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"Latar Belakang: Pengawet dalam tetes mata memengaruhi permukaan okular, ditemukan terutama pada pasien yang menggunakan obat tetes anti-glaukoma. Beredar tetes mata timolol maleat dengan pengawet chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) yang belum pernah diteliti efeknya terhadap parameter permukaan okular.Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh pengawet chlorhexidine gluconate 0,002% dalam sediaan timolol maleat 0,5% (timolol-CHG) terhadap permukaan okular pasien glaukoma dan hipertensi okuli.Metode: Penelitian eksperimental terandomisasi dengan samar tunggal pada 54 mata pasien dengan diagnosis glaukoma maupun hipertensi okuli yang menggunakan timolol maleat 0,5% pengawet polyquaternium-1 (timolol-PQ1) <12 bulan. Dua puluh tujuh mata mengganti pengobatan ke timolol-CHG dan 27 mata melanjutkan timolol-PQ1. Dinilai tear break up time (TBUT), tear break up pattern (TBUP), skor pewarnaan kornea konjungtiva (staining), skor ocular surface disease index (OSDI), Schirmer I dan TIO awal dan sesudah satu bulan intervensi.Hasil: Nilai rerata selisih TBUT 0,15±5,28 detik pada kelompok timolol-CHG dan (- 1,30)±3,47 pada timolol-PQ1. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna selisih nilai parameter permukaan okular (TBUT, staining, OSDI, Schirmer I) maupun TIO antar kedua kelompok. Line dan dimple pattern merupakan TBUP yang paling banyak ditemukan pada kedua kelompok baik sebelum maupun sesudah intervensi. Analisis dalam kelompok mendapatkan penurunan TBUT bermakna (p < 0,05) pada kelompok timolol-PQ1 setelah dibandingkan dengan sebelum intervensi, pada kelompok timolol-CHG tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna.Kesimpulan: Timolol-CHG memiliki efek terhadap permukaan okular dan TIO sebanding dengan timolol-PQ1. Penggunaan timolol-CHG dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai alternatif jangka pendek pengobatan glaukoma.

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Background: Patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension using topical anti-glaucoma medication are more likely to have ocular surface problems. It happens mainly due to the preservatives in the eye drops. Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) as a preservative have not been studied for their effects on ocular surface parameters.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of chlorhexidine gluconate 0,002% preseved timolol maleate 0,5% (timolol-CHG) on the ocular surface of patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

Methods: Randomized single-blind controlled trial in 54 eyes of patients diagnosed with glaucoma or ocular hypertension that has been using polyquaternium-1 preserved timolol maleate 0.5% (timolol-PQ1) for <12 months. Twenty-seven eyes switched therapy to timolol- CHG, and 27 eyes continued with timolol-PQ1. Tear break-up time (TBUT), tear break-up pattern (TBUP), corneal-conjunctival staining score, ocular surface disease index (OSDI) scoring, Schirmer I, and intraocular pressure (IOP) were assessed at baseline and one month post intervention.

Results: Mean differences (1 month-baseline) of TBUT were 0.15±5.28 seconds in timolol- CHG group and (-1.30)±3.47 in timolol-PQ1 group. There were no difference (p > 0.05, for all) between groups in terms of ocular surface parameters (TBUT, staining, OSDI, Schirmer I) and IOP mean differences. Line and dimple pattern were the most common break-up pattern found in both group at baseline and at 1 month. Analysis within group found significant difference (p < 0.05) of timolol-PQ1 TBUT at 1 month compared to baseline, TBUT were lower at 1 month.

Conclusion: Timolol-CHG has comparable effects on the ocular surface and IOP comparable to timolol-PQ1. The use of timolol-CHG may be considered as a short-term alternative for glaucoma treatment."

