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"Latar belakang: Indeks Etiologi Gangguan Sendi Temporomandibula (GSTM) sebelumnya dibuat dengan Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) yang merupakan baku emas alat diagnostik TMD. Saat ini baku emas tersebut telah disempurnakan menjadi Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD). Belum ada penelitian yang menguji akurasi Indeks Etiologi GSTM dengan baku emas DC/TMD. Tujuan: Mencari nilai titik potong baru Indeks Etiologi GSTM dan menguji akurasinya menggunakan baku emas DC/TMD. Metode: Penelitian ini adalah uji diagnostik dengan desain potong lintang yang dilakukan pada 171 subjek menggunakan pengisian Indeks Etiologi GSTM dan pemeriksaan klinis DC/TMD. Hasil: Analisis kurva Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) menghasilkan nilai Area Under the Curve (AUC) sebesar 80,5% (95% CI: 73,7-87,4%). Nilai titik potong optimal yaitu 6 dengan sensitivitas 67,9% dan spesifisitas 86,2%. Nilai Positive Predictive Value (PPV) 82,6%, Negative Predictive Value (NPV) 73,7%, Likelihood Rasio Positive (LR+) 4,92, dan Likelihood Rasio Negative (LR-) 0,37. Kesimpulan: Indeks Etiologi GSTM yang diuji dengan DC/TMD sebagai baku emas memiliki akurasi yang baik untuk digunakan sebagai alat skrining TMD. Nilai titik potong 6 sebagai batas antara risiko tinggi dan risiko rendah GSTM.

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Background: The Temporomandibular Etiology Index was previously made with the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) as the gold standard of TMD diagnostic tool. Now the gold standard has been refined to become the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD). There are no studies that have tested the accuracy of the Temporomandibular Etiology Index with the DC/TMD gold standard. Purpose: To determine the new cut-off point of the Temporomandibular Etiology Index and test its accuracy using the DC/TMD gold standard. Methods: This study design was a cross-sectional diagnostic test conducted on 171 subjects using Temporomandibular Etiology Index questionnaires and DC/TMD clinical examination. Results: Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis resulted in an Area Under the Curve (AUC) value of 80.5% (95% CI: 73.7-87.4%). The optimal cut-off point was 6 with 67.9% sensitivity and 86.2% specificity. Positive Predictive Value (PPV) 82.6%, Negative Predictive Value (NPV) 73.7%, Positive Likelihood Ratio (LR +) 4.92, and Negative Likelihood Ratio (LR-) 0.37. Conclusion: Temporomandibular Etiology Index has been tested with DC/TMD as the gold standard and has a good accuracy to be used as a TMD screening tool. The cut-off point of 6 is the boundary between high and low risk of temporomandibular disorders."

"Etiologi gangguan sendi temporomandibula adalah kompleks dan multifaktorial. Selama ini diagnosa ditegakkan berdasarkan tanda klinis dan gejala. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menghasilkan suatu indeks berdasarkan etiologi dalam penetapan diagnosis, sehingga pencegahan dan perawatan yang tepat dapat dilaksanakan. Penelitian dibagi dalam dua tahap. Pertama, tahap kualitatif eksploratif melalui konsep konsensus pakar untuk menentukan variabel dan indikator yang diduga menjadi penyebab gangguan sendi temporomandibula dan akan digunakan pada kuesioner etiologi gangguan sendi temporomandibula. Tahap ke dua penelitian kuantitatif, pembuatan indeks berdasarkan etiologi gangguan sendi temporomandibula, menggunakan baku emas RDC/TMD dengan desain kasus kontrol. Dihasilkan indeks yang mudah, sederhana, dan akurat untuk memprediksi etiologi gangguan sendi temporomandibula. Indeks tersebut terdiri atas stres, kebiasaan buruk, jenis kelamin, dan free way space yang merupakan bagian dari faktor maloklusi. Komponen kebiasaan buruk dan komponen stres diukur menggunakan kuesioner yang didapat dari proses ekploratif kualitatif. Kuesioner ini adalah valid (sahih) dan reliable (andal) untuk digunakan dalam penentuan etiologi gangguan sendi temporomndibula.

