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"Penelitian mengenai dampak Investasi Langsung Luar Negeri (FDI) terhadap Tingkat Pengangguran (Unemployment Rate) sering kali menghasilkan temuan yang bertentangan. Teori-teori seputar penanaman modal asing juga sering kali berbenturan dalam praktiknya, mengenai pengaruh FDI terhadap tingkat Pengangguran, karena pengaruh berbagai faktor. ASEAN 5 yang terdiri dari lima negara termasuk Singapura, Indonesia, Thailand, Filipina, dan Malaysia, berdiri sebagai kekuatan penting tidak hanya dalam mendorong kerja sama bilateral regional tetapi juga sebagai sebuah kolektif yang ditandai dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang signifikan dalam konteks Asia Tenggara. Negara-negara ini, melalui penciptaan iklim investasi yang kondusif, telah menjadi penerima utama investasi asing langsung (FDI) dalam jumlah besar di kawasan ini. Untuk menilai hubungan antara investasi asing langsung dan pengangguran, analisis data panel dilakukan pada periode 2004-2019. Metode Panel Data kemudian digunakan untuk menentukan apakah terdapat hubungan jangka panjang antar variabel. Studi ini unik karena mengkaji pengaruh Investasi Asing Langsung (FDI) terhadap pengangguran di lima negara dengan perekonomian terbesar di kawasan ASEAN.

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Research on the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the Unemployment Rate often yields conflicting findings. Theories surrounding foreign investment frequently clash in practice regarding the influence of FDI on unemployment due to the impact of various factors. ASEAN 5, comprising five countries including Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Malaysia, stands as an important force not only in promoting regional bilateral cooperation but also as a collective marked by significant economic growth in the context of Southeast Asia. These countries, through the creation of a conducive investment climate, have become major recipients of substantial foreign direct investment (FDI) in the region. To assess the relationship between foreign direct investment and unemployment, panel data analysis was conducted for the period 2004-2019. The Panel Data method was then used to determine whether there is a long-term relationship between the variables. This study is unique as it examines the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on unemployment in the five largest economies in the ASEAN region."

"Sastra dalam pengembangan ekonomi terkait Investasi Asing Langsung (FDI) telah banyak diteliti oleh para sarjana, sebagian besar menggunakan data pemotongan lintang atau data rangkaian waktu, namun penelitian mengenai data panel yang melibatkan faktor determinan FDI terhadap sektor dan wilayah secara keseluruhan belum banyak dilakukan. Penelitian ini menguji dampak investasi langsung asing terhadap pertumbuhan pertanian di 15 Negara Asia menggunakan metode efek tetap dan efek acak serta diuji dengan uji Hausman menggunakan data sampel dari tahun 1990 hingga 2019. Ditemukan bahwa FDI memiliki hubungan positif dan signifikan dengan nilai tambah pertanian. Namun, FDI melalui perkembangan keuangan memiliki dampak negatif dan signifikan terhadap nilai tambah pertanian. Ditemukan pula bahwa inflasi memiliki dampak negatif dan signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan pertanian, sementara formasi modal bruto dan tetap memiliki dampak signifikan dan positif terhadap pertumbuhan pertanian. Di sisi lain, keterbukaan perdagangan memiliki dampak negatif namun tidak signifikan. Oleh karena itu, rekomendasi yang diberikan kepada pembuat kebijakan adalah menciptakan kebijakan yang dapat menstabilkan tingkat inflasi serta meringankan kebijakan yang dapat menghambat keterbukaan perdagangan.

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Literature in the economic development regarding FDI have been widely studied by scholars, mostly used either cross-section or time series data, a panel-data on the determinants of FDI and towards the sectoral region, on the other hand, is understudied. This study examines the impact of foreign direct investment on agriculture growth in 15 Asian Countries using a fixed effect and random effect and further tested with the Hausman test on the sample data ranging from 1990-2019. It is found that FDI has a positive relationship and significant relationship with agriculture value added. However, FDI through financial development has a negative and significant impact on agriculture value added.  It is also found that inflation has a negative and significant impact on agriculture growth while gross and fixed capital formation is found to be significant and positively impacts agriculture growth. On the other hand, trade openness has a negative but non-significant impact. Therefore, a recommendation is for policy maker to create a policy that could stabilize the inflation rate and ease the policy that could inhibit trade openness. "

"Studi ini menganalisis dampak investasi asing langsung dan spillover effect yang ditimbulkan terhadap tingkat entry dan exit pada industri manufaktur Indonesia tahun 2010-2015. Studi ini menggunakan data Input Output tahun 2010 dan data Industri Besar Sedang tahun 2010-2015 yang keduanya berasal dari Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. Random Effect Model keluar sebagai model terbaik untuk mengestimasi data panel dengan observasi sebanyak 2.592 industri. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa investasi asing langsung dan forward spillover memberikan kontribusi yang positif signifikan terhadap entry rate, namun backward spillover berkontribusi negatif terhadap entry rate. Backward spillover dan forward spillover juga berkontribusi terhadap exit rate, namun efeknya tidak dominan. Masuknya investasi asing langsung ke dalam industri yang memiliki tingkat konsentrasi dan tingkat impor yang tinggi masing-masing berdampak pada entry rate yang negatif dan exit rate yang positif. Selain itu, masuknya investasi asing langsung ke dalam industri yang memiliki rata-rata ukuran perusahaan yang besar dan tingkat ekspor yang tinggi masing-masing berdampak pada entry rate yang positif dan entry rate yang negatif.

