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"Setelah bergabung dengan World Trade Organization (WTO) tahun 2001, Cina mendapat label non-market economy (NME) karena sistem ekonominya yang terpusat. Penerapan metodologi NME yang diterima Cina, berlaku selama 15 tahun terhitung sejak aksesi. Pada tahun 2015, Uni Eropa merumuskan sebuah dokumen resolusi 2017/C399/12 yang berjudul, “Developing a sustainable European Industry of Base Metals” dan memperbarui instrumen pertahanan perdagangannya melalui, “The Basic Antidumping Regulation (BAR)” di tahun 2016. Kebijakan perdagangan yang dilakukan Uni Eropa tersebut bertepatan dengan berakhirnya metodologi NME Cina di tanggal 11 Desember 2016. Penelitian ini membahas alasan di balik diskriminasi Uni Eropa terhadap logam dasar Cina, meski penerapan metodologi NME telah berakhir. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dan teori neo-merkantilisme milik Friedrich List. Teori neo-merkantilisme bertujuan memaksimalkan penggunaan sumber daya yang dimiliki suatu negara untuk mencapai tingkat kekayaan dan kekuasaan tertinggi. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat tiga penyebab yang mendorong Uni Eropa tetap menerapkan diskriminasi perdagangan terhadap Cina. Pertama ancaman Cina terhadap industri logam dasar Eropa, kedua, tingkat perkembangan perekonomian Uni Eropa yang terganggu oleh dominasi Cina di sektor logam dasar, dan terakhir, diskriminasi perdagangan Uni Eropa terhadap Cina di bidang logam dasar merupakan bagian dari instrumen pertahanan perdagangan untuk mengoptimalkan kekuatan produktif dalam memberikan perlindungan pada Industri Logam Dasar. Penelitian ini berkontribusi untuk memahami pola kebijakan Uni Eropa terhadap mitra dagangnya.

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After joining the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, China was labeled a non-market economy (NME) due to its central planned economic system. The implementation of the NME methodology in which China accepted, is validated for 15 years since accession. In 2015, the European Union drafted a resolution document 2017/C399/12 entitled, "Developing a Sustainable European Industry of Base Metals" and updated its trade defense instruments through, "The Basic Antidumping Regulation (BAR)" in 2016. Trade policy The European Union's implementation coincided with the end of the Chinese NME methodology on December 11 2016. This research discusses the reasons behind the European Union's discrimination against Chinese base metals, even though the application of the NME methodology has ended. This research uses qualitative methods and Friedrich List's neo-mercantilism theory. Neo-mercantilism theory aims to maximize the use of a country's resources to achieve the highest level of wealth and power. The findings of this research show that there are three reasons that encourage the European Union to continue implementing trade discrimination against China. Firstly, China's threat to the European base metals industry, secondly, the level of development of the European Union economy which is disrupted by China's dominance in the basic metals sector, and finally, the European Union's trade discrimination against China in the base metals sector is part of the trade security instrument to optimize productive forces in providing protection to the Basic Metal Industry. This research contributes to understanding the European Union's policy patterns towards its trading partners."

"ABSTRAKThe relationship between Indonesia and European Union has already bond since years ago. An economic cooperation, especially in trade, was the beginning of it relation that made European Union an important business partner for Indonesia. Chapter one explains how European Union has a significant position in trade with Indonesia, where the percentage is more or less of 13 percent of Indonesian total trade worldwide. Mapping should be done in order divide Indonesian commodities into two parts, which are competitive commodities and uncompetitive commodities in European Union's market. There are several leading Indonesian commodities in European Union's market that should be secured ,and increased. Thus Indonesia is able to be more responsive to the European Union about the alternatives to increase market share. Commodities in this thesis are divided into five (5) categories such as fuels, agricultures and raw materials, food, ores and metals, and manufactures. Indonesia hopes that the integration of European Union will increase the export value of Indonesia to EU market, although there are some barriers in trading activities. One of the barriers is EU import policy that had been imposing to Indonesia export commodity, either tariff policy or non-tariff policy.Apparently, there are many perspectives about those trade policies that can be seen from European Union's (as the importer countries) and Indonesia's (as the exporter country) point of view. Because of that reason we have to recognize and identify -several factors that set up those policies such as Economic factor and Social-Politic factors.Finally, after the mapping and formulating factors of export activities, Indonesia is able to describe threat and opportunities in exporting commodities to the European Union's market. As results, the writer would like to give some opinions about alternative efforts to increase Indonesian export to European Union."