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The etiology of temporomandibular disorders is complex and multifactorial. Usually diagnosis was done by clinical signs and symptoms. The purpose of this research is to produce an index based on etiology so early prevention and prompt treatment can be done. This study was divided in two stages. Firstly the qualitative explorative concept. It was done to get a consensus between the experts to define variables and indicators that were suspected as the causes of temporomandibular disorders. The variables and indicators will be used in the questionnaire based on the etiology of Temporomandibular disorders. Then, followed by a quantitative study with case-control design using the RDC/TMD as a gold standard, producing an easy, simple, and accurate index to predict the etiology of temporomandibular disorders. Included in this index are stress, bad habits, gender, and free way space which is a part of a malocclusion. Bad habit and stress could be measured by using a questionnaire which was obtained from a qualitative explorative study. This questionnaire is valid and reliable in the determination of the etiology of temporomandibular disorders."

"Gangguan sendi temporomandibula (GSTM) adalah istilah untuk Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD), yaitu kumpulan gangguan yang melibatkan sendi temporomandibula, otot, dan struktur di sekitarnya. Dokter gigi dan dokter gigi spesialis merasakan hambatan dalam menangani pasien GSTM. Saat ini belum diketahui bagaimana pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku dokter gigi dan dokter gigi spesialis di Indonesia dalam menangani pasien GSTM. Etiologi GSTM multifaktorial dan salah satu penanganannya adalah perawatan ortodonti. Namun di sisi lain perawatan ortodonti diduga menjadi salah satu penyebab GSTM akibar perubahan posisi gigi, mandibula, dan letak kondil. Hal ini dapat dilihat melalui kondisi klinis dan radiograf sefalometri. Gangguan sendi temporomandibula dapat menjadi suatu inflamasi sehingga biomarker inflamasi banyak diteliti. Tujuan: Penelitian ini terdiri dari dua tahap. Penelitian tahap I (Kualitatif) bertujuan mendapatkan alat ukur/kuesioner kemampuan operator (dokter gigi dan dokter gigi spesialis) tentang pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku terhadap pasien dengan GSTM, yang valid dan reliabel. Penelitian tahap II (Kuantitatif) bertujuan memperoleh indeks prediksi risiko GSTM berdasarkan kemampuan operator (skor kuesioner), kondisi klinis terkait faktor klinis (usia, jenis maloklusi, overjet, overbite, dan indeks etiologi GSTM), kondisi klinis terkait faktor mekanis (jenis bracket, kasus ekstraksi, dan alat tambahan), radiograf sefalometri (sudut ANB, SN-MP, Go Angle, I-I dan Y-Axis), dan biomarker inflasi (IL-1β dan CRP) Metode: Penelitian disetujui Komite Etik Kedokteran Gigi, FKG-UI, No: 11/Ethical Approval/FKGUI/III/2022 dan dilakukan di Klinik Ortodonti dan Laboratorium Biologi Oral, RSKGM, FKG UI, Jakarta, Indonesia, pada November 2021-Januari 2024. Penelitian tahap I, pembuatan kuesioner melalui telaah pustaka, observasi, dan diskusi kelompok terarah (FGD) oleh 10 orang dokter gigi dan dokter gigi spesialis. Hasil FGD dianalisis menggunakan metode Framework dilanjutkan uji face dan content validity menggunakan analisis Aiken’s V, I-CVI, dan I-CVR. Kuesioner juga dilakukan uji validitas (korelasi Spearman) dan uji reliabilitas (Cronbach’s Alpha dan CITC). Setiap tahap pengujian dilakukan diskusi dan revisi terkait substansi oleh pakar. Kuesioner akhir (Kuesioner PSP-GSTM) diujikan pada 370 responden dan PPDGS Ortodonti (operator) yang merawat subjek pada penelitian tahap II. Penelitian tahap II, dilakukan pada 105 subjek pasien pascaperawatan ortodonti yang dipanggil kembali untuk menandatangani informed consent, mengisi indeks etiologi GSTM, dilakukan pemeriksaan DC/ TMD, dan swab mukosa bukal. Data lainnya dilengkapi dari skor kuesioner, rekam medis, dan radiograf sefalometri. Dilakukan analisis bivariat untuk melihat hubungan setiap variabel dengan GSTM dan multivariat regresi logistik berganda. Hasil: Alat ukur/kuesioner PSPGSTM berisi 73 pernyataan, terdiri dari 50 pernyataan domain pengetahuan, 14 pernyataan domain sikap, dan sembilan pernyataan domain perilaku. Domain pengetahuan terdiri dari 12 pernyataan subdomain tanda dan gejala, 14 pernyataan subdomain etiologi, 11 pernyataan subdomain diagnosis, dan 13 pernyataan subdomain perawatan. Kuesioner PSP-GSTM memiliki validitas dan reliabilitas yang baik. Dihasilkan indeks prediksi risiko GSTM dengan empat faktor prediktor yaitu indeks etiologi GSTM, alat tambahan, SN-MP, dan Go Angle. Kesimpulan: Kemampuan dokter gigi dan dokter gigi spesialis terkait pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku terhadap pasien dengan GSTM dapat diukur menggunakan kuesioner PSP-GSTM. Indeks prediksi risiko GSTM yang terdiri dari indeks etiologi GSTM, alat tambahan, SN-MP, dan Go Angle dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi faktor risiko terjadinya GSTM.