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This study analyzes the impact of FDI and the spillover effect on entry and exit levels in the Indonesian manufacturing industry in 2010-2015. This study uses data for Input Output in 2010 and data for Large and Medium Industries in 2010-2015, both of which are from the Indonesian Central Statistics Agency. Random Effect Model came out as the best model for estimating panel data by observing 2,592 industries. This study concludes that FDI and forward spillover make a significant positive contribution to the entry rate, but backward spillover contributes negatively to the entry rate. Backward spillover and forward spillover also contribute to the exit rate, but the effect is not dominant. The entry of FDI into industries that have a high level of concentration and a high level of imports each have an impact on a negative entry rate and a positive exit rate. In addition, the entry of FDI into industries that have a large average company size and high export rates have an impact on positive entry rates and negative entry rates, respectively."

"Penanaman Modal Asing PMA secara langsung atau lebih dikenal Foreign Direct Investment FDI menjadi sumber pembangunan ekonomi, industrialisasi, pendapatan dan pertumbuhan tenaga kerja pada negara-negara berkembang OECD, 2009, termasuk Indonesia. Karena pentingnya FDI untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan angka tenaga kerja secara langsung melalui pembangunan industri-industri baru, serta adanya hubungan antara FDI dan angka tenaga kerja, Pemerintah Indonesia berusaha untuk meningkatkan penyerapan FDI. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini akan menganalisa peran FDI pada tenaga kerja di 9 Sembilan sektor ekonomi di Indonesia dari tahun 2001 ndash; 2014. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisa data panel dari 9 Sembilan sektor ekonomi, model fixed effect terpilih menjadi model terbaik setelah diuji menggunakan uji Hausman. Hasil pada model fixed effect menunjukkan FDI memiliki pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap peningkatan jumlah tenaga kerja sebesar 0.079 pada 9 sembilan sektor ekonomi. Penerapan peraturan tentang investasi secara nasional di Indonesia juga berdampak positif pada peningkatan tenaga kerja di Indonesia.

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Foreign Direct Investment FDI becomes a source of economic development, industrialization, income and employment growth for the developing countries OECD, 2009, especially Indonesia. Regarding the importance of FDI to increase the employment directly by setting up new industries and the relationship between FDI and employment rate, the Indonesian government initiates to attract more FDI. Therefore, this study will analyze the role of FDI in the employment of 9 nine economic sectors in Indonesia during 2001 ndash 2014. The analysis employs panel data from these 9 nine economic sectors, and the fixed effects FE model has been chosen as the best by the Hausman test. The results suggest FDI has a positive and significant effect on increasing the employment rate as much as 0.079 in the 9 nine economic sectors. Indonesia rsquo s investment regulation implementation also positively impacts the rise of employment rate in the country."

"Indonesia sebagai negara berkembang berupaya mengoptimalkan penerimaan PMA dalam rangka meningkatkan penyerapan tenaga kerja. Peningkatan PMA Indonesia berkorelasi dengan penurunan tingkat pengangguran namun tidak disertai penurunan jumlah pekerja informal. Dilihat dari pola sebarannya, realisasi PMA tidak terjadi secara acak melainkan mengikuti karaktersitik daerah penerima dan terkait dengan jenis sektor yang diterima. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran PMA sektoral terhadap tenaga kerja yang mencakup pekerja formal, pekerja informal, dan pengangguran menggunakan data panel kabupaten kota tahun 2010-2019. Kami menggunakan Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) untuk merelaksasi asumsi spatial independent yang umumnya digunakan dalam penelitian terdahulu. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa PMA sektoral memiliki pengaruh spasial yang berbeda terhadap perubahan tenaga kerja. Pengaruh PMA lebih besar terhadap perubahan tenaga kerja daerah lain dibandingkan daerah penerima itu sendiri. PMA manufaktur mampu memberikan keuntungan spasial yang lebih baik dibandingkan PMA sektoral lainnya. PMA agrikultur, PMA pertambangan, dan PMA agregat menurunkan kualitas pekerjaan akibat tradeoff antara pekerja formal dan informal. PMA agrikultur merupakan kategori PMA yang memberikan manfaat terendah bagi tenaga kerja di Indonesia karena berperan meningkatkan pengangguran sekaligus menurunkan kualitas pekerjaan. Kualitas sumber daya manusia, spesialisasi sektor, dan infrastruktur berperan signifikan dalam menentukan pengaruh spasial PMA sektoral terhadap tenaga kerja. Hasil analisis menekankan pentingnya mempertimbangkan efek spasial PMA terhadap perubahan tenaga kerja.