"Tesis ini membahas fenomena munculnya kebijakan Uni Eropa di bidang perfilman, dan bagaimana kebijakan itu mempengaruhi kebijakan perfilman di negara-negara anggota Uni EropaHasil penelitian yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan perfilman Uni Eropa terbentuk karena adanya shared ideas yang dimiliki para pemimpin dan pejabat Uni Eropa, serta pemimpin dan pejabat di negara-negara anggotanya. Shared ideas itu tumbuh karena pemahaman yang sama akan ancaman dan kepentingan yang dihadapi, terutama di bidang perfilman.Berdasarkan studi kasus kebijakan perfilman di negara-negara Jerman, Inggris, Italia dan Perancis, terlihat bahwa kebijakan dan regulasi perfilman di negara-negara itu sangat dipengaruhi oleh kebijakan perfilman Uni Eropa. Namun, kebijakan di level nasional itu, juga mempengaruhi kebijakan di tingkat Uni Eropa.

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The Focus of this study is about European Union Film Policy, and how those policy influence film policy in European Union member state.This research showed that the formulation of European Unon Film Policy, is based on shared ideas that slowly develop among European Union leaders and its member states leaders. This shared ideas is came from the same feeling of treat and interest that developed among European leader.Based on case studies of Germany, Britain, Italy and France national film policy, we can see that regulation and film policy in those country is definitely being influenced by European Union Film Policy. But those country policy also influence decision making in European level."

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Studi ini membahas pentingnya fasilitasi perdagangan dalam kinerja logistik untuk mendorong ekspor Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan model gravitasi struktural untuk menganalisis pengaruh kinerja logistik terhadap besarnya ekspor produk tekstil dari Indonesia ke negara-negara mitra dagangnya di seluruh dunia. Secara khusus, studi ini menggunakan Logistics Performance Index (LPI) sebagai proksi untuk fasilitasi perdagangan dan LPI sebagai cerminan kebijakan perdagangan non-diskriminatif dari negara asal. Selanjutnya, penelitian ini juga menggunakan data perdagangan intranasional dalam persamaan gravitasi struktural untuk memastikan bahwa efek estimasi untuk kebijakan ekspor non-diskriminatif dalam logistik dapat diidentifikasi walau dengan adanya fixed effect. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa LPI dapat berperan dalam memperluas ekspor produk tekstil dari Indonesia.

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This study discusses the importance of trade facilitation in logistic performance to boost Indonesia’s export. This work uses a structural gravity model to analyse the effect of logistics performance with respect to the export magnitude of textile products from Indonesia to its trading partner countries worldwide. In particular, it employs the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) as a proxy for trade facilitation and as a non-discriminatory trade policy of the origin country. Further, this study considers intranational trade in the structural gravity equation to ensure that the estimation effects for the non-discriminatory export policy in logistics can be identified in the presence of the fixed effect. The estimation results reveal that the LPI could play a role in expanding the export of textile products from Indonesia.