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The temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a group of disorders involving the temporomandibular joint, muscles, and surrounding structures. Dentists or dental specialists often encounter challenges when dealing with TMD patients. It is unknown how the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of dentists and dental specialists in Indonesia are in dealing with TMD patients. The etiology of TMD is multifactorial and one of the treatments is orthodontic treatment. On the other hand, orthodontic treatment is thought to be one of the causes of TMD due to changes in the position of the teeth, mandibles, and the location of the condyle. This can be seen through clinical conditions and cephalometric radiographs. Temporomandibular joint disorders can become inflammatory so inflammatory biomarkers are widely studied. Objective: The research consists of two stages. Phase I (Qualitative) aims to obtain a measurement/questionnaire of operator’s ability (dentists and dental specialists) about knowledge, attitudes, and behavior towards patients with TMD (PSP-TMD Questionnaire), which is valid and reliable. Phase II (Quantitative) aims to obtain TMD risk prediction index based on operator capability (PSP-TMD questionnaire score), clinical conditions related to clinical factors (age, malocclusion type, overjet, overbite, and TMD etiology index), clinical conditions related to mechanical factors (bracket type, extraction case, and auxiliary tools), cephalometric radiographs (ANB, SN-MP, Go Angle, I-I and Y-Axis angles), and biomarkers of inflammation (IL-1β and CRP) Method: The research was approved by the Dental Ethics Committee, FKG-UI, No: 11/Ethical Approval/FKGUI/III/2022 and conducted at the Orthodontics Clinic and Oral Biology Laboratory, RSKGM, FKG UI, Jakarta, Indonesia, in November 2021-January 2024. Phase I involves creating questionnaires through literature review, observation, and focus group discussion (FGD) by 10 dentists and dental specialists. The FGD results were analyzed using the Framework method followed by face and content validity tests using Aiken's V, I-CVI, and I-CVR analysis. Questionnaires were tested using validity tests (Spearman correlation) and reliability tests (Cronbach's Alpha and CITC). Every stage and testing related to the substance is discussed and revised by experts. The final questionnaire (PSPGSTM Questionnaire) was tested on 370 respondents and Orthodontics residents (operators) who treated subjects in phase II research. The phase II study was conducted on 105 subjects of orthodontic post-treatment patients who were called back to sign an informed consent and fill in the TMD etiology index, DC/TMD examination, and buccal mucosal swabs. Other data were supplemented from questionnaire scores, medical records, and cephalometric radiographs. Bivariate analysis was performed to see the relationship of each variable with TMD and multivariate multiple logistic regression. Results: The PSP-TMD measurement tool/questionnaire contained 73 statements, consisting of 50 knowledge domain statements, 14 attitude domain statements, and nine behavior domain statements. The knowledge domain consists of 12 sign and symptom subdomain statements, 14 etiology subdomain statements, 11 diagnosis subdomain statements, and 13 treatment subdomain statements. The PSP-TMD questionnaire has good validity and reliability. The TMD risk prediction index was generated with four predictor factors, namely the TMD etiology index, auxiliary tools, SN-MP, and Go Angle. Conclusion: The capability of dentists and dental specialists regarding knowledge, attitudes, and behavior towards patients with TMD can be measured using the PSP-TMD questionnaire. The TMD risk prediction index consisting of the TMD etiology index, auxiliary tools, SN-MP, and Go Angle can be used to predict risk factors for TMD"