"Perkembangan terapi adjuvan pada glaukoma untuk memperlambat progresi glaukoma saat ini terus dieksplorasi. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi efek Mirtogenol, pada perubahan perfusi okular (perfusi kapiler dan flux index), ketebalan lapisan serabut saraf retina (LSSR), dan tekanan intraokular (TIO) pada pasien glaukoma primer sudut terbuka (GPSTa) yang menerima terapi timolol maleat 0,5% tetes mata. Penelitian ini merupakan uji klinis acak terkontrol tersamar ganda. Terdapat 36 subjek (37 mata) dengan GPSTa dan TIO < 21 mmHg yang diacak untuk mendapatkan Mirtogenol atau plasebo selama 8 minggu. Kedua grup dibandingkan, pada kelompok Mirtogenol, rata-rata peningkatan perfusi kapiler dan flux index lebih baik, dan pada kuadran superior terdapat hasil yang signifikan secara statistik setelah 4 minggu (p=0.018). Rerata perbedaan ketebalan LSSR di seluruh kuadran terdapat penurunan dengan nilai yang lebih sedikit pada kelompok Mirtogenol (p>0.05). Penurunan TIO yang konsisten pada kelompok Mirtogenol setelah 8 minggu (p>0.05). Ditemukan efek samping pada 1 subjek yaitu gangguan lambung. Suplementasi Mirtogenol, sebagai terapi adjuvan pada pengobatan glaukoma dapat meningkatkan perfusi okular, mempertahankan ketebalan LSSR, dan menurunkan TIO.

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The development of adjuvant therapies in glaucoma to slow its progression is currently being explored. This study evaluates the effects of Mirtogenol on changes in ocular perfusion (capillary perfusion and flux index), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, and intraocular pressure (IOP) in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients receiving 0.5% timolol maleate eye drops. This study is a double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial. There were 36 subjects (37 eyes) with POAG and IOP < 21 mmHg randomized to receive Mirtogenol or placebo for 8 weeks. Compared between the two groups, the Mirtogenol group showed a better average improvement in capillary perfusion and flux index, with statistically significant results in the superior quadrant after 4 weeks (p=0.018). The mean difference in RNFL thickness across all quadrants showed a smaller reduction in the Mirtogenol group (p>0.05). There was a consistent decrease in IOP in the Mirtogenol group after 8 weeks (p>0.05). One subject experienced side effects, specifically stomach disturbances. Mirtogenol supplementation, as an adjuvant therapy in glaucoma treatment, can improve ocular perfusion, maintain RNFL thickness, and reduce IOP."

"Slow deep breathing (SDB) adalah tindakan nonfarmakologis untuk menurunkan tekanan darah pasien hipertensi primer. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas SDB terhadap penurunan tekanan darah pasien hipertensi primer. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan desain Randomized Clinical Trial dengan pretest dan post test control group. Sampelnya 142 responden, meliputi 33 responden kelompok rendah garam (RG), 37 responden kelompok SDB, 39 responden kombinasi kelompok SDB dan RG; dan 33 responden kelompok kontrol. Sampel diambil dengan cara randomisasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan penurunan tekanan darah secara bermakna terutama pada kelompok SDB. Tekanan darah sistolik menurun 28,59 mmHg (P value=0,002) dan tekanan darah diastolik 16,92 mmHg (P value=0,007). Analisis dengan uji Tukey diketahui tekanan darah sistolik yang berbeda secara bermakna yaitu antara SDB dan kelompok kontrol (P value=0,001). Tekanan darah diastolik yang berbeda secara bermakna, yaitu: RG dan SDB-RG (P value=0,046); RG dan kelompok kontrol (P value=0,003); SDB dan SDB-RG (P value=0,038) serta SDB dan kelompok kontrol (P value=0,005). Penelitian ini merekomendasikan penerapan SDB untuk membantu menurunkan prevalensi hipertensi sehingga meminimalkan komplikasi yang mungkin timbul.

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Slow deep breathing is a nonpharmacology therapy to reduce blood pressure in patients with primary hypertension. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of slow deep breathing exercise to reduce blood pressure in patients with primary hypertension in Atambua East Nusa Tenggara. The method of this research was a quantitative research: a randomized clinical trial design with pretest and post test control group. The sample was 142 respondents, which consisted of 33 respondents in the lower salt (RG) group, 37 respondents in the slow deep breathing (SDB) group, 39 respondents in the combination of SDB-RG group; and 33 respondents in the control group. The method of sampling used a randomization.

