromosom yaitu adaya kromosom ekstra  pada pasangan kromosom ke 21 dengan karakteristik tertentu. Anak sindroma Down memliki gingivitis. sIgA di dalam saliva merupakan tanda diaktivasinya respon imun humoral di dalam rongga mulut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan kadar sIgA saliva dengan gingivitis anak sindroma Down. Subyek penelitian berusia 15-17 tahun, sebanyak 34 anak yang terdiri dari 17 anak sindroma Down dan 17 anak normal. Seluruh subyek penelitian dinilai kadar sIgA saliva menggunakan ELISA tidak langsung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hubungan negatif lemah tidak bermakna antara kadar sIgA saliva dan gingivitis anak sindroma Down. (r=-0.210, p=0.419). Penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan semakin tinggi kadar sIgA saliva pada anak sindroma Down maka semakin rendah gingivitis anak sindroma Down

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Down syndrome is an abnormality caused by  extra chromosome in the 21st pair of chromosomes with specific characteristics. Children  with Down syndrome mostly have gingivitis in their mouth. sIgA in the saliva is a sign activated by humoral immune response in the oral cavity. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship of salivary sIgA concentration with gingivitis in Down syndrome children. Total of the subjects are 34 consisting of 17 down syndrome children and 17 normal children and aged between 15-17 years old. All subject assessed the concentration of salivary sIgA using indirect ELISA. The results showed an insignificant weak negative correlation between salivary sIgA concentration and gingivitis in Down syndrome children. This study established that the higher levels of salivary sIgA in Down syndrome children, the lower gingivitis in Down syndrome children."

"Sindroma Down adalah kelainan genetik yang disebabkan oleh trisomi kromosom 21. Anak dengan sindroma Down memiliki kondisi rongga mulut yang beragam dan memiliki masalah kesehatan oral seperti karies dan penyakit periodontal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kejadian karies pada anak dengan sindroma Down usia 14 tahun ke atas di SLB C Jakarta. Subjek penelitian berasal dari 43 SLB C di Jakarta. Total subjek adalah 174 anak dengan sindroma Down usia 14 sampai 53 tahun. Pemeriksaan karies dilakukan dengan pemeriksaan klinis menggunakan indeks DMF-T. Hasil penelitian ditemukan indeks DMF-T 5,90 pada total subjek dengan prevalensi karies sebesar 84,48 . Kesimpulan studi ini adalah terdapat tingkat kejadian karies yang tinggi pada anak dengan sindroma Down usia 14 tahun ke atas di SLB C Jakarta dengan indeks DMF-T sebesar 5,90."

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Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. Down syndrome children have variety of oral characteristics and have oral problem such as caries and periodontal disease. The aim of this study is to know frequency distribution of caries in Down syndrome children aged 14 years and over in SLB C Jakarta. Subjects of this study are from 43 SLB C in Jakarta. Total of subjects are 174 Down syndrome children aged 14 to 53. Caries examination was done by clinically using DMF T index. The result of this study is 5,90 DMF T index in total subject population with 84,48 caries prevalence. This study conclude that Down syndrome children aged 14 years and over in SLB C Jakarta have high caries experience with DMF T index scored 5,90."

"Skripsi ini mengkaji tentang pengasuhan anak down syndrome dalam keluarga Jawa dalam upaya dadi wong di masa depan. Dadi wong merupakan konsep kesuksesan yang bersifat totalitas tetapi lentur dan dapat disesuaikan dengan kemampuan maksimal setiap individu. Keterlambatan fisik dan mental yang dimiliki oleh anak down syndrome tidak mematahkan semangat orangtua untuk menjadikan anaknya dadi wong dengan melakukan pelbagai strategi penyesuaian. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Pengumpulan data melalui pengamatan dan wawancara mendalam untuk mendapatkan data life history dari keluarga yang memiliki anak down syndrome. Data ini diharapkan dapat menjelaskan cara pengasuhan anak down syndrome dalam keluarga Jawa di Jakarta yang tetap mengupayakan dadi wong di masa depan.

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This thesis examines the down syndrome child rearing in the Javanese family who strive to be dadi wong in the future. Dadi wong is a concept of success that is totality but flexible and adjustable according to the maximum ability of each individual. The physical and mental retardation of down syndrome children does not discourage parents to make their children to be dadi wong by performing various adjustment. This thesis used a qualitative approach. Data collected by observation and in depth interview method from families who have down syndrome children. This data is expected to explain how to rear down syndrome children from Javanese family who live in Jakarta and seeking dadi wong in the future."

