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Syok pada anak masih menjadi masalah utama karena mortalitas yang tinggi. Penilaian respons terhadap resusitasi cairan dapat menggunakan parameter klinis dan parameter hemodinamik invasif maupun non-invasif. Modalitas ultrasound cardiac output monitor (USCOM) pada populasi anak dengan syok memiliki korelasi yang baik dengan baku emas parameter hemodinamik invasif, tetapi memiliki beberapa keterbatasan. Modalitas lain yang semakin berkembang yaitu menggunakan point of care ultrasound (POCUS), dengan salah satu penilaian yang dapat dilakukan adalah pemeriksaan indeks kolapsibilitas vena jugularis interna (IKVJI). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan antara stroke volume dengan IKVJI dalam menilai respons resusitasi cairan pada anak syok. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain observasional analitik, dilakukan di RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo pada bulan Maret hingga Juni 2024. Subyek penelitian adalah anak usia 1 bulan hingga 18 tahun yang mengalami syok yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Parameter klinis, penilaian stroke volume dengan USCOM dan IKVJI dinilai sebelum dan sesudah resusitasi cairan. Berdasarkan analisis studi didapatkan 47 subyek sampel penelitian, 27 orang perempuan (57,4%), dengan median usia 82,9 (4,0–212,0) bulan. Status gizi, terbanyak adalah gizi baik (42,6%). Diagnosis terbanyak adalah syok hipovolemik (74,5%) diikuti syok sepsis (25,5%). Sebanyak 2 pasien meninggal dalam 24 jam pertama.  Pemantuan post-resusitasi cairan menunjukkan perbaikan laju nadi, tekanan darah, dan mean arterial pressure (p<0,0001), peningkatan nilai stroke volume (p<0,0001), dan perubahan nilai IKVJI (p<0,0001). Korelasi delta stroke volume dan delta IKVJI adalah negatif lemah (r=-0,309, p=0,035). Korelasi MAP dan IKVJI juga negatif lemah  (r=-0,359, p=0,013).

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Shock in children is still a major problem due to high mortality. Assessment of the response to fluid resuscitation can be done using clinical and hemodynamic parameters through invasive and non-invasive tools. The ultrasound cardiac output monitor (USCOM) among children with shock has a good correlation with the gold standard of invasive hemodynamic parameters but has some limitations. Another commonly used modality is point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS), with one of the assessments being the examination of the internal jugular vein collapsibility index (IJV-CI). The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between stroke volume and IJV-CI changes in order to assess fluid responsiveness in children with shock. Between March and June 2024, an analytical observational study was undertaken in the emergency department and pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary referral hospital. The study subjects were children aged 1 month to 18 years who experienced shock and met the inclusion criteria. A thorough history taking, physical examination, and stroke volume assessment using the Ultrasonic Cardiac Output Monitor, and IJV-CI utilizing ultrasound before and after fluid resuscitation were conducted. This study included 47 subjects, of which there were 27 females (57.4%), with a median age of 82.9 (4.0–212.0) months. For nutritional status, most were normal (42.6%). The most common diagnosis was hypovolemic shock (74.5%) followed by septic shock (25.5%). Mortality in the first 24 hours was 2 patients. After fluid resuscitation, there was an improvement in pulse rate, blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure (p<0.0001), as well as increased stroke volume post fluid resuscitation (p<0.0001) and changes in IJV-CI post fluid resuscitation (p<0.0001). The correlation between stroke volume delta and IJV-CI delta was negative and weak (r=-0.309, p=0.035). The correlation between IJV-CI and MAP was also negative and weak (r=-0.359, p=0.013).