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Indonesia as a developing country is trying to optimize FDI receipts in order to increase employment. The increase in Indonesian FDI correlated with a decrease in the unemployment rate but not with a in the number of informal workers. The distribution of FDI realization does not occur randomly but follows the characteristics of the recipient area and is related to the type of sector received. This study aims to examine the role of sectoral FDI on the workforce which includes formal workers, informal workers, and unemployed using panel data from city districts in 2010-2019. We use the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) to relax the assumptions of spatial independence that are commonly used in previous studies. The estimation results show that sectoral FDI has a different spatial effect on changes in the workforce. The influence of FDI is greater on changes in the workforce of other regions than the receiving regions themselves. Manufacturing FDI is able to provide a better spatial advantage than other sectoral FDI. FDI in agriculture, mining, and aggregate reduce the quality of work due to the tradeoff between formal and informal workers. FDI in agriculture is a category of PMA that provides the lowest benefits for workers in Indonesia because it plays a role in increasing unemployment as well as reducing the quality of work. The quality of human resources, sector specialization, and infrastructure play a significant role in determining the spatial effect of sectoral FDI on the workforce. The results of the analysis emphasize the importance of considering the spatial effect of FDI on changes in the workforce."

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Tesis ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi dampak penetapan Daftar Negatif Investasi (DNI) terhadap keputusan berinvestasi perusahaan asing dan lokal di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan data rencana investasi di tingkat bidang usaha dari tahun 2005 hingga 2018,  penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, pertama, penetapan NIL dapat menarik masuk investasi ke Indonesia, di mana Penanaman Modal Asing (PMA) lebih menyukai bidang usaha yang “terbuka penuh” daripada yang “terbuka secara bersyarat”, sedangkan kondisi sebaliknya berlaku untuk Penanaman Modal Dalam Negeri. Kedua, terdapat efek crowding-in paralel antar perusahaan asing dan nasional dalam merespon peluang investasi yang terbuka bagi kedua belah pihak. Sebagai implikasi kebijakan, studi ini menyarankan agar informasi di DNI disusun secara lebih rinci dan transparan untuk menjamin keefektivitasannya dalam menarik investasi. Selain itu, karena pemerintah sedang mencari cara terbaik untuk menarik lebih banyak investasi ke dalam negeri—khususnya PMA—sembari melindungi perusahaan nasional, penetapan Daftar Investasi Positif patut dipertimbangkan.

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This thesis aims to investigate the impact of the NIL introduction on the investment decisions of foreign and national firms in Indonesia. By using business field-level data of the investment-planned values from 2005 to 2018, the analysis shows, first, the NIL introduction may generate the investment inflows, where Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) favors the “fully open” business fields over the “conditionally open” ones, while the opposite condition applies for the Domestic Direct Investment (DDI)s. Second, there is a parallel movement of crowding-in effect between foreign and national firms responding to the investment opportunities open to both parties. As a possible policy implication, this study suggests that more detailed and transparent information should be provided in the NIL to guarantee its effectiveness. Additionally, since the government is looking for the best way to attract more investment into the country—specifically FDI—while protecting national firms, the stipulation of a Positive Investment List is worth considering.

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"ABSTRAKPenelitian mengenai peran Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah di Indonesia masih jarang. Beberapa penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa FDI tidak berkontribusi dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah di Indonesia. Penelitian lanjutan diperlukan sebagai perbandingan serta untuk mendapatkan hasil yang lebih memuaskan. Hasil penelitian yang saya lakukan menggunakan OLS, Fixed Effect dan Random Effect menunjukkan bahwa FDI mempunyai peran dan secara statistic signifikan meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah setelah dua tahun investasi dilakukan di Indonesia. Hasil lainnya dengan menggunakan Fixed Effect menunjukkan bahwa eksport, populasi dan pengeluaran daerah mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah tapi secara statistic hasil tersebut tidak signifikan.

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ABSTRACTStudies of the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on regional economic growth rate in Indonesia are still rare. Several previous studies reveal that FDI has no impact on regional economic growth in Indonesia. More studies are needed for comparison and to get more satisfactory results. My empirical study using OLS, Fixed Effect and Random Effect shows that the current FDI has a positive and statistically significant impact on the regional economic growth rate in Indonesia two years after the investment has been made. However, the current FDI does not have a statistically significant impact on the regional economic growth rate in the current and in the next year. In addition, using Fixed Effects, export, population, and local government spending increase regional economic growth rate but these results are statistically insignificant."