"Anak down syndrome dengan keterbatasanya mendapatkan perhatian yang lebih banyak dari orang tua dibandingkan sibling. Perbedaan perlakuan antar anak oleh orang tua dapat mempengaruhi hubungan antar saudara dan pola asuh yang dilakukan orang tua juga dapat mempengaruhi dimensi hubungan yang berkaitan dengan kualitas sibling relationships. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan antara pola asuh orang tua dengan sibling relationship pada anak down syndrome. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan cross-sectional pada 60 responden orang tua yang dipilih melalui teknik cluster sampling menggunakan instrumen Parenting Style and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) dan Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (SRQ). Hasil penelitian menunjukan 73.9% responden menerapkan pola asuh autoritatif dan 61.67% terbentuk sibling relationship positif antara anak down syndrome dan sibling. Hasil analisis bivariat uji fisher exact memperoleh hasil p value <0.001 (<0.05). Hasil ini menunjukan adanya hubungan pola asuh orang tua dengan sibling relationship pada anak down syndrome. Peneliti merekomendasikan mengikutsertakan sibling dalam penelitian selanjutnya untuk melengkapi data dari sisi sibling.

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Children with Down syndrome with their limitations get more attention from their parents than their siblings. Differences in treatment between children by parents can affect the relationship between siblings and parenting style by parents can also affect the dimensions of the relationship related to the quality of sibling relationships. This study aims to identify the relationship between parenting style and sibling relationship in children with Down syndrome. The study used a cross-sectional approach to 60 parent respondents who were selected through a cluster sampling technique using the Parenting Style and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) and Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (SRQ) instruments. The results showed that 73.9% of respondents adopted authoritative parenting and 61.67% formed a positive sibling relationship between children with Down syndrome and siblings. The results of the bivariate analysis of the Fisher's exact test obtained a p value <0.001 (<0.05). These results indicate that there is a relationship between parenting style and sibling relationship in children with Down syndrome. Researchers recommend including sibling in future research to complete data from sibling side."

"Sindroma Down disebabkan abnormalitas kromosom yaitu nondisjuction kromosom 21 dengan karakteristik tertentu. Anak sindroma Down memiliki resistensi yang baik terhadap karies. sIgA di dalam saliva merupakan tanda diaktivasinya respon imun humoral di dalam rongga mulut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan kadar sIgA saliva dengan karies anak sindroma Down. Subjek penelitian berusia 15-17 tahun, sebanyak 34 orang yang tediri dari 17 anak sindroma Down dan 17 anak normal. Seluruh subjek penelitian dinilai kadar sIgA saliva menggunakan ELISA tidak langsung. Hasil penelitian menunjukan hubungan negatif kuat bermakna antara kadar sIgA saliva dan karies anak sindroma Down (r=-0.628, p=0.007). Penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara kadar sIgA saliva dan karies anak sindroma Down.

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Down syndrome is caused by chromosomal abnormalities nondisjuction chromosome 21 with particular characteristics. Down syndrome children have a good resistance against caries. sIgA in the saliva is a sign activated humoral immune response in the oral cavity. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of salivary sIgA concentrations with caries Down syndrome children. Subjects aged 15-17 years, a total of 34 people consisting of 17 Down's syndrome children and 17 normal children. All subject of the study assessed the concentratios of salivary sIgA using indirect ELISA. The results showed an significant strong negative correlation was found between salivary sIgA concentration and caries Down syndrome children (r = -0628, p = 0.007). This study established that salivary sIgA concentration and caries Down syndrome children was significant correlation."

"Anak-anak dan remaja dengan down syndrome berisiko mengalami overweight dan obesitas dibandingkan populasi umum. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan pola asupan energi dan zat gizi, praktik pemberian makan serta perilaku makan mereka. Sebanyak 25 anak dan remaja dilibatkan dalam pengukuran antropometri dan pencatatan riwayat asupan dengan metode 24-hour food recall untuk menilai status gizi dan asupan zat gizi mereka. Pendekatan kualitatif dilakukan untuk memahami praktik pemberian makan orang tua dan perilaku makan anak. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) dilakukan terhadap sekelompok orang tua anak down syndrome berstatus gizi normal berdasarkan indeks IMT/U. Wawancara mendalam juga dilakukan dengan ahli gizi dan dokter spesialis anak. Ditemukan bahwa walaupun sebagian besar (80%) anak dan remaja berstatus gizi normal, rerata asupan energi, protein, karbohidrat, dan lemak lebih rendah dari rekomendasi AKG yang berpotensi disebabkan oleh upaya orang tua untuk mengontrol asupan kalori anak mereka secara dominan. Hal ini diperkuat dengan temuan kekhawatiran serius terhadap pertumbuhan anak, laporan rendahnya kontrol anak terhadap sinyal kenyang, serta sensitivitas tekstur. Penilaian pemberian makanan pada setiap kunjungan harus dilakukan, dengan mempertimbangkan aspek karakteristik down syndrome yang dapat mempengaruhi penerimaan makanan mereka.

