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"Menurut analisis pasar baru-baru ini, selama lima tahun terakhir, telah ada peningkatan tinggi dalam permintaan untuk nanoemulsi karena pergeseran menuju produksi yang lebih ramah energi dan hemat biaya. Laporan ini berfokus pada jenis nanoemulsi yang disebut wax nanoemulsion (terbuat dari lilin), yang banyak digunakan di banyak industri seperti kosmetik, makanan, dan industri farmasi. Dalam penelitian saat ini, ultrasonikasi dan High-Pressure Homogenization, keduanya merupakan metode energi tinggi, digunakan untuk menghasilkan nanoemulsi lilin dengan stabilitas dan diameter ukuran partikel yang diinginkan oleh industry diatas. Paradoksnya terletak antara kebutuhan energi dan jumlah bahan baku yang digunakan. Sebuah teknologi yang muncul, Hydrodynamic Cavitation, dibahas dalam laporan ini yang memungkinkan industri untuk masih mencapai produk yang diinginkan dengan mengkonsumsi energi yang jauh lebih sedikit. Wax nanoemulsion terdiri dari lilin karnauba atau parafin dicampur dengan air dan Polysorbate-80 digunakan untuk membuktikan kompetensi kavitasi hidrodinamik dalam produksi nanoemulsi. Nanoemulsi lilin yang diproduksi dengan kedua jenis lilin diperoleh dan properti emulsi seperti diameter ukuran partikel, waktu irradiasi, dan stabilitas (penampilan fisik) dari nanoemulsi dibandingkan.

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According to a recent market analysis, for the last five years, there has been a high increase in demand for nanoemulsion due to a shift towards a more energy-friendly and cost-efficient production. This report focuses on a type of nanoemulsion called wax nanoemulsion, which is highly used in many industries such as cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries. In the present study, Ultrasonication and High-Pressure Homogenization, both high-energy methods, are used to produce wax nanoemulsions of desirable stability and particle size diameter. The paradox lies between energy requirement and the amount of raw material used. An emerging technology, Hydrodynamic Cavitation, is discussed in this report which allows industries to still achieve their desired product by consuming much less energy. Wax nanoemulsion consists of either carnauba or paraffin wax mixed with water and Polysorbate-80 is used to prove the competence of hydrodynamic cavitation in wax nanoemulsion production. Emulsion properties such as particle size diameter, irradiation time, and stability (physical appearance) of wax nanoemulsion produced both ways are obtained and compared."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kombinasi lilin dan karbon sebagai material ekuivalen jaringan yang dapat merepresentasikan jaringan tubuh manusia. Parameter atomik yang umum digunakan untuk merepresentasikan adalah densitas elektron dan nomor atom efektif. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode dual-energy CT (DECT) dengan menggunakan formulasi alpha blending (Möhler, 2017) dan DEEDZ (Saito, 2017). Sampel yang dievaluasi yaitu fantom sampel jaringan lemak (80% parafin, 10% cecek, dan 10% karbon), otot (80% gondorukem, 10% cecek, dan 10% karbon), white matter brain (68% gondorukem, 16% cecek, dan 16% karbon), dan grey matter brain (60% gondorukem, 20% cecek, dan 20% karbon). Berdasarkan hasil uji, fantom sampel lemak, otot, grey matter brain, dan white matter brain memiliki kesalahan relatif densitas elektron sebesar masing-masing 4.6%, 2.6%, 4.4%, dan 4.8%, serta kesalahan relatif nomor atom efektif masing-masing sebesar 11.9%, 19.7%, 19.5%, dan 19.4%. Selain itu, pada penelitian ini dilakukan pula verifikasi fantom sampel hati, air, dan PMMA dengan kombinasi penelitian sebelumnya. Fantom sampel hati, air, dan PMMA memiliki kesalahan relatif densitas elektron sebesar masing-masing 7.0%, 1.5%, dan 0.5%, serta kesalahan relatif nomor atom efektif masing-masing sebesar 16.7%, 22.6%, dan 2.1%.

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This study aims to evaluate the combination of wax and carbon as tissue-equivalent material which can represent human body tissue. The atomic parameters used to represent it are electron density and effective atomic number. This study used dual-energy CT (DECT) method using alpha blending formulation (Möhler, 2017) and DEEDZ formulation (Saito, 2017). The samples evaluated in this study were phantom sample of fat (80% paraffin, 10% cecek, and 10% carbon), muscle (80% gondorukem, 10% cecek, and 10% carbon), white matter brain (68% gondorukem, 16% cecek, and 16% carbon), and gray matter brain (60% gondorukem, 20% cecek, and 20% carbon). Based on the test results, phantom samples of fat, muscle, grey matter brain, and white matter brain have a relative deviation of electron density of 4.6%, 2.6%, 4.4%, and 4.8%, and relative errors of effective atomic number of 11.9%, 19.7%, 19.5%, and 19.4%, respectively. This study also verified phantom samples of liver, water, and PMMA with a combination of previous studies. Phantom samples of liver, water, and PMMA have a relative deviation of electron density of 7.0%, 1.5%, and 0.5%, and relative errors of effective atomic numbers of 16.7%, 22.6%, and 2.1%, respectively."