 

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"Latar belakang. Pada pasien yang menjalani pembedahan, penilaian volume intravaskular sangat penting dan prediksi respons terhadap pemberian cairan seringkali tidak mudah. Terdapat peningkatan signifikan resiko morbiditas dan mortalitas pascaoperasi pada pemberian cairan yang restriktif dan liberal. Evaluasi indeks distensibilitas vena jugularis interna merupakan alternatif untuk menentukan status volume intravaskular karena kemudahan akses dan visualisasi dengan ultrasonografi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kesesuaian metode pengukuran indeks distensibilitas vena jugularis interna dengan pengukuran isi sekuncup dengan ekokardiografi Doppler transtorakal dalam penilaian respons terhadap pemberian cairan pada pasien pembedahan elektif.Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan uji diagnostik dengan rancangan penelitian potong lintang dan melibatkan 79 subyek yang menjalani pembedahan elektif di RSCM dengan anestesia umum. Pascainduksi anestesia, pengukuran indeks distensibilitas vena jugularis interna dan isi sekuncup dengan ekokardiografi transtorakal dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah pemberian cairan. Subyek yang mengalami peningkatan isi sekuncup lebih dari 10% dikategorikan sebagai responder. Data kemudian dianalisis untuk menilai kesesuaian variabel dalam prediksi respons terhadap pemberian cairan.Hasil. Sebanyak 45 subyek (57%) merupakan responder. Berdasarkan analisis kurva ROC indeks distensibilitas vena jugularis interna terhadap respons pemberian cairan, nilai AUC didapatkan sebesar 0,871 (95% CI: 0,790–0,951). Nilai ambang batas optimal didapatkan pada nilai indeks distensibilitas >12,62% dengan sensitivitas 84,4% dan spesifisitas 79,4%.Simpulan. Metode pengukuran indeks distensibilitas vena jugularis interna memiliki kesesuaian dengan pengukuran isi sekuncup melalui ekokardiografi Doppler transtorakal dalam penilaian respons terhadap pemberian cairan pada pasien pembedahan elektif.

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Background. In patients undergoing surgery, the assessment of intravascular volume is crucial, and predicting fluid responsiveness is often uneasy. There is a significant increase in postoperative morbidity and mortality risks associated with both restrictive and liberal fluid administration. Evaluating the internal jugular vein distensibility index is an alternative method to determine intravascular volume status due to its ease of access and visualization using ultrasonography. This study aims to determine the correlation between the measurement of the internal jugular vein distensibility index and the measurement of stroke volume using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography in assessing fluid responsiveness of patients undergoing elective surgery.

Methods. This study is a diagnostic test with a cross-sectional design involving 79 subjects undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia at RSCM. After anesthesia induction, measurements of the internal jugular vein distensibility index and stroke volume using transthoracic echocardiography were performed before and after fluid administration. Subjects experiencing an increase in stroke volume of more than 10% were categorized as responders. The data were then analyzed to assess the suitability of variables in predicting fluid responsiveness.

Results. A total of 45 subjects (57%) were responders. Based on the ROC curve analysis of the internal jugular vein distensibility index in relation to fluid responsiveness, an AUC value of 0.871 (95% CI: 0.790–0.951) was obtained. The optimal cut-off value was found at an internal jugular vein distensibility index >12.62% with a sensitivity of 84.4% and specificity of 79.4%.

Conclusion. Internal jugular vein distensibility index correlates with the measurement of stroke volume using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography in assessing fluid responsiveness in elective surgery patients."