"ABSTRAKPada saat menyanyi, setiap penyanyi memiliki kebiasaan atau ciri tertentu, misalnyaduduk, memiringkan kepala ke satu sisi, dll yang dapat disebabkan karena rasanyaman atau karena ada gangguan. Kebiasaan atau ciri menyanyi yang disebabkanadanya gangguan dapat mengakibatkan perubahan pada postur kranioservikalsehingga terjadi hiperaktifitas otot-otot mastikasi yang dapat merupakan salah satuetiologi terjadinya gangguan sendi temporomandibula. Gangguan senditemporomandibula atau temporomandibular disorder (TMD) merupakan hal yangsering dijumpai di masyarakat. Etiologi TMD bersifat multifaktorial antara lain posturkranioservikal yang kurang baik, gangguan otot, dll. Penelitian ini bertujuanmenganalisis hubungan antara postur kranioservikal dan durasi menyanyi padapenyanyi terhadap terjadinya TMD. Desain penelitian adalah analitik observasionalcase-control terhadap 40 penyanyi yang mengalami keluhan TMD. Diagnosis TMDditegakkan dengan Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders(RDC), sedangkan analisis postur kranioservikal digunakan radiografi sefalometriuntuk memperoleh sudut NSL/OPT. Dengani RDC, 24 penyanyi termasuk dalamkategori TMD, dan 16 penyanyi non TMD. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidakterdapat perbedaan postur kranioservikal antara penyanyi dengan TMD dan nonTMD dengan nilai p = 0,084. Namun terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antaradurasi menyanyi dan TMD pada penyanyi dengan nilai p = 0,000. Semakin panjangdurasi menyanyi dalam satu hari, semakin besar kemungkinan penyanyi mengalamigangguan sendi temporomandibula.

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ABSTRACTWhile singing, every singer has a different style, like singing while sitting, singingwhile tilting head to one side, etc. These behaviors, whether caused by habit ordiscomfort, may change craniocervical posture, which then may trigger masticationmuscles hyperactivity. This is one possible etiology for temporomandibular disorder.Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) is a common disorder caused by a variety offactors such as bad craniocervical posture, or muscle disorder, etc. The purpose ofthis study was to analyze the relationships among TMD, craniocervical posture, andduration of singing. This observational case-control study was done with 40 singerswith TMD symptoms. TMD was diagnosed based on Research Diagnostic Criteria forTemporomandibular Disorders (RDC). Radiographic cephalometry was taken forcraniocervical posture analysis of NSL/OPT angle. By RDC, the singers wereclassified to 24 singers with TMD and 16 singers without TMD. This study found nodifference for craniocervical posture in singers with TMD and without TMD (p =0,084). However, there was a significant relationship between duration of singingand TMD (p = 0,000). The longer the duration of singing in a day, the bigger thelikelihood to develop TMD."

"Latar Belakang: Gangguan sendi temporomandibula memiliki etiologi yang kompleks dan multifaktorial, salah satunya adalah stres. Pada masa pandemi COVID-19 stres mahasiswa meningkat karena adanya perubahan sistem pembelajaran dari tatap muka menjadi daring. Penelitian mengenai hubungan stres mahasiswa selama pembelajaran daring dengan gangguan sendi temporomandibula belum pernah dikaji sebelumnya.Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara stres mahasiswa selama pembelajaran daring dengan gangguan sendi temporomandibula, mengetahui hubungan gangguan sendi temporomandibula dengan jenis kelamin selama pembelajaran daring, dan mengetahui hubungan antara gangguan sendi temporomandibula dengan durasi, dan frekuensi pembelajaran daring.Metode: Desain penelitian ini adalah penelitian potong lintang yang dilakukan pada 351 mahasiswa Universitas Indonesia. Partisipan penelitian diberikan dua buah kuesioner, yaitu Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) versi bahasa Indonesia untuk mengukur stres dan Temporomandibular Disorders Diagnostic Index (TMD-DI) untuk mengukur gangguan sendi temporomandibula.Hasil Penelitian: Uji Mann-Whitney menunjukkan terdapat hubungan antara stres mahasiswa selama pembelajaran daring dengan gangguan sendi temporomandibula (p<0.05). Uji Chi-square menunjukkan tidak terdapat hubungan antara gangguan sendi temporomandibula dengan jenis kelamin selama pembelajaran daring (p>0.05). Uji Chi-square menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan antara gangguan sendi temporomandibula dengan durasi dan frekuensi pembelajaran daring (p>0.05).Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara stres mahasiswa selama pembelajaran daring dengan gangguan sendi temporomandibula.