"As the environmental impact of existing construction and building materials comes under increasing scrutiny, the search for more eco-efficient solutions has intensified. Nanotechnology offers great potential in this area and is already being widely used to great success. Nanotechnology in eco-efficient construction is an authoritative guide to the role of nanotechnology in the development of eco-efficient construction materials and sustainable construction.Following an introduction to the use of nanotechnology in eco-efficient construction materials, part one considers such infrastructural applications as nanoengineered cement-based materials, nanoparticles for high-performance and self-sensing concrete, and the use of nanotechnology to improve the bulk and surface properties of steel for structural applications. Nanoclay-modified asphalt mixtures and safety issues relating to nanomaterials for construction applications are also reviewed before part two goes on to discuss applications for building energy efficiency. Topics explored include thin films and nanostructured coatings, switchable glazing technology and third generation photovoltaic (PV) cells, high-performance thermal insulation materials, and silica nanogel for energy-efficient windows. Finally, photocatalytic applications are the focus of part three, which investigates nanoparticles for pollution control, self-cleaning and photosterilisation, and the role of nanotechnology in manufacturing paints and purifying water for eco-efficient buildings."

"Inovasi pengembangan produk baru atau NPD (New Product Development) adalah kunci dalam persaingan dunia industri cat dan coating Indonesia saat ini. Nanoteknologi diprediksi oleh banyak pakar mampu menjadi solusi mutakhir peningkatan nilai tambah dan daya saing produk coating menjadi produk nanocoating (NC). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah memetakan potensi pengembangan produk NC (NPD Mapping), Prioritas pengembangan produk NC (NPD Priority) dan rekomendasi pengembangan produk NC (NPD Recommendation). Setelah dilakukan pengolahan data dengan analisis SWOT-AHP-IPA maka diperoleh 12 kriteria pengembangan dan 5 alternatif produk nanocoating dengan tingkat prioritas adalah NC anti korosi (0,224), NC Anti Suhu Tinggi (0,199), dan NC Anti Fouling (0,197). Berdasarkan analisis dengan metode IPA, diperoleh faktor yang dianggap paling penting (importance) oleh prespektif industri namun memerlukan perbaikan segera (sebagai rekomendasi NPD) karena memiliki tingkat (performance) rendah yaitu, (1) pentingnya ketersediaan fasilitas riset, peralatan, dan infrastruktur, (2) pentingnya pertimbangan industri nasional terhadap biaya produksi aplikasi nanoteknologi, dan (3) pentingnya dukungan pemerintah dalam menyediakan kebijakan bagi industri nasional.

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The innovation of new product development (NPD) is a key for Indonesia paint and coating industry competitiveness. Nanotechnology is predicted by many experts will be able to becoming a revolutioner solution to make additional value and competitiveness product becoming nanocoating (NC) product. The aims of this research are to know NPD Mapping, NPD Priority, and NPD Recommendation. After data processing using SWOT-AHP-IPA analysis, thus it obtained to 12 development atributs and 5 nanoproduct alternatif with priority level are NC Corrosive resistance (0,224), NC High Temperature resistance (0,199), and NC Fouling resistance (0,197).

Based on the analysis of the IPA method, obtained factors considered most important (importance) by the industry perspective, but requires immediate repair (as a recommendation NPD) because it has a level (performance) low ie, (1) the importance of the availability of research facilities, equipment, and infrastructure, (2) the importance of the consideration of the national industrial production costs nanotechnology applications, and (3) the importance of government support for the industry in providing national policy."

"Penelitian ini bertujun menelaah pengaruh konservasi emulsi lilin terhadap daya simpan buah tomat (Lypoersicum esculentum l.). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahawa pelapisan lilin pada konservasi 7% dapat memperpanjang daya simpan hingga 14 hari setelah panen."