"Latar Belakang : Syok sepsis merupakan kondisi mengancam nyawa dengan beban morbiditas dan mortalitas tinggi terutama di Asia Tenggara. Perencanaan resusitasi cairan yang optimal pada pasien sepsis membutuhkan panduan status hemodinamik tubuh, namun pengukuran Central Venous Pressure (CVP) yang saat ini paling umum digunakan merupakan tindakan invasif dengan segala kekurangannya. Sejumlah penelitian sebelumnya mengajukan pemeriksaan ultrasonografi vena cava inferior (USG IVC) sebagai metode alternatif estimasi status hemodinamik tubuh, namun dengan hasil yang bervariasi. Diskrepansi hasil penelitian sebelumnya dan kurangnya data penelitian pada populasi syok sepsis di Indonesia menunjukkan perlunya ada penelitian lebih lanjut. Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi antara parameter USG IVC berupa diameter, Collapsibility Index (CI), dan velositas maksimal (maxV) terhadap nilai CVP. Metode : Desain penelitian merupakan studi korelasi dengan teknik potong lintang. Data primer didapatkan dari hasil pemeriksaan USG IVC dan CVP menggunakan manometer manual dari sampel pasien syok sepsis yang dirawat di RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo dengan waktu penelitian Juli hingga Oktober 2020. Pengukuran diameter, CI, dan maxV dari IVC diambil di regio subxiphoid, dilakukan sendiri oleh peneliti dengan supervisi langsung dari spesialis radiologi konsultan abdomen. Hasil : Didapatkan 27 sampel USG IVC tanpa perbedaan proporsi yang bermakna antar subyek berdasarkan umur dan jenis kelaminnya. Didapatkan korelasi positif sedang antara diameter dengan nilai CVP (r = 0,459, p = 0,016), korelasi negatif sedang antara CI dengan nilai CVP (r = - 0,571, p = 0,002), dan tidak ada korelasi yang bermakna secara statistik antara maxV dengan nilai CVP (r = 0,074, p = 0,715). Kesimpulan : Korelasi bermakna antara diameter dan CI IVC terhadap nilai CVP menunjukkan bahwa pemeriksaan USG IVC dapat digunakan sebagai metode pemeriksaan alternatif non-invasif untuk estimasi nilai CVP dalam perencanaan penatalaksanaan pasien syok sepsis.

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Background : Septic shock is one of life-threatening condition with high morbidity and mortality rate, especially in the South East Asia. Optimal fluid resuscitation planning requires adequate portrayal of hemodynamic status, but the most often used indicator, Central Venous Pressure (CVP), is an invasive procedure with all its drawbacks. Several studies has been done worldwide to propose Inferior Vena Cava Ultrasonography (IVC USG) as an alternative method to estimate hemodynamic status, to varying degree of success. These discrepancies from previous studies, and the lack of data for septic shock population in Indonesia suggests the need for further study.

Objective : This study aims to determine the correlation strength between IVC USG parameters such as diameter, Collapsibility Index (CI), and maximum velocity (maxV) with CVP. Method : The study design is cross-sectional correlation study. Primary data was acquired from IVC USG examination results and CVP values was acquired by manual measurement from septic shock patients in Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital (RSUPN CM) from July until October 2020. Measurements of diameter, CI, and maxV were done in the subxiphoid region under direct supervision from abdominal consultant radiologist. Result: In total, 27 samples of IVC USG were acquired without statistically significant difference of proportion across age and gender. Moderate positive correlation were found between diameter and CVP (r = 0,459, p = 0,016). Moderate negative correlation were found between CI and CVP (r = - 0,571, p = 0,002). No statistically significant correlation were found between maxV and CVP (r = 0,074, p = 0,715). Conclusion : Significant correlation between IVC diameter and CI with CVP values implies that IVC USG is an acceptable non-invasive alternative method to estimate CVP values in accordance to septic shock therapy planning."

"Latar belakang: Renjatan merupakan masalah utama di ruang emergensi dan rawat intensif anak. Resusitasi cairan pada renjatan hanya memberikan repons pada 50% pasien. Pemberian cairan yang berlebih akan meningkatkan morbiditas dan mortalitas. Indeks dinamis memiliki keterbatasan dalam memprediksi fluid responsiveness. Left Ventricular End Diastolic Volume Index (LVEDVI) belum banyak diteliti dan dapat mengatasi keterbatasan indeks dinamis.Tujuan: Mengidentifikasi peran LVEDVI sebagai prediktor fluid responsiveness terhadap pemberian cairan resusitasi pada anak dengan renjatan.Metode: Ini adalah penelitian uji diagnostik-potong lintang pada anak dengan renjatan di ruang emergensi dan rawat intensif anak RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo Juni hingga November 2018. Pengukuran LVEDVI dilakukan menggunakan USCOM dan dibandingkan dengan peningkatan isi sekuncup ≥15% setelah fluid challenge sebagai kriteria fluid responsive. Sampel dimasukkan ke dalam kelompok fluid responsive dan fluid nonresponsive.Hasil: Dari 40 subyek penelitian, didapatkan 60 sampel fluid challenge. Terdapat 31 sampel di kelompok fluid responsive dan 29 sampel di kelompok fluid nonresponsive. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna rerata LVEDVI pada kedua kelompok (p=0,161). Nilai AUROC LVEDVI 40,9% pada titik potong 68,95 mL/m², dengan sensitivitas 45,16% dan spesifisitas 44,83%.Simpulan: Penelitian ini tidak dapat membuktikan LVEDVI dapat berperan sebagai prediktor fluid responsiveness.