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"Tesis ini membahas mengenai isu pendidikan di Eropa yang saat ini sedang memfokuskan pada peningkatan kualitas dan inovasinya agar mampu bersaing secara kompetitif di seluruh dunia. Pada dasarnya kebijakan pendidikan dibentuk dengan tujuan untuk melaksanakan kewajiban pasar internal yang sangat bergantung pada kondisi ekonomi saat itu, sehingga akhirnya Uni Eropa menciptakan kerangka kebijakan pendidikan yang berpusat pada dimensi ekonomi, politik, sosial dan budaya agar dapat memperkuat standar hidup warga Eropa yang cerdas, berkelanjutan dan inklusif sesuai dengan target “Strategi Eropa 2020” untuk menjadikan Eropa negara ekonomi berbasis pengetahuan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan hubungan internasional, ekonomi dan budaya. Adapun teori yang digunakan sebagai instrumen analisis yaitu teori neo-institusionalisme (yang dikemukakan oleh William R. Scott) dengan tiga pilar elemen analisisnya, yaitu pilar normatif, regulatif, dan kultural-kognitif, serta teori modal manusia (yang dikemukakan oleh Garry S. Becker). Teori ini berkaitan dengan pencapaian produktivitas ekonomi melalui investasi modal manusia dalam program pendidikan dan pelatihan, serta sumber daya manusia sebagai tenaga kerja.

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This thesis discusses the issue of education in Europe which is currently focusing on improving its quality and innovation in order to be able to compete competitively around the world. Basically, education policy was formed with the aim of carrying out the obligations of the internal market which is very dependent on the current economic conditions at that time, in order the European Union created an educational policy framework centered on the economic, political, social and cultural dimensions in order to strengthen the standard of living of its citizens to be smart, sustainable and inclusive in accordance with the target of the "European 2020 Strategy " to make Europe as a knowledge-based economy. The methods used in this research are qualitative methods with an approach to international relations, economics and culture. The theory used as an instrument of analysis is neo-institutionalism theory (by William R. Scott) with three pillars of its analysis elements (normative, regulative, and cultural-cognitive pillars), and Human Capital Theory (by Garry S. Bcker). This theory deals with achieving economic productivity through investment in human capital in education and training programs, and human resources as labor."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas mengapa Turki menerapkan kebijakan luar negeri untuk menyepakati kerjasama dengan Uni Eropa menerima imigran ireguler yang ditolak oleh Uni Eropa dan membendung arus imigran ireguler ke Eropa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan analisis studi kasus. Jumlah imigran ireguler ke Eropa dan Turki semakin meningkat seiring dengan berlangsungnya Arab Spring terutama sejak pecahnya perang sipil di Suriah. Peningkatan jumlah imigran ireguler ke Eropa dapat memunculkan beberapa masalah stabilitas sehingga mendorong Uni Eropa untuk meminta bantuan Turki dalam membendung aliran imigran ireguler melalui kerjasama. Turki yang kekuatannya tidak sebesar Uni Eropa dan sebagai penampung pengungsi terbanyak menyepakati kerjasama tersebut. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Turki menyepakati kerjasama berdasarkan pertimbangan pengambilan kebijakan luar negerinya yang dipengaruhi oleh situasi pembuatan keputusan, faktor psikologi, faktor internasional dan faktor dalam negeri. Lebih khusus,Turki menggunakan kerjasama ini untuk memperoleh keuntungan antara lain bantuan dana, penguatan kerjasama ekonomi melalui Customs Union, tindakan kemanusiaan bagi pengungsi Suriah dan yang terpenting adalah aksesi masuk dalam keanggotaan Uni Eropa serta pembebasan visa bagi warga Turki yang berkunjung ke wilayah Schengen.

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ABSTRACTThis study discusses why Turkey implemented their foreign policy for dealing with EU to accommodate rejected irregular migrants from Europe and combat irregular migrants flow to Europe. This study is using qualitative method with case study approach. The number of irregular migrants are increasing during Arab Spring especially since Syrian civil war began. This condition may bring problems for European stability. Therefore the EU includes Turkey in a deal to manage irregular migrant issue. Turkey which has their own migrant issues as host of country with the largest refugee population in the world, ends up making agreement on this deal. The result of the study shows that Turkey made agreement with EU on their basis of their foreign policy considerations which are affected by decission environment, psychological factors, international factors, and domestic factors. Turkey using this issue to get some interests such as humanitarian assistances, strengthen economy coorporation through Customs Union, humanitarian action for syrian refugees and most importantly to get accession to EU and visa liberation for Turkey citizen to visit Schengen area."