"Dalam transportasi minyak mentah menggunakan pipa saluran bawah laut, sering terjadi terhambatnya aliran crude oil akibat pengendapan wax. Untuk mencegah terjadinya pengendapan wax dengan menambahkan aditif ke dalam crude oil. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan aditif alkil glukosida (AG) hasil sintesis dan komersial. Konsentrasi aditif divariasikan menjadi 1%, 2%, dan 3% dengan variasi volume (50, 70, 100, 200, 300, 400, 700, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000, dan 2500 µL). Sintesis AG dilakukan variasi penambahan mol alkohol lemak, waktu reaksi, dan katalis. Hasil variasi terbaik didapatkan dengan 0,053 mol alkohol lemak, waktu reaksi 4 jam, dan katalis 2% w/t. Dilakukan uji pour point pada AG sintesis dan AG komersial. Dari hasil penelitian pada AG sintesis dan AG komersial mencapai penurunan pour point optimum sebesar 9°C dan 12°C. Hasil CPM menunjukkan adanya perubahan ukuran kristal dan hasil spektrum FTIR mendukung hasil tersebut dengan menunjukkan adanya interaksi antara aditif dengan wax. Dari studi tersebut diketahui bahwa aditif AG dapat digunakan sebagai inhibitor wax yang mampu menghambat pertumbuhan kristal wax pada model crude oil.

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In the transportation of crude oil using a subsea pipeline, often inhibition of the flow of crude oil due to deposition of wax. To prevent the deposition of wax by adding additives to the crude oil. In this study the use of additives alkyl glucoside (AG) results of synthesis and AG commercial. Additive concentration was varied to 1%, 2%, and 3% by volume variation (50, 70, 100, 200, 300, 400, 700, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 mL). Synthesis AG performed variations addition mole fatty alcohol, reaction time, and catalyst. The best results obtained with a variation of 0.053 mol fatty alcohol, the reaction time of 4 hours, and the catalyst 2% w/t. Pour point test conducted on AG synthesis and AG commercial. From the results of AG synthesis and AG commercial reach optimum reduction in pour point of 9°C and 12°C. CPM results indicate a change in the size of the crystal and the results of spectra FTIR support these results by showing the interaction between additives with wax. From these studies it is known that AG additives can be used as a wax inhibitor capable of inhibiting the growth of wax crystals on the model of crude oil."

"In the second edition of Emerging nanotechnologies for manufacturing, an unrivalled team of international experts explores existing and emerging nanotechnologies as they transform large-scale manufacturing contexts in key sectors such as medicine, advanced materials, energy, and electronics. From their different perspectives, the contributors explore technologies and techniques as well as applications and how they transform those sectors.With updated chapters and expanded coverage, the new edition of Emerging nanotechnologies for manufacturing reflects the latest developments in nanotechnologies for manufacturing and covers additional nanotechnologies applied in the medical fields, such as drug delivery systems. New chapters on graphene and smart precursors for novel nanomaterials are also added."

"Pada sistem transportasi minyak mentah melalui sistem perpipaan sering dijumpai permasalahan yang dapat mengganggu pendistribusian minyak mentah. Oleh karena itu, prediksi yang tepat dari karakteristik pengendapan lilin diperlukan untuk mengontrol pengendapan lilin di dalam pipa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memprediksi karakteristik pengendapan lilin dengan menganalisis pengaruh variasi tekanan dan temperatur minyak mentah. Tekanan divariasikan pada 1,5 bar, 2,5 bar, 5 bar, 8 bar, dan 12 bar untuk mengevaluasi pengaruhnya terhadap ketebalan dan laju pengendapan lilin. Selanjutnya dilakukan variasi suhu dengan variasi 35°C, 40°C, 45°C, 50°C, 55°C, dan 60°C. Simulasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan software aliran multi fasa OLGA untuk mendapatkan profil ketebalan endapan (mm). Sedangkan analisis ekonomi mengacu pada studi kelayakan. Beberapa skenario dibandingkan untuk menentukan intervensi terbaik yang akan diterapkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah wax yang terdeposit menurun seiring dengan meningkatnya tekanan, sedangkan temperatur yang lebih tinggi menghasilkan gradien temperatur yang lebih besar. Analisis kelayakan ekonomi hanya dilakukan pada skenario satu dan dua yang membutuhkan penggunaan pompa. Skenario satu, yang mencakup pompa tambahan, memiliki NPV 199.882 dan IRR 30%. Skenario dua, mengganti pompa eksisting dengan pompa berkapasitas lebih tinggi, memiliki NPV 328.192 dan IRR 40%. Akibatnya, skenario dua disarankan untuk mengurangi jumlah deposit lilin