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Background: Shock is a major problem in the Pediatric Emergency and Intensive Care Unit. Fluid resuscitation for shock only provides response in 50% of patients. Excessive fluid administration will increase morbidity and mortality. Dynamic indexes have limitations in predicting fluid responsiveness. Left Ventricular End Diastolic Volume Index (LVEDVI) has not been widely studied and can overcome the limitations of dynamic indexes.Objective: To identify LVEDVI as a predictor of fluid responsiveness in children with shock.Method: This was a cross-sectional diagnostic study in children with shock in the emergency room and pediatric intensive care unit of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital RSUPN from June to November 2018. The LVEDVI measurements were performed using USCOM and compared with an increase in stroke volume ≥15% after fluid challenge as fluid responsiveness criteria. Sample then categorized into fluid responsive and fluid nonresponsive group.Results: Of 40 subjects, 60 fluid challenge samples were obtained. There were 31 samples in the fluid responsive group and 29 in the fluid nonresponsive group. There was no significant mean difference of LVEDVI in the two groups (p=0.161). The AUROC of LVEDVI is 40,9% with cut off value of 68,95mL/m². The sensitivity and specificity are 45,16% and 44,83% respectively.Conclusion: This study cannot prove LVEDVI can act as a predictor of fluid responsiveness."

"Latar belakang: Penilaian fluid responsiveness merupakan masalah dalam tatalaksana pasien, terutama pasien dengan penyakit kritis. Stroke volume variation (SVV) adalah parameter hemodinamik untuk menilai fluid responsiveness. Pengukuran SVV dapat dilakukan dengan USCOM, yang merupakan alat pemantauan hemodinamik non invasif berbasis ekokardiografi DopplerTujuan: Mengetahui nilai cut-off point (titik potong optimal) SVV dengan USCOM sebagai prediktor fluid responsiveness pada pasien yang bernapas spontan maupn dengan ventilasi mekanik.Metode: Penelitan dilaksanakan di Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) dan UGD (Unit Gawat Darurat). Penelitian ini merupakan uji diagnostik dengan menggunakan peningkatan stroke volume (SV) setelah challenge cairan ringer laktat 10 ml/kg berat badan selama 15 menit sebagai indek. Subyek penelitian baik yang bernapas spontan maupun dengan ventilasi mekanik. Peningkatan nilai SV ≥10% disebut responder dan < 10% disebut non responder. Pengukuran SV dengan USCOM dilakukan sebelum dan setelah challenge, dan pengukuran SVV dilakukan sebelum challenge cairan.Hasil: Sebanyak 73 pengukuran terhadap subyek di PICU dan UGD. Area under curve (AUC) untuk seluruh subyek adalah 85,6% (95% IK 77,1% - 94,1%), p < 0,05. Titik potong optimal SVV adalah 28,5%, dengan sensitivitas 81,8% dan spesisifitas 75,9%. AUC subyek ventilasi mekanik adalah 76,6% (95% IK 60,1%-93,1%), p < 0,05. Titik potong optimal SVV adalah 30%, dengan sensitivitas 72,7% dan spesisifitas 70%. AUC subyek dengan pernapasan spontan adalah 93,7% (95% IK 84,6% - 100%), p < 0,05. Titik potong optimal SVV 28,5%, dengan sensitivitas 90,9% dan spesisifitas 84,2%.Simpulan USCOM memilki validitas yang baik untuk menilai SVV baik pada pasien bernapas spontan maupun dengan ventilasi mekanik.