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Children and adolescents with down syndrome are at risk of being overweight and obese than the general population. This study aims to assess their energy and nutrient intake, feeding practices and eating behaviour. A total of 25 children and adolescents were included in anthropometric measurements and 24-hour food recall to assess their nutritional status and dietary intake. To understand parents' feeding practices and their child's eating behaviour, a qualitative approach was taken. A focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted with a group of parents of a child with down syndrome and had normal growth status based on BMI-for-age. In-depth interviews were also conducted with a registered dietician and paediatrician. Although the majority (80%) of children and adolescents had normal nutritional status, their average intake of energy, protein, carbohydrates, and fat were lower than the AKG recommendation, which were potentially caused by parents' predominant control of child's calorie intake. This is later confirmed by parents’ great concerns about child’s growth, reports of child’s low satiety responsiveness, and texture sensitivity. Feeding assessment at any visit should be addressed, taking into account down syndrome's characteristics that may influence their food acceptance."

"Down syndrome merupakan suatu kondisi yang berkaitan dengan keterbatasan perkembangan. Adanya keterbatasan ini membuat anak down syndrome membutuhkan caregiver untuk membantu mereka melaksanakan aktivitas seharihari. Caregiver dapat mengalami dampak negatif akibat merawat anggota keluarga yang memiliki kebutuhan khusus. Salah satu dampak negatifnya adalah caregiver strain. Caregiver strain dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi adalah dukungan sosial. Caregiver strain dapat berkurang jika caregiver mendapatkan dukungan sosial, khususnya perceived social support. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan antara caregiver strain dan perceived social support. Metode pengambilan data yang dilakukan adalah pengisian kuesioner dan melakukan probing terhadap item dalam kuesioner caregiver strain (Modification of Caregiver Strain Index). Kemudian partisipan diminta untuk mengisi kuesioner perceived social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hubungan yang negatif antara caregiver strain dan perceived social support dengan r=-.174, namun tidak signifikan dengan p>0,05. Pada penelitian ini, partisipan ditemukan memiliki caregiver strain yang relatif rendah dan perceived social support yang relatif tinggi.

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Down syndrome is condition related with developmental impairment. These impairments make the child with Down syndrome needs caregiver to help them carry out their daily activities. Caregiver may be negatively impacted due to caring for family members with special needs. One of the negative impacts is caregiver strain. Caregiver strain is influenced by several factors. One factor that influence caregiver strain is social support. Caregiver strain can be reduced if the caregiver get social support, especially perceived social support.

This study aimed to examine the correlation between caregiver strain and perceived social support. Method of data collection was questionnaires and do some probing to the items in the questionnaire caregiver strain (Modification of Caregiver Strain Index). Then participants were asked to complete a questionnaire perceived social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support).

The results showed a negative relationship between caregiver strain and perceived social support with r = - .174, but not significant with p> 0.05. In this study, participants were found to have relatively low caregiver strain and perceived social support were relatively high."

"WHO memperkirakan terdapat 8 juta penderita Down syndrome di dunia. Spesifiknya, ada 3.000-5.000 anak lahir mengidap kelainan kromosom per tahunnya. Down syndrome menimpa satu di antara 700 kelahiran hidup atau 1 diantara 800-1000 kelahiran bayi. Kejadian down syndrome bertambah sesuai dengan meningkatnya usia ibu hamil. Berdasarkan data Riskesdas, terdapat 0,12% penderita down syndrome pada 2010. Berdasarkan data Riskesdas, terdapat 0,12% penderita down syndrome pada 2010. Angka itu meningkat jadi 0,13% di 2013 dan data terbaru meningkat menjadi 0,21% pada 2018. Penyebab yang spesifik belum diketahui, tapi kehamilan oleh ibu yang berusia diatas 35 tahun beresiko tinggi memiliki anak down syndrom. Pada ibu yang berusia lebih dari 35 tahun, insidensi meningkat sampai 1 dari 300 kelahiran. Sedangkan pada ibu usia di atas 40 tahun, insidensi meningkat secara drastis mencapai 1 dari 10 kelahiran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan usia ibu saat hamil dengan kejadian down syndrome pada anak usia 0 – 59 bulan di Indonesia berdasarkan data Riskesdas 2018. Peneliti menggunakan desain studi cross-sectional menggunakan data sekunder dari survei Riskesdas 2018. Jumlah sampel 73.200 responden. Analisis yang digunakan uji regresi logistik biner. Signifikan secara statistik hubungan antara usia ibu saat hamil dengan kejadian down syndrome pada anak usia 0-59 bulan di Indonesia berdasarkan data Riskesdas dengan p-value = 0,000 dan POR 0,942 atau 1 (95% CI 0,918 – 0,967). Perlu dilakukan edukasi kepada wanita produktif mengenai risiko kehamilan di usia tua.