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Background: Temporomandibular disorders has complex and multifactorial etiology, particularly stress. During pandemic COVID-19 student stress has increased by changes in learning system from face-to-face into e-learning. The study to analyze the relationship between student stress during e-learning and temporomandibular disorders never been conducted.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the relationship of student stress during e-learning and temporomandibular disorders, analyze the relationship between temporomandibular disorders and gender during e-learning, and analyze the relationship between temporomandibular disorders with duration and frequency of e-learning.

Methods: The number of 351 students of Universitas Indonesia participated in this cross- sectional study. Each participant is given two questionnaires. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) Indonesian version to assess stress and TMD-DI to assess temporomandibular disorders.

Result: The Mann-Whitney test showed there was a relationship between student stress during e-learning learning and temporomandibular disorders (p<0.05). Chi- square test showed there was no relationship between temporomandibular disorders and gender during e-learning (p>0.05). Chi-square test showed there was no relationship between temporomandibular disorders with duration and frequency of e-learning (p> 0.05).

Conclusions: There was a relationship between student stress during e-learning and temporomandibular disorders."

"Latar Belakang: Prevalensi kecemasan pada mahasiswa lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada populasi umum. Hal ini dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, antara lain faktor akademis, status sosioekonomi, faktor budaya, moral, psikologis, dan biologis. Tingginya tingkat kecemasan juga meningkatkan risiko terjadinya gangguan sendi temporomandibula pada mahasiswa.Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara kecemasan dan gangguan sendi temporomandibula pada mahasiswa, serta mengetahui hubungan antara jenis kelamin, status sosioekonomi (tingkat pendidikan orang tua dan jumlah pendapatan keluarga), dan faktor budaya (asal daerah) dengan kecemasan dan gangguan sendi temporomandibula pada mahasiswa.Metode: Studi dengan desain cross-sectional berupa kuesioner online, yang disebarkan pada bulan November 2021 kepada mahasiswa Universitas Indonesia dengan jumlah responden 527 mahasiswa. Kuesioner yang diberikan merupakan State-Trait Anxiety Inventory yang terdiri dari 2 bagian dengan total 40 pertanyaan dan berfungsi untuk mengukur kecemasan, serta Temporomandibular Disorder Diagnostic Index (TMD-DI) yang berjumlah 8 pertanyaan dan digunakan untuk mengukur gangguan sendi temporomandibula.Hasil Penelitian: Uji chi-square menunjukkan adanya perbedaan bermakna (p<0.05) kecemasan, baik A-State maupun A-Trait, terhadap gangguan sendi temporomandibula. Uji korelasi kendall menunjukkan kecemasan, baik A-State maupun A-Trait, memiliki korelasi bermakna yang bersifat positif dan lemah terhadap gangguan sendi temporomandibula. Uji chi-square menunjukkan adanya perbedaan bermakna (p<0.05) jenis kelamin terhadap kecemasan,baik A-State maupun A-Trait. Kemudian, uji korelasi kendall menunjukkan jenis kelamin memiliki korelasi bermakna secara statistik terhadap kecemasan. Namun, uji continuity correctionmenunjukkan tidak adanya perbedaan bermakna (p 0.05) jenis kelamin terhadap gangguan sendi temporomandibula. Uji chi-square juga menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p 0.05) status sosioekonomi (tingkat pendidikan orang tua dan jumlah pendapatan keluarga) dan faktor budaya (asal daerah) terhadap kecemasan dan gangguan sendi temporomandibula. Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara kecemasan, baik A-State maupun A-Trait, dengan gangguan sendi temporomandibula pada mahasiswa. Terdapat pula hubungan antara jenis kelamin dengan kecemasan, baik A-State maupun A-Trait, pada mahasiswa. Namun, tidak terdapat hubungan antara jenis kelamin dengan gangguan sendi temporomandibula, serta status sosioekonomi (tingkat pendidikan orang tua dan jumlah pendapatan keluarga) dan faktor budaya (asal daerah) dengan kecemasan, baik A-State maupun A-Trait, dan gangguan sendi temporomandibula pada mahasiswa.