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Background: Assessment of fluid responsiveness is a problem in the management of patients, particularly patients with critical illness. Stroke volume variation (SVV) is a hemodynamic parameter to assess fluid responsiveness. Measurement of SVV could be done by USCOM, which is a non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring tool based on Doppler echocardiography.Objective: To determine the optimal SVV cut-off point measured by USCOM as a predictor of fluid responsiveness in spontaneously breathing and mechanically ventilated patients.Methods: Research was conducted in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and emergency room (ER). This study is a diagnostic test based on the increment of stroke volume (SV) after fluid challenge using Ringer's lactate 10 mL / kg body weight for 15 minutes as an index. The subjects are both spontaneously breathing and mechanically ventilated patients. Responders are those who experienced increment ≥10% from baseline SV, and non-responders are those who did not meet the criteria. Measurements of SV using USCOM were performed before and after fluid challenge, meanwhile SVV measurement was performed before fluid challenge.Results: A total of 73 measurements were performed at the PICU and ER. Area under the curve (AUC) for all subjects was 85.6% (95% CI 77.1% - 94.1%), p value <0.05. Optimal SVV cut-off point was 28.5%, with sensitivity of 81.8% and specificity 75.9%. In mechanically ventilated subgroup, the AUC was 76.6% (95% CI 60.1% -93.1%), p value <0.05. The optimal SVV cut-off point of this group was 30%, with sensitivity of 72.7% and specificity of 70%. Lastly, the AUC of subjects with spontaneous breathing was 93.7% (95% CI 84.6% - 100%), p value <0.05. The optimal SVV cut of point in this group was 28.5%, with sensitivity of 90.9% and specificity of 84.2%.Conclusion: USCOM is valid for assessing SVV as a fluid responsiveness predictor, in patients with spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation."

"Resusitasi cairan yang berlebihan selama pengobatan awal syok septik pediatri berhubungan dengan komplikasi seperti edema paru dan disfungsi organ. Pada pasien dewasa, penggunaan vasopresor dini dianjurkan untuk mengembalikan perfusi tanpa menyebabkan kelebihan cairan. Namun, penelitian mengenai penggunaan awal norepinefrin (NE) pada anak dengan syok sepsis masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai pengaruh pemberian NE dini terhadap jumlah cairan resusitasi, kadar laktat, dan kejadian edema paru pada anak dengan syok sepsis. Penelitian ini merupakan uji klinis acak dengan label terbuka yang dilakukan di satu pusat yaitu RS Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta pada bulan Maret hingga Mei 2024. Penelitian ini melibatkan 42 pasien anak dengan sepsis. Peserta dibagi secara acak menjadi dua kelompok: kelompok intervensi yang menerima loading cairan dengan tambahan NE dini 0,1 mcg/kg/menit (n=21) dan kelompok kontrol yang mendapat loading cairan sesuai protokol standar (n=21). Parameter jumlah cairan yang diberikan, kadar laktat, edema paru, dan hemodinamik dievaluasi dengan melakukan pemeriksaan klinis serta pemeriksaan USCOM, dan ultrasonografi paru. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa pemberian NE sejak awal resusitasi tidak terbukti mengurangi jumlah cairan resusitasi pada anak dengan syok sepsis yang bermakna, namun tren jumlah cairan resusitasi lebih sedikit pada kelompok perlakuan dibanding kelompok kontrol (p=0,060), Selain itu, juga tidak terbukti adanya perbedaan kadar laktat pasca-pemberian NE dini dibandingkan kontrol [8/21(38%) vs 4/21 (28,6%), p=0,306], serta tidak terbukti adanya perbedaan kejadian edema paru pasca-pemberian NE dini dibandingkan kontrol [7/21 (33%) vs 5/21 (24%); p=0,734]. Sedangkan untuk pengukuran stroke volume index, cardiac index, dan systemic vascular resistancy index, tidak terbukti terdapat perbedaan antara kelompok loading cairan ditambah NE dini dengan kelompok loading cairan saja. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pemberian NE dini tidak terbukti mengurangi jumlah cairan resusitasi pada anak dengan syok sepsis, namun tren jumlah cairan resusitasi lebih sedikit.

