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"The Muslim Brotherhood plays a prominent role in the politics of many Muslim countries as one of the largest Islamist groups. As a politico-social movement, the Muslim Brotherhood has gone through many tactical and ideological shifts over the past 90 years since its founding in 1928. Studying these shifts and the reasoning behind them can help us to understand the behaviour of certain groups. This paper studies one of the major shifts in the discourse of the movement, from the advocacy for restoring the Caliphate to the call for a modern civic state, despite the idea of the Caliphate having been one of the core motives behind the founding of the Brotherhood. This paper traces the change in Muslim Brotherhood discourse of the Caliphate through a thick analysis of the writings and statements of the prominent leaders of the group, starting with Brotherhood’s founder, al-Banna, and progressing to the leaders of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. This paper examines this shift’s degree of significance and its underlying rationale. Instead of addressing changes collectively, each change is considered individually to gain further insight into the incentives driving the major shift under study, namely the overhaul of the political discourse of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood in so far as shifting from adopting the caliphate to the modern civic state. This shift in the Caliphate discourse is approached singularly, opening room for exclusive explanations that are unique to the altered concept. While a wholesale approach that treats changes as a collective succeeds in explaining the changes within some social and political movements, it ignores substantial factors and elements that are advantageous for profound understanding of the case in question. The shift in the Caliphate discourse, though it was not significant in practice, is useful in suggesting an alternative method for the justification of tactical and ideological shifts of the Muslim Brotherhood."

"Buku ini menjelaskan mengenai pendekatan yang digunakan muslim mengenai politik"

"This paper argues that the rights of social -politics of non-muslim in islamic state are recognized as the fundamental rights which is guarenteed by state through giving access,opportunity and fredom in private and public affairs in accordance with human rights and dignity .In Islam ,the writer argues,the discrimination againts human wrights which is also in line with islamic values is extremely rejected. The rights of non - muslim is put within five principles: protection of life, reason, wealth, religion and dignity....."

"Penelitian ini membahas relasi negara (pemerintah kota DKI Jakarta) dan swasta (Suez Environment yang diwakili Mercy Corps) dalam menjalankan layanan sanitasi/ fasilitas limbah cair bagi warga RW 6, Kelurahan Kalideres, Jakarta. Pemerintah DKI Jakarta belum bisa memberikan pelayanan sanitasi pada warga Jakarta. Alasanya karena cakupan layanan sewerage hanya mencakup 3% daerah DKI Jakarta (di luar pulau seribu). Warga di 97% daerah sisanya harus memenuhi sendiri fasilitas sanitasinya dengan tangki septik. Pemerintah masih belum memberikan prioritas pada layanan limbah cair. Lebih lanjut lagi mereka kekurangan sumber daya untuk memberikan layanan yang layak pada seluruh warga Jakarta. Akibatnya swasta masuk pada layanan limbah cair, meski swasta juga ternyata membawa kepentinganya sendiri. Penulis menggunakan teori Urban Regime dan konsep Public Private Partnership untuk membahas hasil penelitian.

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This research explains about relation between state (Jakarta municipal) and private (Suez Environment represented by Mercy Corps) in managing sanitation/ wastewater facility for resident in RW 6, Kelurahan Kalideres, Jakarta. Jakarta municipal can not give basic service of sanitation to Jakarta resident since sewerage coverage only covers 3% of Jakarta area. Resident in 97% of the rest area has to establish their own sanitation/ wastewaster facility with septic tank. The government has not taken priority to wastewater service. Moreover the government also lacks of resources to give wastewater service to all of Jakarta resident. Consequently, private could participate in managing wastewater system, although private has its own interest. The writer uses Urban Regime theory and concepts of Public Private Partnership to examine this phenomenon."