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"Pemahaman tentang pemrosesan sensorik semakin berkembang seiring dengan meningkatnya penelitian terkait pemrosesan sensorik pada gangguan neurodevelopmental, termasuk Down syndrome (DS). Anak dengan DS sering menunjukkan pola pemrosesan sensorik yang unik yang akhirnya berkontribusi pada performa atipikal pada fungsi sehari-hari seperti munculnya perilaku maladaptif di sekolah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pola pemrosesan sensorik dan perilaku maladaptif pada anak dengan DS di SLB Negeri Jakarta. Penelitian menggunakan desain kuantitatif korelasional dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Sebanyak 36 responden yang terdiri dari guru dan orang tua anak DS usia 6–10 tahun dipilih menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah Profil Sensorik Singkat (PSS) dan Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan uji korelasi Pearson dengan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan negatif yang signifikan antara total skor PSS dan SDQ menurut laporan guru (r = -0,446; p = 0,006) dan orang tua (r = -0,421; p = 0,010). Beberapa subskala sensorik juga berhubungan signifikan dengan aspek perilaku tertentu seperti hiperaktivitas, masalah emosi, dan interaksi sosial. Temuan ini mendukung pentingnya intervensi sensorik dalam konteks School-Based Occupational Therapy (SBOT) dan penggunaan pendekatan Person Environment Occupation Performance (PEOP) model untuk mengoptimalkan partisipasi anak dengan DS dalam lingkungan belajar.

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As research on neurodevelopmental disorders advances, our understanding of sensory processing has become increasingly refined, particularly in populations such as individuals with Down syndrome (DS). Children with DS often present with distinct sensory processing patterns that may contribute to atypical daily functioning, including the emergence of maladaptive behaviors in school environments. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sensory processing patterns and maladaptive behavior in children with DS attending public special education schools (SLB Negeri) in Jakarta. A quantitative correlational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted, involving 36 teachers and parents of children aged 6–10 years, selected through purposive sampling. The Short Sensory Profile (SSP) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were used as primary instruments. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation test. The results revealed a significant negative correlation between SSP and SDQ total scores as reported by both teachers (r = -0.446, p = 0.006) and parents (r = -0.421, p = 0.010). Additionally, several sensory subdomains were significantly associated with specific behavioral outcomes, including hyperactivity, emotional difficulties, and peer-related problems. These findings underscore the relevance of incorporating sensory-based interventions within the framework of School-Based Occupational Therapy (SBOT) and highlight the applicability of the Person–Environment–Occupation–Performance (PEOP) model in enhancing meaningful school participation for children with DS."

"Anak down syndrome dengan keterbatasanya mendapatkan perhatian yang lebih banyak dari orang tua dibandingkan sibling. Perbedaan perlakuan antar anak oleh orang tua dapat mempengaruhi hubungan antar saudara dan pola asuh yang dilakukan orang tua juga dapat mempengaruhi dimensi hubungan yang berkaitan dengan kualitas sibling relationships. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan antara pola asuh orang tua dengan sibling relationship pada anak down syndrome. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan cross-sectional pada 60 responden orang tua yang dipilih melalui teknik cluster sampling menggunakan instrumen Parenting Style and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) dan Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (SRQ). Hasil penelitian menunjukan 73.9% responden menerapkan pola asuh autoritatif dan 61.67% terbentuk sibling relationship positif antara anak down syndrome dan sibling. Hasil analisis bivariat uji fisher exact memperoleh hasil p value <0.001 (<0.05). Hasil ini menunjukan adanya hubungan pola asuh orang tua dengan sibling relationship pada anak down syndrome. Peneliti merekomendasikan mengikutsertakan sibling dalam penelitian selanjutnya untuk melengkapi data dari sisi sibling.

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Children with Down syndrome with their limitations get more attention from their parents than their siblings. Differences in treatment between children by parents can affect the relationship between siblings and parenting style by parents can also affect the dimensions of the relationship related to the quality of sibling relationships. This study aims to identify the relationship between parenting style and sibling relationship in children with Down syndrome. The study used a cross-sectional approach to 60 parent respondents who were selected through a cluster sampling technique using the Parenting Style and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) and Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (SRQ) instruments. The results showed that 73.9% of respondents adopted authoritative parenting and 61.67% formed a positive sibling relationship between children with Down syndrome and siblings. The results of the bivariate analysis of the Fisher's exact test obtained a p value <0.001 (<0.05). These results indicate that there is a relationship between parenting style and sibling relationship in children with Down syndrome. Researchers recommend including sibling in future research to complete data from sibling side."