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Background: The prevalence of anxiety in college students are higher than in general population. This can be influenced by several factors, including academic, socioeconomic status, cultural, moral, and also biological factors. The high level of anxiety also increases the risk of temporomandibular disorder in college students.

Objective: This study aims to find out the association between anxiety and temporomandibular disorder, and also find out the association between gender, socioeconomic status (parental education and monthly family income), and cultural factor (origin) with anxiety and temporomandibular disorder in college students.

Methods: A cross-sectional study using online questionnaire of 527 students from University of Indonesia, that conducted on November 2021. There are two given questionnaires, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory that consisted of two part and 40 questions in total to assess anxiety, and Temporomandibular Disorder Diagnostic Index that consisted of 8 questions tao assess temporomandibular disorder.

Result: The chi-square test showed that there was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) of temporomandibular disorder based on anxiety, either A-State or A-Trait. The kendall correlation test showed that temporomandibular disorder, have positive and weak statistically significant correlation to anxiety, either A-State or A-Trait. The chi-square test showed that there was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) of anxiety, either A-State or A-Trait, based on gender. The kendall correlation test also showed that gender, have positive and weak statistically significant correlation to anxiety, either A-State or A-Trait. However, the continuity correction test showed that there was no statistically significant difference (p 0.05) of temporomandibular disorder based on gender. The chi-square test also showed that there was no statistically significant difference (p 0.05) of anxiety, either A-State and A-Trait, and temporomandibular disorder based on socioeconomic status (parental education and monthly family income) and cultural factor (origin).

Conclusion: There was an association between anxiety, either A-State or A-Trait, and temporomandibular disorder, as well as gender and anxiety, either A-State or A-Trait, in college students. However, no association was found between gender and temporomandibular disorder, as well as socioeconomic status (parental education and monthly family income) and cultural factor (origin) with anxiety,either A-State or A-Trait, and temporomandibular disorder in college students. "

"Gangguan sendi temporomandibula (GSTM) adalah gangguan otot dan kelainan artikular dalam fungsi komponen otot dan / atau sistem artikular yang disertai dengan tanda dan gejala klinis yang sangat bervariasi. Adanya riwayat GSTM dapat menjadi pertimbangan dalam rencana perawatan ortodonti. Tidak semua menyadari bahwa mereka memiliki GSTM yang salah satunya disebabkan oleh maloklusi, sehingga mereka datang hanya ke klinik Ortodonti hanya untuk perbaikan maloklusi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) Mengetahui proporsi dan distribusi demografi pasien dengan GSTM termasuk maloklusi (hubungan rahang, overjet, overbite, hubungan molar dan kaninus) dan sudut parameter vertikal pada sefalometri lateral di klinik spesialis ortodonti RSKGM FKG UI. (2) Mengetahui hubungan GSTM dengan maloklusi serta hubungan GSTM dengan sudut parameter skeletal. Studi deskriptif dengan desain penelitian potong lintang pada pasien tahun kunjungan 2013-2018 yang memiliki GSTM pada anamnesis dan/atau pemeriksaan fungsional. Digunakan analisis univariat menggunakan SPSS 23 untuk menggambarkan distribusi dan analisis korelasi untuk menggambarkan hubungan. Didapatkan 98 status pasien yang mengalami GSTM. Ditemukan lebih banyak pasien perempuan daripada laki-laki dengan usia rata-rata 24,8 tahun dan kebanyakan berprofesi sebagai karyawan swasta. Gejala GSTM yang paling sering ditemukan adalah deviasi pergerakan mandibula dan clicking. Terdapat hubungan antara GSTM dengan maloklusi skeletal kelas II dan hubungan kaninus kelas III.