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Excessive fluid resuscitation during initial treatment of pediatric septic shock is associated with complications such as pulmonary edema and organ dysfunction. In adult patients, early use of vasopressors is recommended to restore perfusion without causing fluid overload. However, research on the early use of norepinephrine (NE) in children with septic shock is limited. This study aims to assess the effect of early NE administration on the amount of resuscitation fluid, lactate, and pulmonary edema in children with septic shock. This study was a single-site, randomized, open-label clinical trial conducted at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta from March to May 2024. This study involved 42 pediatric patients with sepsis. Participants were divided randomly into two groups: the intervention group received fluid loading with additional early NE 0.1 mcg/kg/minute (n=21), the control group received fluid loading according to standard protocol (n=21) Parameters such as the amount of fluid administered , lactate levels, pulmonary edema, and hemodynamics were evaluated using clinical examination, USCOM, and lung ultrasonography. The research results showed that it was not proven to reduce the amount of resuscitation fluid in children with septic shock, but the trend was that the amount of resuscitation fluid was less in the treatment group than the control group (p=0.060), it was not proven that there was no increase in lactate levels after early NE administration compared to controls [8/21 (38%) vs 4/21 (28.6%), p=0.306], and there was no proven difference in the incidence of pulmonary edema after early NE administration compared to controls [7/21 (33%) vs 5/21 (24%) ; p=0.734]. Meanwhile, measurements of stroke volume index, cardiac index, and systemic vascular resistance index did not prove to be a difference between the fluid loading plus early NE group and the fluid loading only group. The conclusion of this study is that early NE administration is not proven to reduce the amount of resuscitation fluid in children with septic shock, but the trend for the amount of fluid to be less."

"Pendahuluan: KDOQI menyebutkan infeksi adalah komplikasi utama terkait penggunaan kateter akses hemodialisis jangka panjang. KDOQI merekomendasikan pemasangan kateter vena tunneling (TCC) hemodialisis pada vena jugularis interna (VJI) kanan dengan posisi ujung TCC ditempatkan di atrium kanan dan bukaan lumen arteri menghadap ke mediastinum. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan angka catheter related bacteremia (CRB) sebesar 35% pada pemakaian 3 bulan dan 54% untuk pemakaian 6 bulan. Posisi ujung TCC akses hemodialisis VJI kiri mempunyai pengaruh terhadap kejadian disfungsi dan infeksi dibandingkan jika terpasang di sisi kanan.Metode: Dilakukan studi cross sectional dengan 62 subjek pasien hemodialisis menggunakan akses TCC VJI. Dicari hubungan antara posisi pemasangan TCC, posisi ujung TCC dan faktor risiko dengan kejadian terduga CRB menggunakan uji Chi Square dengan nilai p<0,05 dianggap bermakna secara statistik dan penghitungan odd ratio (OR) interval kepercayaan 95%. Diambil data posisi pemasangan TCC, posisi ujung TCC, terduga CRB serta karakteristik berupa usia, jenis kelamin serta status DM di RSCM Januari 2018 sampai Januari 2019.Hasil: Enam puluh dua subjek yang dilibatkan dalam penelitian ini 45 orang (72,6%) berusia 60 tahun kebawah. Empat puluh satu subjek (66,1%) berjenis kelamin pria. Lima belas subjek menderita DM (24,2%). Posisi ujung TCC yang didapatkan dari 62 subjek tersebut, 39 (62,9%) berada di VKS, 2 (3,2%) pada CAJdan 21 (33,9%) pada atrium kanan. Dari 62 subjek tersebut 22 (35,48%) diantaranya mengalami kejadian terduga CRB. Tidak didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna antara posisi ujung TCC VJI dengan kejadian terduga CRB (p = 0,92, OR 1,05 dengan IK 95% = 0,35 – 3,08). Usia, jenis kelamin, dan status DM tidak merupakan faktor risiko bermakna secara statistik berhubungan dengan kejadian terduga CRB.Kesimpulan: Studi ini mendapatkan hasil tidak ada hubungan kemaknaan posisi ujung TCC dan faktor risiko diteliti dengan kejadian terduga CRB.

