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"The world order as it is known and understood today was built upon the foundations of imperialism and colonialism. It must be acknowledged that the very epistemologies and vocabularies that we use in the domains of diplomacy, international relations and politics are part of the legacy of Empire as well. This paper asks, is it possible for us to rethink and/or re-imagine an alternative global system that reconnects with the realities of socio-economic and socio-political life across the Asian continent and the world of the Indian Ocean prior to the arrival of Western imperialism? And, if that is indeed possible, would this also open up new opportunities for us to imagine the manner through which we as postcolonial Asian and African scholars and subjects"

"[ABSTRAKDalam suatu perikatan yang dibuat oleh para pihak, pada umumnya pihak yang memiliki haktagih/ piutang kepada pihak lainnya meminta untuk diberikan jaminan pemenuhan haknyakepada pihak yang berutang. Pada praktek yang terjadi, terdapat suatu bentuk pemberianjaminan yang dinamakan Letter of Undertaking/ surat sanggup, di mana Letter ofUndertaking ini merupakan salah satu bentuk surat pernyataan yang diberikan oleh pihakketiga yang menyatakan kesanggupannya untuk mengambil alih tanggung jawab untukmemenuhi kewajiban dari pihak yang berutang sekaligus risiko yang mungkin timbul akibatdilaksanakannya kewajiban tersebut oleh pihak penerbit Letter of Undertaking. Letter ofUndertaking ini berbeda dengan perjanjian penanggungan. Keberadaan Letter of Undertakingsebagai bentuk dari surat pernyataan tidak diatur secara khusus, sehingga sejauh manakekuatan hukum mengikatnya terhadap pihak penerbit Letter of Undertaking dan bagaimanapemberian perlindungan atas pelaksanaan pemenuhan haknya bagi pihak yang menerimaLetter of Undertaking tersebut masih menjadi pertanyaan. Hal inilah yang diangkat sebagaipokok permasalahan oleh penulis. Oleh karena tidak ada pengaturan terhadap Letter ofUndertaking, maka metode penelitian yang digunakan oleh penulis adalah denganmenggunakan pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach), di mana pendekatan konseptualdilakukan manakala penulis tidak beranjak dari aturan hukum yang ada. Hal ini dilakukankarena memang belum atau tidak ada aturan hukum untuk masalah yang dihadapi. Denganmenggunakan pendekatan konseptual, maka penulis bermaksud untuk menemukankedudukan hukum dari Letter of Undertaking dalam hukum positif yang berlaku di Indonesia,khususnya yang berlaku dalam hukum perikatan.

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ABSTRACTIn an agreement, practically, those who have the right to claim to other parties ask for aguarantee for the fulfillment of its rights to those who have the obligation to such party. In thepractice that occurs, there is a form of a guarantee is called Letter of Undertaking, in whichthe Letter of Undertaking is one form of an affidavit given by a third party who state hisreadiness to take over the responsibility for fulfilling the obligations of party that owe andany risks might be occurs because of obligations fulfillment of such third party. Letter ofUndertaking is different from the underwriting agreement. The existence of a Letter ofUndertaking is not specifically regulated, so the extent to which legal force to the issuer ofLetter of Undertaking and how to provide protection for the implementation of rights to theparty receiving the Letter of Undertaking is the subject matters by the authors. Because thereis no regulation of the Letter of Undertaking, the research methods used by the author isconceptual approach, in which the conceptual approach is used when the author did not beginfrom the existing law. Such approach is used because it is not yet or there is no rule of law tothe matters encountered. By using the conceptual approach, the author intends to find thelegal standing of the Letter of Undertaking in the positive law in Indonesia, especially as itapplies in the law of contract., In an agreement, practically, those who have the right to claim to other parties ask for aguarantee for the fulfillment of its rights to those who have the obligation to such party. In thepractice that occurs, there is a form of a guarantee is called Letter of Undertaking, in whichthe Letter of Undertaking is one form of an affidavit given by a third party who state hisreadiness to take over the responsibility for fulfilling the obligations of party that owe andany risks might be occurs because of obligations fulfillment of such third party. Letter ofUndertaking is different from the underwriting agreement. The existence of a Letter ofUndertaking is not specifically regulated, so the extent to which legal force to the issuer ofLetter of Undertaking and how to provide protection for the implementation of rights to theparty receiving the Letter of Undertaking is the subject matters by the authors. Because thereis no regulation of the Letter of Undertaking, the research methods used by the author isconceptual approach, in which the conceptual approach is used when the author did not beginfrom the existing law. Such approach is used because it is not yet or there is no rule of law tothe matters encountered. By using the conceptual approach, the author intends to find thelegal standing of the Letter of Undertaking in the positive law in Indonesia, especially as itapplies in the law of contract.]"

"Sastra Maroko sudah mulai berkembang sejak tahun 1950-an ketika Maroko masih berada di bawah penjajahan Prancis. Tema-tema besar yang biasa muncul dalam kesusastraan Maroko adalah tema mengenai isu kolonialisme dan rasisme. Salah satu penulis Maroko yang karyanya banyak berbicara mengenai rasisme adalah Tahar Ben Jelloun. Artikel ini akan menganalisis salah satu karya Ben Jelloun yang berjudul Le Racisme expliqué à ma fille. Esai ini berbentuk diskusi antara ayah dan anaknya yang berumur 10 tahun mengenai rasisme serta apa yang membuat orang dapat menjadi rasis. Dalam esai ada beberapa kata yang dicetak tebal dan kata-kata ini sebagian besar merupakan fenomena atau peristiwa sosial yang berkaitan dengan sejarah kelam peradaban dunia akibat rasisme. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan menggunakan teori fokalisator milik Genette untuk melihat pandangan ayah dan anak mengenai rasisme dan teori oposisi antar penanda milik Greimas untuk memaknai kata-kata yang dicetak tebal. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa konsep rasisme dalam esai ini disampaikan melalui fokalisasi ayah meskipun bentuk esai adalah tanya jawab ayah dan anak. Pemilihan bentuk dialog dengan tokoh ayah dan anak dapat dilihat sebagai sebuah strategi naratif untuk menyampaikan makna implisit yaitu bahwa untuk memerangi rasisme diperlukan pendidikan keluarga sejak dini. Pendidikan anti rasisme dalam keluarga merupakan refleksi Tahar Ben jelloun mengenai solusi atas rasisme di dunia.