The results showed that there were differences in the reduction of systolic blood pressure in SDB group for 28.59 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure for 16.92 mmHg. The result of Anova analysis showed that there was a significant decrease on average of systolic blood pressure (p = 0.002) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.007). Further analysis by Tuckey test of systolic blood pressure found that between SDB group and control group were significantly different, however the other groups was not significant. (P = 0.001). After undergoing further Tukey analysis we found that the systolic blood pressure of four groups has significant differences. The SDB and controlling groups have P value=0,001 differences. RG and the controlling groups have P value=0,003 differences. SDB and SDB-RG groups have P value=0,038 differences. And SDB and controlling groups have P value=0,005 differences. This research would like to suggest applied non-pharmacological actions particularly toward SDB groups in order to decrease the prevalence of hypertension. This will minimize consequences caused by this problem."

"LATAR BELAKANG: Hipertensi merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan yang turut berperan dalam peningkatan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas stroke, gagal jantung dan gagal ginjal. Morbiditas dan mortalitas hipertensi meningkat dengan makin banyaknya faktor risiko yang dimiliki, makin tinggi tekanan darah dan makin lama seseorang menderita hipertensi. Sampai saat ini mekanisme pasti terjadinya hipertensi belum jelas. Belakangan ini disfungsi endotel juga dikaitkan dengan hipertensi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan gambaran kadar sVCAM-1 dan MAU, membuktikan adanya hubungan antara kadar sVCAM-1 dan MAU, menganalisis pengaruh usia, gender, obesitas, terkendali tidaknya hipertensi, lama sakit dan kadar kolesterol terhadap kadar sVCAM-1 dan MAU pada penderita hipertensi primer.

BAHAN DAN METOPE: Penelitian ini menggunakan 65 subyek non diabetik dengan kadar hs-CRP < 5 mgIL dan protein win < 3+. Dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar sVCAM-1, K-LDL, albumin dan kreatinin urin terhadap subyek dengan protein win negatif atau trace, sedangkan subyek dengan protein urin 1+ atau 2+ hanya dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar sVCAM-1 dan K LDL. Penetapan kadar sVCAM-1 berdasarkan prinsip quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay, penetapan kadar K-LDL berdasarkan prinsip enzimatik homogen, penetapan kadar albumin urin berdasarkan prinsip imunoturbidimetri, penetapan kreatinin urin berdasarkan metode kinetik Jaffe dan MAU dinyatakan dengan rasio albumin 1 kreatinin urin.

HASIL: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan proporsi kadar sVCAM-1 tinggi sebesar 81,5 % dan MAU 27,7 %. Kadar sVCAM-1 tinggi dan MAU lebih banyak dijumpai pada subyek tua, lelaki, hipertensi tak terkendali, lama sakit > 10 tahun dan obese. Dari hasil analisis multivariat derigail regresi rr ultipel, Adak didapatkan korelasi -yang bermakna antara kadar sVCAM-1 dengangender dan lama sakit namun didapatkan korelasi yang bermakna antara kadar sVCAM-1 dengan usia, MAP dan K-LDL. Hubungan tersebut dapat digambarkan melalui suatu persamaan yaitu kadar sVCAM-1 = 175 + 9,7 x usia (tahun) + 5,9 x MAP (mmHg) -- 2,9 x kadar K-LDL (rngldL) dengan nilai R2 adjusted sebesar 23,1 %. Tidak didapatkan korelasi yang bermakna antara MAU dengan usia, gender, MAP. 1MT, lama sakit dan K-LDL.Tidak didapatkan korelasi yang bermakna antara kadar sVCAM-1 dan rasio A 1 K.

KESIMPULAN: Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini didapatkan proporsi kadar sVCAM-1 tinggi 81,5 % dan MAU 27,7 %. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pada penderita hipertensi primer telah terjadi disfungsi endotel. Dari analisis multivariat menunjukkan kadar sVCAM-1 berkorelasi dengan usia, MAP dan K-LDL, sedangkan MAU tidak berkorelasi dengan variabel tersebut. Kadar sVCAM-1 tidak berkorelasi dengan MAU.