"Penelitian ini akan mengkaji Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement terhadap tindakan proteksi impor crude palm oil yang dilakukan oleh Uni Eropa terhadap Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki permasalahan antara Indonesia-Uni Eropa dalam hambatanperdagangan proteksi impor CPO. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif yakniberdasarkan dokumen Pustaka seperti buku, jurnal, peraturan Perundang-undangan dan lain- lan. Adapun bahan hukum yang dipergunakan yakni GATT serta Perjanjian Internasional dan Undang-Undang yang terkait. Bahan hukum sekunder berupa artikel-artikel yang terkait. Berdasarkan temuan hipotesis penelitian yakni konsumsi barang domestik yang diproduksi di Uni Eropa mengalami penurunan sedangkan impor meningkat setelah terbitnya RED II 2018. Hambatan perdagangan merupakan hal yang dilarang oleh WTO, tetapi negara-negara diizinkan untuk memberlakukan pembatasan perdagangan untuk melindungi industri dan lingkungan negara tersebut. Namun, Uni Eropa telah memperlakukan barang impor dalam hal ini CPO secara tidak adil. Ini terbukti dalam konsep eksplisit RED II Uni Eropa, yang menganggap negara lain akan mengadopsi norma pasar yang searah dengan kebijakan Uni Eropa atau mematuhi standar Uni Eropa untuk mempertahankan akses ke pasar Uni Eropa. Konsekuensinya, Uni Eropa dapat memanfaatkan dominasi pasarnya untuk mendorong negara lain.

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This research will examine the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement on the protection measures for the import of crude palm oil by the European Union against Indonesia. This study aims to investigate the problems between Indonesia and the European Union in trade barriers to protect CPO imports. This research is a normative juridical research based on literary documents such as books, journals, laws and regulations and others. The legal materials used are GATT as well as international agreements and related laws. Secondary legal material in the form of related articles. Based on the findings of the

research hypothesis, namely the consumption of domestic goods produced in the European Union has decreased while imports have increased after the publication of RED II 2018. Trade barriers are prohibited by the WTO, but countries are allowed to impose trade restrictions to protect the country's industry and the environment. However, the European Union treats imported goods, in this case CPO, unfairly. This is evident in the EU's explicit concept of RED II, which presupposes that other countries will adopt market norms consistent with EU policies or adhere to EU standards in order to maintain access to EU markets. Consequently, the European Union can leverage its market dominance to encourage other countries."