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Moroccan literature has been growing since the 1950s when Morocco was still under French occupation. The big themes that commonly appear in Moroccan literature are the issues of colonialism and racism. One Moroccan writer whose work speaks a lot about racism is Tahar Ben Jelloun. This article will analyze one of Ben Jelloun's works entitled Le Racisme expliquée à ma fille. The essay is a discussion between a father and his 10-year-old daughter about racism and what makes people became a racist. In the essay there are some words that are in bold and these words are mostly phenomena or social events related to the dark history of world civilization due to racism. This study used qualitative method by using Genette's focalisation theory to look at father and daughter's views on racism and opposition theory by Greimas markers to interpret bold words. The results of the analysis show that the concept of racism in this essay is conveyed through the father’s focalisation even though the form of the essay is a question and answer between the father and the daughter. The selection of forms of dialogue with father and daughter figures can be seen as a narrative strategy to convey the implicit meaning that to combat racism, it is necessary to educate a child about this concept. Anti-racism education in the family is Tahar Ben Jelloun's reflection on solutions to racism in the world."

"African literature has strong relation with colonialism, not only because they had ever been colonized but also because of civil war. Civil Peace (1971), a short story written by Chinua Achebe, tells about how Nigerian survive and have to struggle to live after Nigerian Civil War. It is about the effects of the war on the people, and the "civil peace" that followed. The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Nigerian-Biafran War, 6 July 1976-15 January 1970, was a political conflict caused by attempted annexation of the southeastern provinces of economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions among the various peoples of Nigeria. Knowing the relation between the story and the Nigerian Civil War, it is assured that there is a history depicted in Civil Peace. In this article, the writer portrays the history and the phenomenon of colonization in Nigeria by using new historical and postcolonial criticism approaches."

"Kolonialisme pemukim yang dilakukan oleh pemukim dan pemerintah Israel berujung kepada kekerasan dan penghapusan etnis terhadap penduduk asli Palestina di masa kini. Salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan pesatnya ekspansi lahan oleh Israel adalah karena perencanaan kota yang matang di masa lalu, yaitu ketika pemukim zionis pertama kali menginjakkan kaki ke tanah Palestina. Pada kasus Tepi Barat, dengan memanfaatkan kondisi geografis yang didominasi oleh puncak perbukitan, strategi surveillance dan penguasaan hilltops menjadi titik kekuatan bagi pemukim zionis untuk mempertahankan dan memperluas teritorinya. Skripsi ini membahas tentang penelusuran terhadap peran perencanaan kota dan arsitektur pada keberadaan permukiman ilegal Israel di Tepi Barat, Palestina yang dibangun sejak tahun 1967. Dengan melakukan studi kasus pada delapan permukiman ilegal di Tepi Barat, skripsi ini akan membongkar aspek hilltops dan surveillance pada arsitektur dan perencanaan kota Israel yang bertumbuh dengan cara ditunggangi oleh paham zionisme di tanah penduduk Palestina.

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The settler colonialism by Israeli settlers and the government has led to violence and ethnic cleansing against the indigenous Palestinian population in the present day. One of the factors contributing to the rapid land expansion by Israel is the well-planned urban planning in the past, when Zionist settlers first came to the land of Palestine. In the case of the West Bank, by leveraging the geographical conditions dominated by hilltops, the strategy of surveillance and control of hilltops has become a point of strength for Zionist settlers to maintain and expand their territory. This thesis explores the role of urban planning and architecture in the existence of illegal Israeli settlements in the West Bank, Palestine, which have been built since 1967. By conducting case studies on eight illegal settlements in the West Bank, this thesis will uncover the aspects of hilltops and surveillance in Israeli architecture and urban planning that have grown under the influence of Zionism in Palestinian land."

"ABSTRACTThe article is focused on early colonial interaction with the Aru Islands, geographically located in southern Maluku, at the easternmost end of the Indian Ocean world. The study examines how relationships were constructed in the course of the seventeenth century, how they were institutionalized and how this engendered forms of hybridity. Moreover, it discusses forms of resistance and avoidance in relation to the Dutch East India Company (VOC). Aru constitutes an interesting case as it is was one of the easternmost places in the world in which Islam and Christianity gained a (limited) foothold in the early-modern period, and it also marked the outer limit of Dutch authority. Aru differed from most geographical areas approached by the VOC because of its lack of any large-scale political structures and its relatively non-hierarchical society. The article discusses the forging of Dutch-Arunese political ties after the Banda massacre in 1621, as well as the role of Asian competitors of the VOC such as the Makassarese and Ceramese, the increasing adaptation to world religions in an Arunese setting, conditions in the European-indigenous contact zones and, finally, the conflicts arising from the imbalances between western and eastern Aru, in which the VOC repeatedly intervened to suppress the villages of the Backshore (east coast)."