"Penelitian ini mengkaji pengaruh kepatuhan perjanjian TRIPS terhadap kegiatan FDI di negara-negara ASEAN-5. Studi ini berfokus pada negara-negara yang secara aktif mereformasi sistem hak kekayaan intelektual mereka setelah menandatangani perjanjian Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Hal ini berbeda dengan penelitian sebelumnya yang lebih menekankan aliran FDI dari negara asal ke berbagai kelompok negara tujuan investasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel dari negara-negara ASEAN-5 (Indonesia, Singapura, Malaysia, Thailand, dan Vietnam) dari tahun 1991 hingga 2020. Pendekatan data panel memungkinkan kita untuk mengkaji secara dinamis hubungan antara FDI dan perubahan kebijakan. Dalam analisis ini, tiga kemungkinan model yang digunakan dalam metode regresi, yaitu Pooled Least Square Model (PLS), Fixed Effect Model (FEM), dan Random Effect Model (REM). Uji Chow, uji Hausman, dan uji Breusch-Pagan/Cook-Weisberg dilakukan untuk menentukan model yang cocok. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa kepatuhan TRIPS tidak secara signifikan menarik investasi asing langsung (FDI) ke negara-negara ASEAN-5. Kemungkinan alasan kurangnya dampak ini mencakup berbagai tingkat kepatuhan perjanjian, penerapan yang berbeda, prioritas ekonomi, pertimbangan kebijakan, kondisi pasar, ketidaksepakatan antar negara, daya saing pasar global, dan faktor lainnya. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi pertimbangan penting untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh implementasi perjanjian TRIPS terhadap FDI di negara-negara ASEAN-5.

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This research examines the effect of compliance with the TRIPS agreement on FDI activities in ASEAN-5 countries. This research focuses on countries actively reforming their intellectual property rights systems after signing the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement. This differs from previous studies, which emphasize the flow of FDI from countries of origin to various groups of investment destination countries. This research uses panel data from ASEAN-5 countries (Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam) from 1991 to 2020. The panel data approach allows us to dynamically examine the relationship between FDI and policy changes. In this analysis, three possible models are used in the regression method, namely the Pooled Least Square Model (PLS), Fixed Effect Model (FEM), and Random Effect Model (REM). The Chow test, Hausman test, and Breusch-Pagan/Cook-Weisberg test were carried out to determine the suitable model. The findings show that TRIPS compliance doesn't significantly attract foreign direct investment (FDI) to the ASEAN-5 countries. Possible reasons for this lack of impact include varying levels of agreement compliance, differing implementation, economic priorities, policy considerations, market conditions, inter-country disagreements, global market competitiveness, and other factors. The results of this research are expected to be an essential consideration for evaluating the effect of the implementation of the TRIPS agreement on FDI in ASEAN-5 countries."

"Due to the lack of internal finance, a country might need a foreign investment. It also happens to Indonesia that is not recovery from its economic problems up to now. One of the solutions to this condition is by giving Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). By FDI it is hoped that it can employ a lot of people, and it can reduce the unemployment rate in this country, as a result it can increase the welfare of society.This study will focus on the relation between the given PPh incentives and Japanese Investor behavior in investing its fund, elaborate and analyze Japanese Investor to tax incentives given, and research, formulate and make the analysis on which tax incentive is the best way in inviting Japanese direct investor.This thesis is analytical descriptive which uses qualitative method by scrutinizing data in the form of information, theory from library research, then by analyzing the data to solve the formed case, so that conclusion can be drawn and suggestions and understanding to the influence in giving incentive to foreign direct investment can be given.The references theory in this research is one instrument to invite Japanese direct investment by giving tax incentive. However, tax administration is the key on the success of tax policy.It can be concluded that PPh facility given to tax payers in Indonesia who invest in certain business and area is quite good, in the result of the decrease of netto 30% (thirty percent) as the highest, quicken reduction and amortization, longer loss compensation and given PPh to the dividend as in Article 26 to 10% (ten percent), except if the valid tariff to the tax agreement is lower. Japanese Investors accept this facility positively, but they say it is more interesting if those tax facilities are followed by administration tax which gives law assurance.Tax incentive given by tax law is quite interesting for the Japanese investors to invest in Indonesia, but the regulations do not give the law assurance, they who have the license hope that they will be given the tax incentive as stated in the law, furthermore, it is suggested that the government not only faces on tax incentive to invite foreign direct investment but also is concern on the law assurance, security, eliminating high economy cost and improving infrastructure. Arranged and good tax administration will give law assurance and security to the investors. Furthermore, the license to foreign investors and the given PPh facilities are managed by one institution under one roof."