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Hypertension is a health problem which contributes in the increase morbidity and mortality of stroke, heart failure, and renal failure. The morbidity and mortality of hypertension were influenced by various risk factors, the height of blood pressure and the lenght of illness. The mechanism of hypertension up to now remains unclear. Recently, endothelial dysfunction has been associated with hypertension. The aims of this study were to obtain the level of sVCAM-1 and microalbuminuria (MAU) in primary hypertension, to analyse the relationship between sVCAM-1 level and MAU, to analyse the influences of age, gender, obesity, control of hypertension, length of illness, and the level of LDL cholesterol on sVCAM-1 level and MAU.

Sixty five non diabetic subjects with hs-CRP level < 5 mg/L and protein urine < 3 + were enrolled in this cross sectional study. The level of sVCAM-1 were performed on all subjects by ELISA using reagents from R&D system, while MAU was determined by calculated the albumin : creatinine ratio in the urine. The level of LDL cholesterol was performed by homogenous enzymatic assay.

The results indicated that the proportion of increase of sVCAM-1 level was 81.5% and MAU was 27.7% in primary hypertension. Increase of sVCAM-1 level and MAU were found more frequently in older subjects, male, uncontrolled hypertension, length of illness more than 10 years, and obese subject. The results of multivariate analysis with multiple regression showed that sVCAM-1 level significantly correlated with age, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and LDL cholesterol level, but did not correlate with gender, and length of illness. The relationship could be formulated as: sVCAM-1 level = 175 + 9.7 x age (years) + 5.9 x MAP ( mm Hg) -- 2.9 x LDL cholesterol level (mgldL) with R2 adjusted 23.1%. There were no correlation between MAU with age, gender, MAP, obesity, ienght of illness, and LDL cholesterol level. The level of sVCAM-1 did not correlate with albumin:creatinine urine ratio (MAU).

Based on high proportion of increased sVCAM-1 and MAU, it is concluded that endothelial dysfunction occur in primary hypertension. The level of sVCAM-1 significantly correlates with age, MAP, and LDL cholesterol level, while MAU does not correlate with these variables. There is no correlation between sVCAM-1 level and MAU."

"Hipertensi merupakan masalah penting dalam kesehatan masyarakat secara global. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui prevalensi hipertensi pada masyarakat kota Ternate dan menyelidiki hubungan antara perilaku masyarakat dengan prevalensi hipertensi. Sebuah studi potong lintang dilakukan pada penduduk berumur lebih dari 20 tahun di 3 kecamatan kota Ternate. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan metode multi-stage random sampling. Secara umum, 32,6% dari populasi dewasa masyarakat kota Ternate mengidap hipertensi. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara kebiasaan merokok (p=0,001), kebiasaan mengudap Chiki (p=0,007) dan mengudap gorengan (p=0,032) dengan prevalensi hipertensi. Dibandingkan dengan prevalensi hipertensi nasional, prevalensi hipertensi pada masyarakat kota Ternate masih terbilang tinggi.

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Hypertension is an important public-health challenge worldwide. This research aims to estimate the current prevalence of hypertension in Kota Ternate and to determine the correlation between behavior and prevalence of hypertension in adult population. A cross-sectional study was conducted to citizens over 20 years old in three sub districts of Kota Ternate. Research samples were selected through a multi-stage random sampling. Overall, 32.6% of adult population in Ternate had hypertension. We found significant correlations between prevalence of hypertension and smoking status (p=0,001); snacks consumption [Chiki (p=0,007) and fried food (p=0,032)]. Comparing to the national prevalence of hypertension launched by Ministry of Health, the local prevalence in Ternate was still high."

"Hipertensi adalah salah satu faktor risiko penyakit kardiovaskuler dengan angka kejadian nasional yang tinggi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan desain cross sectional yang dilakukan pada 101 Subjek Penelitian masyarakat RW 01 Srengseng Sawah, yang diambil secara acak antara April hingga Mei 2012. Proporsi hipertensi adalah 33,7%. Faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan kejadian hipertensi adalah umur dan obesitas sedangkan faktor-faktor risiko selainnya tidak menunjukkan hubungan. Untuk menurunkan angka kejadian hipertensi diperlukan pengendalian faktor risiko hipertensi.