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Temporomandibular joint disorders (GSTM) are muscle disorders and articular abnormalities in the function of the components of the muscle and/or articular system accompanied by highly variable clinical signs and symptoms. The presence of a history of GSTM can be considered in the orthodontic treatment plan. Not all are aware that they have GSTM, one of which is caused by malocclusion, so they come only to the Orthodontic clinic only to repair the malocclusion. The aims of this study were (1) to determine the proportion and demographic distribution of patients with GSTM including malocclusion (jaw relationship, overjet, overbite, molar and canine relationship) and vertical angle parameters on lateral cephalometry at the orthodontic specialist clinic of RSKGM FKG UI. (2) Knowing the relationship between GSTM and malocclusion and the relationship between GSTM and the parameter angle skeletal. Descriptive study with a cross-sectional design on patients in the 2013-2018 visit year who had GSTM on history and/or functional examination. Univariate analysis was used using SPSS 23 to describe the distribution and correlation analysis to describe the relationship. There were 98 patients who had GSTM status. There were more female than male patients with a mean age of 24.8 years and Most of them work as private employees. The most common symptoms of GSTM are deviation of mandibular movement and clicking. There is a relationship between GSTM with skeletal malocclusion class II and class III canine relationship."

"Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh gangguan sendi temporomandibula terhadap aktivitasotot mastikasi. Metode penelitian: Subjek merupakan pasien dengan tipe wajahdolichofacial berusia 15 - 35 tahun yang belum melakukan perawatan ortodonti, yaitu 11dengan gangguan sendi temporomandibula dan 11 tanpa gangguan senditemporomandibula sebagai kontrol. Pemeriksaan elektromiografi pada otot masseter dantemporalis anterior dilakukan dengan menginstruksikan pasien menggigit cotton rollsselama 5 detik. Perhitungan Root Mean Square dari pemeriksaan EMG masing-masingotot dibandingkan dengan uji T tidak berpasangan dan uji korelasi Spearman. Hasil:Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara akticvitas otot kanan masseter, kiri masseter,dan kanan temporalis anterior pada pasien maloklusi dengan dan tanpa gangguan senditemporomandibula yang memiliki tipe wajah dolichofacial. Terdapat korelasi negatifantara otot mastikasi tersebut dengan gangguan sendi temporomandibula. Kesimpulan:Pasien dolichofacial dengan gangguan sendi temporomandibula memiliki aktivitas ototmasseter dan otot temporalis anterior yang lebih lemah jika dibandingkan dengan pasientanpa gangguan sendi temporomandibula

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Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the influence of temporomandibular joint

disorder (TMD) on surface electromyography activity in the masticatory muscles.

Methods: Dolichofacial patients (n = 22) aged 15 to 35 years were examined: 11 with

TMD and 11 control subjects without TMD. A standardized surface electromyography

recording was performed on the masticatory muscle during 5 s of maximum voluntary

clenching on cotton rolls. The root mean square value of each muscle was calculated and

analyzed for differences using an unpaired Student’s t-test. Spearman’s correlation

coefficients (r) were calculated for the determination of correlations between TMD and

root mean square values. Results: Surface electromyography revealed significant

differences in the right temporal, right and left masseter during maximum voluntary

clenching. Both sides of the masseter and right temporal also showed a negative

correlation with TMD. During maximum voluntary clenching, TMD patients had

relatively lower elevator muscle activity. Conclusions: Electromyographic activities in

the masseter muscles were lower in dolichofacial patients with TMD than non-TMD

controls. Surface electromyography of masticatory muscles may assist the clinical

assessment of TMD patients."

"Gangguan sendi temporomandibula (GSTM) adalah gangguan otot dan kelainan artikular dalam fungsi komponen otot dan/atau sistem artikular yang disertai dengan tanda dan gejala klinis yang sangat bervariasi. Adanya riwayat GSTM dapat menjadi pertimbangan dalam rencana perawatan ortodonti. Tidak semua menyadari bahwa mereka memiliki GSTM yang salah satunya disebabkan oleh maloklusi, sehingga mereka datang hanya ke klinik Ortodonti hanya untuk perbaikan maloklusi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) Mengetahui proporsi dan distribusidemografi pasien dengan GSTM termasuk maloklusi (hubungan rahang, overjet, overbite, hubungan molar dan kaninus) dan sudut parameter vertikal padasefalometri lateral di klinik spesialis ortodonti RSKGM FKG UI. (2) Mengetahui hubungan GSTM dengan maloklusi serta hubungan GSTM dengan sudut parameterskeletal. Studi deskriptif dengan desain penelitian potong lintang pada pasien tahun kunjungan 2013-2018 yang memiliki GSTM pada anamnesis dan/atau pemeriksaan fungsional. Digunakan analisis univariat menggunakan SPSS 23 untuk menggambarkan distribusi dan analisis korelasi untuk menggambarkan hubungan.Didapatkan 98 status pasien yang mengalami GSTM. Ditemukan lebih banyak pasien perempuan daripada laki-laki dengan usia rata-rata 24,8 tahun dankebanyakan berprofesi sebagai karyawan swasta. Gejala GSTM yang paling sering ditemukan adalah deviasi pergerakan mandibula dan clicking. Terdapat hubungan antara GSTM dengan maloklusi skeletal kelas II dan hubungan kaninus kelas III.