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Introduction: KDOQI stated infection is the main complication of long-term catheter use as hemodialysis access. KDOQI recommends insertion of tunneling venous hemodialysis catheter in the right internal jugular vein (IJV) with the tip placed in the right atrium and the arterial lumen opening facing the mediastinum. Previous study stated that the number of catheter related bacteremia (CRB) is 35% at 3 months use and 54% at 6 months use. The TCC tip position as hemodialysis access in left IJV is correlated more to dysfunction and infection compared to the right IJV.

Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 62 subjects of hemodialysis patients using IJV TCC access. The correlation between TCC insertion location, TCC tip position, and risk factors with suspected CRB was analyzed using Chi Square Test. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval was analyzed. The data of TCC insertion location, TCC tip position, suspected CRB incidence, and subject’s characteristics including age, sex, and DM status were gathered in RSCM from January 2018 to January 2019.

Results: Within 62 subjects included in this study 45 (72,6%) were 60 y.o or less. Forty one (66,1%) subjects were male. Fifteen had DM as comorbid (24,2%). Thirty nine TCC tip position were in SVC (62,9%), 2 were in CAJ (3,2%) and 21 were in (33,9%)RA. Twenty two from 62 had suspected CRB (35,48%). There is no significant correlation between TCC tip position with suspected CRB incidence (p

= 0.92, OR 1,05, 95% CI = 0.35 – 3.08). Age, sex, and DM status were not statistically proven as risk factors of suspected CRB.

Conclusion: There is no significant correlation between TCC tip position and studied risk factors with suspected CRB."

"Tingginya angka mortalitas syok anak dapat dicegah dengan deteksi dini dan terapi adekuat. Parameter hemodinamik digunakan sebagai dasar tatalaksana syok. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui perubahan parameter hemodinamik pada pasien syok anak pasca resusitasi cairan dan obat-obatan vasoaktif. Penelitian deskriptif ini dilakukan di instalasi gawat darurat dan rawat intensif RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta, Januari 2013-September 2014, pada seluruh anak yang mengalami syok. Pengukuran hemodinamik dengan USCOM dilakukan pada jam I dan VI. Sebagian besar pasien mengalami syok hipodinamik dan refrakter cairan pasca resusitasi. Pasca pemberian obat-obatan vasoaktif, terjadi peningkatan inotropy pada sebagian besar kasus, namun diikuti oleh peningkatan afterload.

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The high mortality rate in pediatric shock can be prevented by early detection and adequate management. Hemodynamic parameters is useful for guiding shock management. The aim of study was describing hemodynamic parameters in pediatric shock after fluid resuscitation and vasoactive drugs therapy. This descriptive study was conducted at emergency room and intensive care unit, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, in January 2013 ? September 2014, including all shock children. The hemodynamic was measured by USCOM in 1st and 6th hour. Most patients suffered from hypodynamic and fluid-refractory shock after fluid resuscitation. Post-administration of vasoactive drugs, inotropy and afterload increased in most cases."