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Hypertension is one of the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases that has high incident in the national level. The research was done with the cross sectional design to the 101 Subjek Penelitiants at RW 01 Srengseng Sawah who were taken randomly on April until May 2012. The hypertension proportion was 33,7%. Risk factors which have relation with the hypertension incident were age and obesity whereas the other factors did not have. Risk factors need to be managed to decrease the hypertension incident."

"Populasi lanjut usia di Indonesia semakin meningkat. Kenaikan hipertensi sejalan dengan pertambahan usia. Hipertensi merupakan faktor risiko utama penyakit kardiovaskuler. Sekitar 50% kejadian kardiovaskuler di sebabkan oleh hipertensi. lansia merupakan kelompok rentan terhadap hipertensi. Prevalensi hipertensi pada lansia di Indonesia cukup tinggi diperkirakan sekitar 20-30%. Di puskesmas kecamatan Pasar Rebo hipertensi menempati urutan pertama dari 10 penyakit terbanyak yang diderita oleh lansia selama tahun 2009-2010. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi dan determinan hipertensi di posyandu lansia. Desain penelitiannya adalah cross sectional melalui obsevasi data sekunder hasil pemeriksaan kesehatan di 10 posyandu lansia pada bulan Desember 2010, berjumlah 270 responden. Hasil penelitian didapatkan prevalensi hipertensi sebesar 48,9%. Kejadian hipertensi cukup tinggi pada lansia yang tinggal di wilayah kelurahan Pekayon yaitu sebesar 55,4%, berumur 70 tahun ke atas yaitu sebesar 65,4%, berjenis kelamin laki-laki yaitu sebesar 67,5%, mengalami kegemukan (58,8%), ada gangguan mental/emosional (58,5%), serta mengidap penyakit diabetes Mellitus (68,8%). Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan ada hubungan yang bermakna antara umur, jenis kelamin, dan kegemukan terhadap kejadian hipertensi (p=≤0,05). Sedangkan pada variabel gangguan emosional dan riwayat penyakit DM tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik. Upaya pengontrolan berat badan lansi perlu dilakukan untuk menurunkan kejadian hipertensi.

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The population of elderly in Indonesia was increased. As known, hypertesion would be increased by age. Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. About 50% of cardiovascular disease caused by hypertion. Elderly is very potential to become hypertension. Prevalence hypertension of elderly in indonesian estimated about 20-30%. In health center of Pasar Rebo distric, hypertion was number one of ten most disease suffered by elderly during 2009-2010. There is an urgent need to gather information about prevalence and various blood pressure risk factors in elderly health care.

This study using cross sectional methodology by observation secondary data of elderly health status from 10 elderly health care in Pasar Rebo district, Desember 2010. The purpose of this study was to investigate prevalence and determinants of hypertension in elderly care. The total of responden was 270 elderly.

The result of this study showed that prevalence hypertion is about 48,9%. Hypertension was high in the elderly who live in Pekayon (57%), in the age group more than 70 years old (65,4%), male sex that is about 67.5%, with overweight (58, 8%), with mental /emotional disorder (58.5%), and with diabetes mellitus (68.8%). Statistical test results also showed that there is significant relationship between age, gender, and overweigth with hypertension. While the variable of mental/emotional disorder and history of DM disease has no significant relationship. Controling of body mass index for elderly is recommended to decrease hypertension."