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Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a muscle disorder and articular abnormality in the functioning of the muscular components and/or articular system which is accompanied by very variable clinical signs and symptoms. A history of TMD can be considered in an orthodontic treatment plan. Not all are aware that they have TMD, one of which is caused by malocclusion, so they only come to the Orthodontics clinic only for treating malocclusion. The objectives of this study are

(1) To determine the proportion and demographic distribution of patients with GSTM including malocclusion (skeletal, overjet, overbite, molar and canine relations) and the angles of the vertical parameters in the lateral cephalometry at the orthodontic specialist clinic in Dental and Oral Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia. (2) To determine the relationship of TMD with malocclusion and the relationship of TMD with skeletal parameter angles. Descriptive study with

a cross-sectional study design in patients in the 2013-2018 visit who had TMD on history taking and/or functional examination. Univariate analysis using SPSS 23 is used to describe the distribution and correlation analysis to describe the relationship. Obtained 98 status of patients experiencing TMD. It found more female patients than men with an average age of 24.8 years and mostly work as private employees. The most common symptoms of TMD are deviation mandibular movement and clicking. There is a relationship between TMD with skeletal class II

malocclusion and class III canine relationship."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Proses penuaan dapat menyebabkan perubahan fisiologis pada jaringan gigi dan mulut, termasuk fungsi pada sendi temporomandibula. Mastikasi merupakan salah satu fungsi sistem stomagtonati yang dapat dipengaruhi oleh gangguan sendi temporomandibula (Temporomandibula Disorders). Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara gangguan sendi temporomandibula terhadap kemampuan mastikasi, serta menganalisis pengaruh faktor sosiodemografi terhadap gangguan sendi temporomandibula dan kemampuan mastikasi. Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan desain cross sectional pada 100 pasien Puskesmas Kecamatan Kramat Jati berusia 60 tahun ke atas. Dilakukan pencatatan diri responden, pemeriksaan klinis intraoral, dan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner kemampuan mastikasi dan ID-TMD. Hasil penelitian: Gangguan sendi temporomandibula memiliki hubungan (p < 0,05) terhadap kemampuan mastikasi. Terdapat hubungan antara usia dengan gangguan sendi temporomandibula, tetapi tidak terdapat hubungan antara jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan dan status ekonomi dengan gangguan sendi temporomandibula. Terdapat hubungan antara usia, tingkat pendidikan, dan status ekonomi dengan kemampuan mastikasi, tetapi tidak ada hubungan antara jenis kelamin dengan kemampuan mastikasi. Kesimpulan: Terdapat pengaruh gangguan sendi temporomandibula terhadap kemampuan mastikasi pada lansia.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Aging process involve physiological changes in the teeth and mouth tissues, including temporomandibular joint function. Mastication is one of the main functions of the stomatognathic system that may be affected by temporomandibular disorders. Objectives: To analyze the relationship between temporomandibular disorder towards masticatory ability, to analyze sociodemographic factors (age, gender, educational level, and economic status) towards temporomandibular disorder and masticatory ability. Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 patients of Puskesmas Kramat Jati aged 60 years and over. Subject's data and oral examination were obtained, and interview for masticatory ability and ID-TMD were conducted. Results: There was correlation (p < 0.05) between temporomandibular disorder towards masticatory ability. There was correlation between age towards temporomandibular disorder, but there was no correlation between gender, educational level and economic status towards temporomandibular disorder. There was correlation between age, educational level, and economic status towards masticatory ability, but there was no correlation between gender towards masticatory ability. Conclusion: This study shows that temporomandibular disorders negatively influence masticatory ability in elderly."