"ABSTRAK Latar belakang: Penggunaan kateter vena sentral yang semakin banyak seiring meningkatnya mutu pelayanan kesehatan di kamar operasi dan ruang rawat intensif membuat risiko komplikasi juga semakin meningkat. Ultrasonografi direkomendasikan untuk menurunkan insiden komplikasi kanulasi vena jugularis interna. Namun, keterbatasan akses dan ketersedian ultrasonografi membuat metode penanda anatomi masih diminati walaupun insiden komplikasi mencapai 19 Merrer, 2011 , sehingga posisi yang tepat diharapkan dapat mengurangi insiden komplikasi. Rotasi kepala pada sudut tertentu mempengaruhi posisi vena jugularis interna dan arteri karotis. Penelitian ini bertujuan ingin mengetahui pengaruh rotasi kepala kontra lateral terhadap jarak dan overlapping vena jugularis interna terhadap arteri karotis setinggi kartilago krikoid dengan bantuan ultrasonografi pada ras Melayu di Indonesia.Metode: Penelitian ini bersifat analitik observasional denga rancangan potong lintang pada pasien yang menjalani operasi bedah terencana di Instalasi Bedah Pusat RSUPN Ciptomangunkusumo Jakarta. Setelah mendapatkan izin komite etik dan informed consent sebanyak 34 subyek diambil dengan metode consecutive sampling pada bulan Oktober 2016. Jarak dan rasio overlapping vena jugularis interna terhadap arteri karotis setinggi kartilago krikoid diukur dengan menggunakan ultrasonografi dua dimensi pada sudut rotasi kontra lateral 0o, 30o, 45o, 60o. Data diolah menggunakan program SPSS 21. Uji Anova digunakan untuk melihat hubungan jarak vena dan rasio overlapping jugularis interna terhadap arteri karotis dilanjutkan dengan uji post hoc Tukey.Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna jarak dan overlapping vena jugularis interna dan arteri karotis setinggi kartilago krikoid pada ras Melayu di Indonesia pada sudut rotasi kepala kontra lateral 0o, 30o, 45o, 60o p < 0,001 . Terdapat hubungan antara berat badan dan tinggi badan terhadap rasio overlapping vena jugularis interna dan arteri karotis. Tidak Terdapat hubungan antara jenis kelamin, usia dan Indeks Massa Tubuh IMT terhadap rasio overlapping vena jugularis interna dan arteri karotis.Simpulan: Terdapat pengaruh rotasi kepala kontra lateral terhadap jarak dan overlapping vena jugularis interna dan arteri karotis setinggi kartilago krikoid dengan bantuan ultrasonografi pada ras Melayu di Indonesia.Kata kunci: rotasi kepala kontra lateral, jarak dan overlapping vena jugularis interna dan arteri karotis, ras Melayu ABSTRACT Background The use of central venous catheters are widely increasing as well as improvement of health care quality in the operating theather and the intensive care unit. Complication incidences also increasing too. Ultrasound is recommended to decrease complication of internal jugular vein cannulation. However, limited access and availability to ultrasound makes anatomical landmark methods still in demand even though the incidence of complications was 19 Merrer, 2011 , exact position is expected to reduce the incidence of complications. Certain head rotation the position of the internal jugular vein and carotid artery. This study aims the effect of contra lateral head rotation to distance and overlapping of internal jugular vein and carotid artery at cricoid cartilage level by ultrasound guidance on the Malay race in Indonesia. Methods This study was analytical observational with cross sectional design in patients undergone elective surgery at Central Surgery Unit RSUPN Ciptomangunkusumo Jakarta. After getting approval from ethics committee and informed consent, 34 subjects were taken with consecutive sampling method in October 2016. Distance and overlapping ratio the internal jugular vein to carotid artery at cricoid level was measured using two dimensional ultrasound in contra lateral head rotation angle of 0o, 30o, 45o, 60o. The data were processed using SPSS 21. Anova test used to view the relationships within the vein and internal jugular overlapping ratio of the carotid artery followed by post hoc Tukey test. Results There were significant differences on distance and overlapping of the internal jugular vein and carotid artery at cricoid level on the Malay race in Indonesia at contra lateral head rotation angle 0o, 30o, 45o, 60o p "