"Hipertensi merupakan penyakit yang paling sering dijumpai dan merupakan penyebab utama penyakit kardiovaskular di dunia. Hipertensi sebagian besar tanpa gejala tetapi akan merusak organ tubuh diantaranya jantung yang akan mengalami perubahan struktural dan fungsional yaitu LVH (left ventrikel hypertrophy) dan disfungsi diastolik. Disfungsi diastolik saja akan meningkatkan risiko kardiovaskular tidak tergantung pada massa LV dan tekanan darah. Disfungsi diastolik pada hipertensi mungkin terjadi disertai LVH maupun tidak. Beberapa tahun terakhir studi mengenai brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) banyak dilakukan, demikian pula pada disfungsi diastolik sebagai penanda kelainan fungsi ventrikel. Kenaikan kadar BNP mungkin dapat digunakan untuk memperlihatkan proses perubahan fungsi ventrikel sebagai peijalanan penyakit hipertensi.Tujuan penelitianMengetahui hubungan antara peningkatan kadar BNP dengan derajat disfungsi diastolik pada penderita hipertensi.Hipotesis penelitian dan manfaat penelitianKenaikan kadar BNP berhubungan dengan derajat disfungsi diastolik pada pasien hipertensi. Pemeriksaan BNP diduga dapat digunakan sebagai alat deteksi dini efek hipertensi pada jantung.MetodologiPenelitian dilakukan pads penderita hipertensi di PINHK selama kurun waktu April std Oktober 2006 (40 pasien, 24 pria, dan 16 wanita). Pasien yang memenuhi }criteria inklusi dan eksklusi dilakukan pemeriksaan ekokardiografi dan diukur EDD, ESD, IVSD,IVSS,massa LV, fraksi ejeksi, rasio EIA, DT, IVRT, rasio e'la',rasioEle', dan doppler vena pulmonal menggunakan alat ekokardiografi dari Vivid -Philips. Pasien dibagi menjadi kelompok dengan fungsi diastolik normal (DDO), disfungsi diastolik tahap I (DDI), psedonormal (DD2) dan restriktif (DD3). Seluruh pasien dilakukan pemeriksaan BNP dengan menggunakan Abbott AxSYM BNP assay pada hari yang sarna dengan ekokardiografi. Uji korelasi dilakukan dengan Pearson test.HasilDidapatkan kadar BNP masing-masing kelompok tidak berbeda bermakna (DD0=39,77+45,95 pg/ml;DD1=39,35±36,51 pglml;DD2=45,15+_3,65 pg/rnl;p=0,79). Tidak terdapat korelasi kadar BNP dengan rasio E/A (r=0,13;p=0,44) dan indeks massa LV (r=0,005;p=O,97). Terdapat korelasi positif BNP dengan nilai Ele' (r=0,524;p=O,O1).KesimpulanTidak terdapat korelasi BNP dengan disfungsi diastolik pada pasien hipertensi asimtomatik. Nilai BNP berkorelasi dengan nilai Ele' yang menunjukkan nilai tekanan pengisian ventrikel kin.

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Background

Hypertension is the most common disease entity encountered in clinical practice. It is still the main cause of cardiovascular event in the world. Hypertension is mostly seen in the clinic as asympomatic. But during time it may impact heart, as one of target organ, which may shown left ventricle hypertrophy as well as diastolic dusf unction. Even diastolic dysfunction could impact in increasing cardiovascular event in the future. Diastolic dysfunction maybe associated with hypertrophy or it may be precedes hypertrophy. Recently studies regarding brain natriuretic peptide in diastolic dysfunction has been conducted as a marker for ventricle dysfunction. BNP may be use to express the process of ventricle dysfunction in hypertension.

Aim of the study

To see the correlation of increasing level of BNP with degree of diastolic dysfunction in hypertensive patient.

Hypotesis and benefit of the study

!increasing level of BNP correlate with degree of diastolic dysfunction in hypertensive patient. Thus BNP may be beneficial as tool for early detection of hypertension impact to heart.

Methodology

Study was conducted to outpatient with hypertension in PJNHK during April-October 2006 (40 pts, 24 male, 16 female). All patients was done echocardiography exam to see the diastolic dysfunction and ventricular dimension. All patients was classified as normal diastolic function (DDO), diastolic dysfunction grade I (DM), pseudonormal (DD2) and restrictive filling pattern (DD3) accordingly. BNP measurement was done at the same time echo was done using Abbot AxSYM assay.Pearson test was done for correlation test.