"Hubungan Uni Eropa (UE) dan Myanmar mengalami pasang surut sejak tahun 1990an hingga saat ini, dan diwarnai banyak pemberian sanksi UE atas Myanmar. Hubungan mereka mulai membaik ketika Myanmar melakukan transisi politik di tahun 2010. Sanksi-sanksi UE dicabut dan peningkatan kerja sama terjadi seiring dengan perubahan politik Myanmar. Namun, pasca demokrasi, hubungan keduanya kembali memanas ketika terjadi penyerangan oleh militer Myanmar terhadap etnis Rohingya di Negara Bagian Rakhine pada tahun 2017. Ribuan etnis Rohingnya dilaporkan menjadi korban dan mengakibatkan arus pengungsi cukup besar keluar Myanmar. UE merespon tindakan militer Myanmar dan mengecam pemerintah yang dianggap tidak melakukan apa-apa. Namun, respon UE kali ini tidak setegas dan sekeras sanksi-sanksi UE sebelumnya. Sanksi UE menuai protes dari NGO dan pembela hak asasi manusia karena dianggap tidak memberikan insentif yang kuat bagi militer Myanmar. Tesis ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis praktik teori Selective Aid Sanctions dalam keputusan sanksi bantuan UE ke Myanmar terkait konflik Rohingya 2017-2019. Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dan fokus pada faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan UE dalam memberikan sanksi kepada Myanmar. Berdasarkan teori Selective Aid Sanctions, keputusan sanksi UE ini kemungkinan dipengaruhi oleh tiga hal, yaitu kondisi hubungan UE-Myanmar, eksternalitas negatif yang ditimbulkan terhadap UE dan pertimbangan jenis sanksi bantuan luar negeri. Penulis menemukan bahwa kondisi hubungan UE-Myanmar yang sudah semakin membaik meningkatkan kepentingan ekonomi maupun keamanan UE di Myanmar sehingga sulit untuk membuat keputusan sanksi seperti dahulu. Sementara untuk dua variabel lainnya, penulis tidak menemukan keterkaitan yang kuat yang dapat mempengaruhi keputusan sanksi UE.

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The relationship between the EU and Myanmar has had its ups and downs since the 1990s until now and has been marked by many EU sanctions against Myanmar. Their relationship began to improve when Myanmar made a political transition in 2010. EU sanctions were lifted, and increased cooperation occurred as Myanmar's politics changed. However, post-democracy, the relationship between the two became heated again when there was an attack by the Myanmar military against the Rohingya in Rakhine State in 2017. Thousands of Rohingya were reported to have been victims and resulted in a large flow of refugees out of Myanmar. The EU responded to the actions of the Myanmar military and condemned the government for doing nothing. However, the EU's response this time was not as firm and harsh as previous EU sanctions. The EU sanctions have drawn protests from NGOs and human rights defenders because they are deemed not to provide strong incentives for the Myanmar military. This thesis aims to analyze the practice of Selective Aid Sanctions theory in the decision of EU aid sanction to Myanmar related to the 2017-2019 Rohingya conflict. This research is qualitative research and focuses on the factors of EU’s decision in imposing sanctions on Myanmar. Based on the theory of Selective Aid Sanctions, the EU sanctions decision may be influenced by three things, namely the condition of the EU-Myanmar relationship, the negative externalities caused to the EU and the consideration of the types of foreign aid sanctions. The author finds that the improving condition of EU-Myanmar relations has increased the economic and security interests of the EU in Myanmar, making it difficult to make sanctions decisions as in the past. Meanwhile, for the other two variables, the authors did not find a strong relationship that could influence the EU sanctions decision."

"Tesis ini bertujuan menganalisis mengenai pertanyaan penelitian, mengapa Benelux melakukan kerjasama keamanan untuk memperkuat Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) Uni Eropa'Bagaimana Benelux mendukung kebijakan Uni Eropa dalam merespons perang Rusia-Ukraina (2014-2022), serta pendekatan apa yang dilakukan Benelux untuk itu. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan deskriptif analitik dengan menganalisis data-data yang bersumber dari data sekunder. Penelitian ini menggunakan empat level analisis teori Regional Security Complex oleh Barry Buzan dan menggunakan konsep keamanan kooperatif di tiap tingkat analisis tersebut. Temuan penelitian ini, Benelux dalam mendukung CFSP Uni Eropa dalam merespons perang Rusia-Ukraina belum kolektif secara institusional. Faktor kepentingan domestik Benelux tetap menjadi pertimbangan masing-masing negara. Selain itu ketergantungan Benelux terhadap Uni Eropa sebagai suatu kekuatan, sangat penting dalam menjaga stabilitas keamanan Benelux.