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In the crude oil transportation system through the pipeline system, problems caused by wax are often encountered that can disrupt the distribution of crude oil, thus flow assurance is not achieved. Therefore, the correct prediction of wax deposition characteristics is needed to control the deposition of wax in the pipe. This study aims to predict the characteristics of wax deposition by analysing the effect of pressure and temperature variations of crude oil. Pressure was varied at 1.5 bar, 2.5 bar, 5 bar, 8 bar, and 12 bar to evaluate the effect on the thickness and deposition rate of wax. Furthermore, temperature variations were carried out with variations of 35°C, 40°C, 45°C, 50°C, 55°C, and 60°C. The simulations were carried out using multi-phase flow software OLGA to obtain a deposit thickness profile (mm). Meanwhile, the economical-analysis refers to feasibility study. Several scenarios are compared to determine the best intervention to be applied. The results shows that the amount of wax deposited decreases as the pressure increases, while higher temperature resulting in a greater the temperature gradient. The economic feasibility analysis is only carried out in scenario one and two, which require the usage of pumps. Scenario one, which includes an extra pump, has an NPV of 199,882 and an IRR of 30%. Scenario two, replacing the existing pump with a higher-capacity pump, has an NPV of 328,192 and an IRR of 40%. As a result, scenario two is advised to reduce the amount of wax deposited."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasikan sediaan emulsi antiaging berbahan aktif lilin propolis. Pengujian dilakukan terhadap lilin propolis meliputi penentuan kadar flavonoid total, penentuan kadar polifenol total, dan pengujian aktivitas antioksidan. Kadar flavonoid total diuji menggunakan reagen AlCl3 dan CH3COOK dengan kuersetin sebagai larutan standar. Penentuan kadar polifenol total dilakukan menggunakan metode Folin-Ciocalteu dengan asam galat sebagai larutan standar. Aktivitas antioksidan diukur dengan menggunakan reagen DPPH. Lilin propolis selanjutnya digunakan sebagai bahan aktif antiaging dalam formulasi sediaan emulsi. Selain lilin propolis, bahan yang digunakan dalam formulasi ini meliputi aquades, gliserin, EDTA, xanthan gum, ammonium acryloyldimethyltaurate/VP copolymer, phenoxyethanol, chlorphenesin, arachidyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, arachidyl glucoside, cetyl alcohol, dan isopropyl myristate. Emulsi yang dihasilkan dievaluasi berdasarkan stabilitasnya pada berbagai kondisi, meliputi kondisi suhu ruang, suhu 45oC, 4oC, jemur, dan siklus. Adapun parameter yang diukur adalah organoleptis, pH, dan viskositas. Untuk mengetahui performa antiaging emulsi, dilakukan uji aktivitas antiglikasi dengan Bovine Serum Albumine (BSA) dan fruktosa sebagai reagen. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, lilin propolis memiliki kadar flavonoid total sebesar 41,01 ± 1,62 mg QE/g lilin propolis, kadar polifenol total sebesar 53,51 ± 35,11 mg GAE/g lilin propolis, dan nilai IC50 aktivitas antioksidan sebesar 413,91 ppm. Sediaan emulsi stabil pada berbagai kondisi, ditunjukkan dari parameter homogenitas, pH, dan viskositas yang masih dalam memenuhi standar SNI 16-4399-1996 tentang Sediaan Tabir Surya. Pengujian aktivitas antiglikasi dilakukan pada lilin propolis dan emulsi antiaging untuk mengetahui kemampuan inhibisi pembentukan Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) sebagai parameter kemampuan antiaging. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan lilin propolis mampu menginhibisi pembentukan AGEs sebesar 86,54%. Sementara itu, sediaan emulsi memiliki kemampuan inhibisi reaksi glikasi sebesar 29,25% untuk konsentrasi 5,0% lilin propolis, dan 51,94% untuk konsentrasi 8,5% lilin propolis. Persentase inhibisi AGEs emulsi dengan konsentrasi 2,5% lilin propolis tidak dapat ditentukan karena data yang diperoleh tidak valid.

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This study aimed to develop an anti-aging emulsion by incorporating propolis wax as an active ingredient. Propolis wax underwent tests to determine its total flavonoid and polyphenol content, as well as its antioxidant activity. Total flavonoid content was measured using AlCl3 and CH3COOK reagents, with quercetin as the standard solution. Total polyphenol content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method with gallic acid as the standard solution. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH as reagent. Propolis wax was then used in the emulsion formulation, along with other ingredients such as distilled water, glycerin, EDTA, and xanthan gum. The stability of the resulting emulsion was assessed under different conditions, including room temperature, 45oC, 4oC, sun exposure, and cycling. Organoleptic properties, pH, and viscosity were measured as parameters. The emulsion's anti-aging performance was evaluated using an antiglycation activity assay with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and fructose. Test results revealed that propolis wax had a total flavonoid content of 41.01 ± 1.62 mg QE/g, a total polyphenol content of 53.51 ± 35.11 mg GAE/g, and an antioxidant activity IC50 value of 413.91 ppm. The emulsion demonstrated stability, meeting the standards of SNI 16-4399-1996 in terms of homogeneity, pH, and viscosity. The antiglycation activity assay showed that propolis wax inhibited AGEs formation by 86.54%. The emulsion exhibited glycation reaction inhibition percentages of 29.25% and 51.94% at concentrations of 5.0% and 8.5% propolis wax, respectively. However, the AGEs inhibition percentage for the emulsion with 2.5% propolis wax concentration could not be determined due to invalid data."