Result

There was no difference among the group for diastolic dysfunction (DDO= 39,77±45,95 pg/ml,DD1=39,35±36,51 pg/ml; DD2=45,15±3, 65 pg/ml;p0, 79). No correlation of BNP with E/A ratio ((r=0,13;p=0,44) and LV mass index (r=0,005;p=0,97). BNP value correlate well with E/e ' ratio representing LV filling pressure ((r=0, 524;p =0, 01).

Conclusion

BNP level not correlate well with diastolic dysfunction in this group of aymptornatic hypertensive patients. BNP value correlate with E/e' which shown a LV filling pressure."

"Latar belakang. Hipertensi dapat terjadi pada semua orang termasuk para karyawan. Salah satu faktor risiko hipertensi antara lain adalah faktor stresor di lingkungan kerja. Oleh karena itu perlu diidentifikasi faktor stresor kerja dan faktor lainnya yang berpengaruh terhadap risiko hipertensi.Metode. Desain penelitian ialah nested case-control. Kasus adalah karyawan yang menderita hipertensi atau sedang makan obat antihipertensi. Satu kasus dipadankan dengan dua orang kontrol menurut tahun kasus didiagnosis hipertensi dan menurut jenis kelamin. Kontrol dipilih di antara karyawan yang tidak pernah menderita hipertensi. Semua faktor risiko pada kasus dan kontrol dihitung sampai saat kasus didiagnosis hipertensi. Penelitian dilaksanakan di antara karyawan kantor pusat PT A Jakarta bulan Mei 2004 dengan jumlah karyawan 255 orang.Hasil. Diperoleh 70 kasus hipertensi dan 140 kontrol. Subjek berumur 25 sampai 65 tahun. Risiko hipertensi berkaitan dengan stresor beban kualitas berlebih, stresor beban kuantitas berlebih, pengembangan karir, umur tua (55-65 tahun), obesitas, merokok, dan adanya riwayat hipertensi di antara keluarga. Sedangkan faktor ketaksaan peran, konflik peran, dan tsnggung jawab tidak terbukti mempertinggi risiko hipertensi. Jika dibandingkan dengan stresor beban kualitas ringan, siresor beban kualitas sedang tinggi mempertinggi risiko hipertensi 7 kali lipat [rasio odds (OR) suaian = 7,47; 95% interval kepercayaan (Cl) = 1,40-39,76]. Selanjutnya jika dibandingkan dengan stresor beban kuantitas ringan, stresor beban kuantitas yang sedang - tinggi mempertinggi risiko hipertensi 4 kali lipat (OR suaian = 4,10; 95% CI =1,06-15,90).Kesimpulan. Stresor beban kualitas berlebih, stresor kuantitas berlebih dan stresor pengembangan karir (moderat) mempertinggi risiko hipertensi, oleh karena itu stresor tersebut perlu dicegah.

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Job Stressors and Other Risk Factors Related to Hypertension Risk Among PTA Employees in Jakarta Background. Every one including employees may suffer hypertension. Several risk factors including job stress are related to hypertension. Therefore, it is beneficiary to identifies the risk factors.

Methods. This study used nested case-control design. Case was defined as an employee who had hypertension, or those who were under antihypertension treatment. One case was matched with two controls that never had hypertension and by gender. All risk factors were counted as of reference date for cases. This study has been done on 255 subjects among center office PTA employees in Jakarta in May 2004.

Results. There were 70 cases and 140 controls aged 25 to 65 years. Hypertension was related to quality job overload , quantity job overload, career development, elder age, obesity, current and past smoking habits, and present offamily history on hypertension. However, it was noted that role ambiguity, role conflict, and responsibility did not increase the risk of hypertension. Compared with those who had mild qualitative job stressor, those who had moderate or heavy qualitative job stressor had a seven folds risk having hypertension [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 7.47; 95% confidence interval (Cl) = 1.40-39.76]. In addition, relative to those who had mild quantitative job stressor, those who had moderate or heavy ones had four times increased risk to have hypertension (adjusted OR = 4.10; 95% C1=1.06-15.90).

Conclusion. Moderate or heavy qualitative job stressor, moderate or heavy quantitative job stressor and career development increase the risk of hypertension, therefore these stressors need to be prevented."