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.WHO estimates that there are 8 million people with Down syndrome in the world. Specifically, there are 3,000-5,000 children born with chromosomal abnormalities per year. Down syndrome affects one in 700 live births or 1 in 800-1000 babies. The incidence of Down syndrome increases with the increasing age of pregnant women. Based on Riskesdas data, there were 0.12% of people with Down syndrome in 2010. Based on Riskesdas data, there were 0.12% of people with Down syndrome in 2010. The rate increased to 0.13% in 2013 and the latest data increased to 0.21% in 2018. The specific cause is not yet known, but pregnancy by mothers over the age 35 years of high risk of having Down syndrome children. In mothers over 35 years of age, the incidence increases to 1 in 300 births. Meanwhile, for mothers over 40 years of age, the incidence increases drastically, reaching 1 in 10 births. This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal age at pregnancy and the incidence of Down syndrome in children aged 0-59 months in Indonesia based on 2018 Riskesdas data. Researcher used a cross-sectional study design using secondary data from the 2018 Riskesdas survey. The total sample was 73,200 respondents. The analysis used binary logistic regression test. Statistically significant relationship between maternal age at pregnancy and the incidence of Down syndrome in children aged 0-59 months in Indonesia based on Riskesdas data with p-value = 0,000 and POR 0.942 or 1 (95% CI 0.918 - 0.967). It is necessary to educate productive women about the risks of pregnancy at old age"

"Orang tua merupakan orang terdekat anak yang menjadi pendidik, pelindung, dan penanggung jawab anak. Orang tua yang memiliki anak down syndrome memiliki tingkat stres yang lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan orang tua tanpa anak down syndrome. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran tingkat stres orang tua yang memiliki anak down syndrome. Desain penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kuantitatif. Sampel penelitian ini adalah orang tua yang memiliki anak down syndrome yang tergabung dalam POTADS (Persatuan Orang Tua dengan Anak Down syndrome) sebanyak 64 orang dengan menggunakan teknik total sampling dan menggunakan analisis univariat. Hasil penelitian menunjukan 37 responden (57,8%) memiliki tingkat stres yang rendah, sedangkan 27 responden (42,2%) memiliki tingkat stres yang tinggi. Perawat disarankan dapat menjadi konselor dan edukator dalam mengurangi tingkat stres orang tua yang memiliki anak down syndrome.

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Stress Level of Parents with Down Syndrome Children. As children?s closest kin, parents are their educators, protectors, and guardians. Parents with children who suffer from Down syndrome thus have a higher rate of stress compared to parents without them. This research aims to understand the stress rate of parents who have children with Down syndrome. The design of this research is descriptive quantitative. Using the total sampling technique, the sample of this research is parents of children with Down syndrome who are 64 members of the Down Syndrome?s Parents Association (POTADS) and use univariat analiyse. The research found that 37 respondents (57.8%) have a low rate of stress, while 27 respondents (42.2%) have a high stress rate. Nurses are advised to be conselors and educators in reducing the stress levels of parents of children with down syndrome."

"Sindrom Down merupakan kelainan genetik yang dikarakteristikkan dengan keterlambatan perkembangan yang dapat mempengaruhi kemandirian anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kemandirian dalam pemenuhan aktivitas sehari-hari pada anak dengan sindrom Down usia sekolah dan remaja dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif kuantitatif non-eksperimen. Responden penelitian berjumlah 43 orang tua/ pengasuh anak dengan sindrom Down di Kota Depok. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan mayoritas anak berada dalam kategori mandiri sebagian: 31 anak (72,1%); selebihnya mandiri total: 7 anak (16,3%) dan ketergantungan total: 5 anak (11,6%). Untuk itu, diperlukan pendidikan kesehatan dan dukungan emosional bagi keluarga, untuk mencapai kemandirian yang optimal pada anak dengan sindrom Down.

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Down syndrome is a genetic disorder which characterized by lack of developmental that may affect the child's independence. This study aims to determine the level of independence of child with Down syndrome in school age and adolescents. This study used descriptive quantitative non-experimental approach with 43 parents or caregivers of child with Down syndrome in Depok.

The result showed that the majority of respondents belongs to modified independence: 31 children (72,1%), while respondents who belongs to total independence: 7 children (16,3%) and total dependence: 5 children (16,3%). For the reason, health education and emotional support for families is needed to achieve optimum independence in children with Down syndrome."