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"Background: World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the incidence of type 2 diabetes in Indonesia would increase to 21.3 million in 2030. Diabetes has a chronic complications, including peripheral neuropathy. The degree of neuropathy was assessed through the Neuropathy Disability Score (NDS). In contrast, haemoglobin A1c is glycated haemoglobin used to monitor the glucose levels of diabetic patients in the last 2 or 3 months. The relationship between HbA1c and diabetic neuropathy carried out by electrodiagnosis showed that HbA1c and age were the main predictors of diabetic neuropathy. However, electrodiagnosis is still considered costly. Research is needed to determine the relationship between HbA1c and NDS to reduce morbidity. This study aims to determine the relationship between the severity of diabetic neuropathy as measured by NDS with HbA1c level in type 2 Diabetes. Methods: this cross-sectional study involved correlation analysis.. The collected data were analyzed with the Spearman correlation test. Results: approximately 56 diabetic patients were involved in this study. Patients were recruited from the internal medicine outpatient ward from the West Nusa Tenggara General Hospital. The mean age was 59.55 (SD 9.48) with 57.1% female; the median duration of diabetes was 5.5 years. The median NDS score is 7.5 and the median HbA1c value is 8.65. Spearman correlation analysis shows a correlation coefficient of 0.487 with a value of p = 0.000. Conclusion: there is a relationship between HbA1c level and the severity of diabetic neuropathy in Type 2 DM."

"Latar Belakang: Menurut data IDF, diabetes masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di seluruh dunia termasuk di Indonesia. Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta merupakan provinsi dengan prevalensi diabetes tetinggi kedua pada tahun 2018 (2,6%). Angka tersebut lebih tinggi dari prevalensi diabetes nasional (2%). Penyakit diabetes lebih banyak diderita oleh penduduk yang berusia 45-64 tahun. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor pola konsumsi dan gaya hidup dengan kejadian diabetes melitus tipe 2 pada penduduk usia produktif (45-59) tahun di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan studi cross sectional dengan analisis univariat, bivariat, dan multivariat. Hasil: Hasil analisis univariat menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi diabetes melitus tipe 2 pada penduduk usia produktif (45-59 tahun) di DIY adalah 6,1%. Berdasarkan analisis multivariat, konsumsi minuman manis berpengaruh terhadap penurunan prevalensi diabetes melitus tipe 2 (POR 0,281 95% CI 0,200 – 0,395). Sedangkan, aktivitas fisik (POR 2,006 95% CI 1,263-3,187) dan perilaku masih merokok (POR 2,018 95% CI 1,195-3,407) meningkatkan prevalensi diabetes melitus tipe 2. Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan signifikan secara statistik antara konsumsi minuman manis, aktivitas fisik, dan perilaku masih merokok dengan kejadian diabetes melitus tipe 2.

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Background: According to IDF data, diabetes is still a health problem in the world, as well as in Indonesia. Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta is a province with the second highest prevalence of diabetes in 2018 (2,6%). This prevalence is higher than the national prevalence of diabetes (2%). Diabetes is mostly happened in the population aged 45-64 years old. Objective: This study aims to understand the relationship between consumption patterns and lifestyle determinants with type 2 diabetes mellitus among the productive age (45-59 years old) in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Methods: This study used cross sectional study with univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. Results: Univariate analysis showed that the diabetes prevalence among the productive aged (45- 59 years old) in DIY is 6,1%. According to multivariate analysis, sweet drinks consumption (POR 0,281 95% CI 0,200-0,395) has an effect on decreasing the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Meanwhile, physical activity (POR 2,006 95% CI 1,263-3,187) and current smoking (POR 2,018 95% CI 1,195-3,407) increased the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Conclusions: There is statistically significant relationship between sweet drinks consumption, physical activity, and current smoking with type 2 diabetes mellitus."

"Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui apakah pengaruh struktur tarif cukai spesifik, selain besaran tarif cukai dan sistem cukai yang digunakan, dapat mengurangi konsumsi rokok dan meningkatkan penerimaan negara. Lebih jauh lagi, penulis ingin mengetahui apakah pengaruh simplifikasi (penyederhanaan) struktur tarif lebih besar dalam meningkatkan harga rokok, mengurangi konsumsi rokok, serta meningkatkan penerimaan negara dibandingkan pengaruh kenaikan tarif biasa. Beberapa model estimasi terhadap data unbalanced dan subbalanced panel yaitu random effect maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) dan model PCSE (panel corrected standard error) digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaanpertanyaan tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa simplifikasi struktur tarif cukai spesifik memiliki pengaruh yang lebih besar dalam meningkatkan harga rokok, mengurangi konsumsi, dan meningkatkan penerimaan, dibandingkan pengaruh akibat kenaikan tarif biasa. Pengaruh simplifikasi struktur tarif paling besar terjadi pada jenis hasil tembakau dari pengusaha besar (Golongan I) dan produk rokok Sigaret Putih Mesin (SPM). Selain itu ditemukan juga bahwa kenaikan cukai tidak seluruhnya ditransfer ke konsumen melainkan sebagian ditanggung produsen.

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This thesis estimates the impact of specific excise rate structure on cigarette consumption and government revenue. In addition to that, this study compares the impact of retructuring cigarette specific excise on cigarette price, consumption and government revenue, with the impact of regularly increase on the excise rate. Several estimation models using unbalanced and subbalanced panel data, random effect MLE and PCSEs, are used to estimate the impact.

The results indicate that restructuring cigarette specific excise rate has a greater impact than regular increased excise rate on raising cigarette prices, reducing consumption, and increasing government revenue. The greatest impact can be seen in cigarette produced by large companies and Sigaret Putih Mesin-type of cigarette. The result also suggests that cigarette excise taxes are under-shifted to consumers and producers bear some of the tax burden."

"Konsumsi minuman berpemanis (SSB) ditemukan sebagai salah satu faktor risiko utama obesitas dan penyakit tidak menular (NCD). Pajak pada SSB telah digunakan secara global untuk mengurangi konsumsi SSB. Untuk memahami bagaimana pajak tersebut mempengaruhi konsumsi, pendekatan Tobit digunakan dengan memanfaatkan data SUSENAS 2017 untuk mengestimasi elastisitas harga sendiri dari permintaan SSB. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa permintaan SSB secara signifikan elastis terhadap harga. Rumah tangga berpendapatan rendah dan di pedesaan lebih responsif terhadap harga daripada rumah tangga berpendapatan tinggi dan di perkotaan. Dengan menggunakan kerangka aturan elastisitas terbalik Ramsey di bawah asumsi pergeseran pajak penuh, pengenaan tarif cukai optimal sebesar 20%, 25%, 32%, dan 43% untuk minuman karbonat dan energi, minuman buah, teh kemasan, dan RTD lainnya secara berturut-turut akan secara signifikan mengurangi konsumsi SSB sebesar 57%. Ini juga akan berpotensi menghasilkan pendapatan cukai tahunan sekitar Rp8,64 triliun, yang dapat digunakan untuk mendorong diet sehat, mencegah obesitas dan NCD serta mengurangi defisit anggaran.

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Sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) consumption is found to be one of leading risk factors for obesity and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Taxes on SSBs have been used globally to reduce SSBs consumption. To understand how such taxes will affect consumption, Tobit approach is employed using SUSENAS 2017 data to estimate the own-price elasticity of SSBs demand. The results suggest that SSBs demand is significantly price elastic. Lower-income and rural households appear more price responsive than higher-income and urban households. Applying the Ramsey inverse elasticity rule framework under the assumption of a full shifting of tax, imposing optimal excise tax rate of 20%, 25%, 32% and 43% for Carbonates and Energy drinks, Fruit drinks, Packaged tea and other RTDs, respectively, would significantly reduce SSBs consumption by 57%. It would also potentially generate annual excise tax revenue around Rp8.64 trillion, which can be spent on promoting healthier diets, preventing obesity and NCDs as well as reducing budget deficit.

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"Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah variabel yang mempengaruhi customer intention to reuse online food delivery (OFD) pada saat pandemi Covid-19. Peneliti menggunakan kuesioner dengan non-probability sampling dimana persyaratan responden adalah telah menggunakan aplikasi online untuk memesan makanan dan/atau minuman dalam kurun waktu 6 bulan terakhir. Dari data 241 responden dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa lima variabel (perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, price saving benefits, time saving benefits, dan perceived severity) terbukti berpengaruh secara positif kecuali variabel food safety risk perception dan perceived vulnerability. Pada aplikasi Gofood dan Grabfood terdapat perbedaan variabel price saving benefit, food safety risk perception, dan customer intention to reuse OFD.