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This thesis aims to analyze the research question, why is the Benelux conducting security cooperation to strengthen the EU CFSP? How the Benelux supported the EU's policy in response to the Russian-Ukrainian war (2014-2022), as well as what approach the Benelux took to it. This research uses a qualitative method with descriptive analytics by analyzing data sourced from secondary data. This study used four levels of analysis of the theory of the Regional Security Complex by Barry Buzan and used the concept of cooperative security at each level of analysis. The findings of this study, the Benelux in supporting the EU CFSP in responding to the Russian-Ukrainian war have not been institutionally collective. The factor of domestic interests of the Benelux remains the consideration of each country. In addition, the Benelux's dependence on the European Union as a power, is very important in maintaining the security stability of the Benelux."

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Skripsi ini membahas bentuk diskriminasi yang dilakukan oleh Uni Eropa melalui kebijakan Renewable Energy Directive (RED) terhadap komoditi sawit yang berdampak pada negara produsen sawit diantaranya Indonesia dan Malaysia. Uni Eropa melakukan bentuk diskriminasi melalui skema Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC) dan sertifikasi sebagai syarat diberlakukannya RED. Skema ILUC memberikan hambatan non-tarif dan  hambatan tarif. Komoditi sawit dikategorikan sebagai komoditi High Risk karena memiliki nilai ILUC yang tinggi, hal ini bedampak pada penurunan nilai jual sawit di Uni Eropa. Selain skema ILUC, sertifikasi Certification of Sustainable Palm Oil (CSPO) RED juga memberikan hambatan non-tarif yang membatasi masuknya komoditi sawit ke pasar Uni Eropa, hal ini dikarenakan sertifikasi CSPO-RED bersifat wajib bagi komoditi yang akan masuk kedalam pasar Uni Eropa. Kedua hambatan tersebut merugikan Malaysia dan Indonesia sebagai eksportir terbesar sawit ke Uni Eropa. Indonesia dan Malaysia dirugikan karena terkena dampak tarif biaya dari skema ILUC sehingga menurunkan harga jual minyak sawit, selain itu Malaysia dan Indonesia juga dirugikan dengan tidak diakuinya sertifikasi lokal MSPO dan ISPO yang tidak berbeda jauh dari CSPO-RED. Diskriminasi yang dilakukan oleh RED Uni Eropa dalam skripsi ini penulis jelaskan menggunakan analisis teori proteksionisme oleh Levy dan mengaitkannya langsung dengan prinsip Non-diskriminasi World Trade Organization (WTO). Bentuk proteksionisme RED Uni Eropa dianalisa berdasarkan tingkat transparansinya (Intentional), Incidental, dan Instrumental Protectionism.

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This thesis discusses the forms of discrimination carried out by the European Union through the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) policy on palm oil commodities that have an impact on palm producing countries including Indonesia and Malaysia. The European Union carries out forms of discrimination through the Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC) scheme and certification as a condition for the enactment of RED. The ILUC scheme provides non-tariff barriers and tariff barriers. The palm oil commodity is categorized as a High Risk commodity because it has a high ILUC value, this affects the decline in the value of palm oil sales in the European Union. In addition to the ILUC certification scheme, the Certification of Sustainable Palm Oil (CSPO) RED also provides non-tariff barriers that limit the entry of palm oil commodities into the European Union market, this is because CSPO-RED certification is mandatory for commodities that will enter the EU market. Both of these obstacles harm Malaysia and Indonesia as the largest exporters of palm oil to the European Union. Indonesia and Malaysia were disadvantaged because they were affected by the cost tariffs of the ILUC scheme, thereby reducing the selling price of palm oil, besides that Malaysia and Indonesia were also disadvantaged by the non-recognition of MSPO and ISPO local certification that did not differ greatly from CSPO-RED. Discrimination conducted by RED of the European Union in this thesis the author explains using the analysis of protectionist theory by Levy and relates it directly to the principle of Non-discrimination World Trade Organization (WTO). The forms of protectionism of the EU RED are analyzed based on the level of transparency (Incentional), Incidental, and Instrumental Protectionism.

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