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This research was conducted to determine whether the variables that influence customer intention to reuse Online Food Delivery (OFD) during the Covid-19 pandemic. Researchers used a questionnaire with non-probability sampling that required respondent to have used an online application to order food and/or drinks within the last 6 months. From the data of 241 respondents, it can be concluded that five variables (perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, price saving benefits, time saving benefits, and perceived severity) proved to have a positive effect, except for the food safety risk perception and perceived vulnerability variables. In Gofood and Grabfood applications, there are differences in the variables of price saving benefit, food safety risk perception, and customer intention to reuse OFD.

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"Halusinasi adalah gangguan persepsi panca indera tanpa adanya rangsangan dari luar yang dapat meliputi semua panca indera dimana terjadi pada saat kesadaran individu itu penuh atau baik, Halusinasi dapat berupa halusinasi dengar, lihat, cium, raba dan kecap. Keberadaan klien halusinasi dengan prilakunya yang cukup beragam di dalam keluarga menimbulkan stressor tersendiri bagi setiap anggota keluarganya karena keluarga merupakan suatu sistem dan akan menimbulkan masalah atau beban bagi keluarganya.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menguraikan secara mendalam pengalaman keluarga tentang beban dan sumber dukungan keluarga serta makna dalam merawat anggota keluarganya yang mengalami halusinasi. Desain penelitian metoda kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi. Penelitian ini di lakukan pada keluarga yang anggota keluarganya mengalami halusinasi yang pernah di rawat atau sedang di rawat di rumah sakit Jiwa Cimahi Propinsi Jawa Barat dengan tehnik pengambilan partisipan secara purposive sampling yaitu tujuh partisipan. Kriteria inklusi partisipan dalam penelitian ini adalah keluarga yang anggota keluarganya mengalami halusinasi dan sebagai care giver, mampu berkomunikasi dengan baik dengan baik, tinggal satu rumah dengan klien halusinasi. Pengumpulan data di lakukan dengan cara tehnik wawancara mendalam ( indept interview ) dan menggunakan catatan lapangan ( field note ).Hasil wawancara mendalam di dan catatan lapangan di analisis menggunakan metoda colaizzi dengan enam tahapan analisis. Dalam penelitian ini teridentifikasi delapan tema sebagai hasil penelitian yaitu beban psikologis, beban financial, masalah dalam fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan, dukungan social, dukungan keluarga, perhatian tanpa pamrih, kecewa terhadap pemberi dukungan, takdir.Rekomendasi penelitian untuk keperawatan jiwa yaitu perawat akan lebih meningkatkan kompetensi dalam melakukan pengkajian terhadap kebutuhan keluarga dalam merawat klien dengan halusinasi sehingga akan semakin tepat dalam memberikan intervensi kepada keluarga terutama untuk meningkatkan kemampuan dan meminimalkan beban yang di rasakan keluarga.

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Hallucination is sensory perceptions disorder without external stimulus that could involves all five senses, in which occurs during the individual's full awareness. Hallucination appears in such types, depends on the sense attacked, heard, seen, smelled, touch, or taste. The presence of client with hallucinations by various behaviors in family raises its own stressor for each member of the family, because family is like a system and this situation will cause a problem or burden to the family.The purpose of this study is to get in-depth description of family experiences about their burden and family support resource, as well as the principle purpose of caring their family member with hallucination. The design used in the research is Qualitative method with phenomenology approach. The objects are seven families with its member who had experienced hallucinations treatment or being treated in Psychiatric Hospital in Cimahi, West Java Province; techniques of sampling using purposive sampling. The inclusion criteria of participants in this research are family member with hallucination, families experience as care giver, is able to communicate well, living under the same roof with client. The data collected by depth-interviewed technique and using field note.The result was analyzed in six steps analysis by Colaizzi method. In this research, eight themes identified as the result; these are psychological burden, financial burden, the burden of health services accessibility, social support, family support, require a sincere support, disappointed by care giver, and destiny.The recommendations of this research for Psychiatric Nursing is that nurses will be more in depth assessment based on family needs, in caring for clients with hallucinations, so the interventions planned for the family will be more precise, especially to minimize the burden felt by the family."