"WHO memperkirakan terdapat 8 juta penderita Down syndrome di dunia. Spesifiknya, ada 3.000-5.000 anak lahir mengidap kelainan kromosom per tahunnya. Down syndrome menimpa satu di antara 700 kelahiran hidup atau 1 diantara 800-1000 kelahiran bayi. Kejadian down syndrome bertambah sesuai dengan meningkatnya usia ibu hamil. Berdasarkan data Riskesdas, terdapat 0,12% penderita down syndrome pada 2010. Berdasarkan data Riskesdas, terdapat 0,12% penderita down syndrome pada 2010. Angka itu meningkat jadi 0,13% di 2013 dan data terbaru meningkat menjadi 0,21% pada 2018. Penyebab yang spesifik belum diketahui, tapi kehamilan oleh ibu yang berusia diatas 35 tahun beresiko tinggi memiliki anak down syndrom. Pada ibu yang berusia lebih dari 35 tahun, insidensi meningkat sampai 1 dari 300 kelahiran. Sedangkan pada ibu usia di atas 40 tahun, insidensi meningkat secara drastis mencapai 1 dari 10 kelahiran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan usia ibu saat hamil dengan kejadian down syndrome pada anak usia 0 – 59 bulan di Indonesia berdasarkan data Riskesdas 2018. Peneliti menggunakan desain studi cross-sectional menggunakan data sekunder dari survei Riskesdas 2018. Jumlah sampel 73.200 responden. Analisis yang digunakan uji regresi logistik biner. Signifikan secara statistik hubungan antara usia ibu saat hamil dengan kejadian down syndrome pada anak usia 0-59 bulan di Indonesia berdasarkan data Riskesdas dengan p-value = 0,000 dan POR 0,942 atau 1 (95% CI 0,918 – 0,967). Perlu dilakukan edukasi kepada wanita produktif mengenai risiko kehamilan di usia tua.

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.WHO estimates that there are 8 million people with Down syndrome in the world. Specifically, there are 3,000-5,000 children born with chromosomal abnormalities per year. Down syndrome affects one in 700 live births or 1 in 800-1000 babies. The incidence of Down syndrome increases with the increasing age of pregnant women. Based on Riskesdas data, there were 0.12% of people with Down syndrome in 2010. Based on Riskesdas data, there were 0.12% of people with Down syndrome in 2010. The rate increased to 0.13% in 2013 and the latest data increased to 0.21% in 2018. The specific cause is not yet known, but pregnancy by mothers over the age 35 years of high risk of having Down syndrome children. In mothers over 35 years of age, the incidence increases to 1 in 300 births. Meanwhile, for mothers over 40 years of age, the incidence increases drastically, reaching 1 in 10 births. This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal age at pregnancy and the incidence of Down syndrome in children aged 0-59 months in Indonesia based on 2018 Riskesdas data. Researcher used a cross-sectional study design using secondary data from the 2018 Riskesdas survey. The total sample was 73,200 respondents. The analysis used binary logistic regression test. Statistically significant relationship between maternal age at pregnancy and the incidence of Down syndrome in children aged 0-59 months in Indonesia based on Riskesdas data with p-value = 0,000 and POR 0.942 or 1 (95% CI 0.918 - 0.967). It is necessary to educate productive women about the risks of pregnancy at old age"

"Sindroma Down disebabkan abnormalitas kromosom yaitu adaya kromosom ekstra  pada pasangan kromosom ke 21 dengan karakteristik tertentu. Anak sindroma Down memliki gingivitis. sIgA di dalam saliva merupakan tanda diaktivasinya respon imun humoral di dalam rongga mulut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan kadar sIgA saliva dengan gingivitis anak sindroma Down. Subyek penelitian berusia 15-17 tahun, sebanyak 34 anak yang terdiri dari 17 anak sindroma Down dan 17 anak normal. Seluruh subyek penelitian dinilai kadar sIgA saliva menggunakan ELISA tidak langsung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hubungan negatif lemah tidak bermakna antara kadar sIgA saliva dan gingivitis anak sindroma Down. (r=-0.210, p=0.419). Penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan semakin tinggi kadar sIgA saliva pada anak sindroma Down maka semakin rendah gingivitis anak sindroma Down

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Down syndrome is an abnormality caused by  extra chromosome in the 21st pair of chromosomes with specific characteristics. Children  with Down syndrome mostly have gingivitis in their mouth. sIgA in the saliva is a sign activated by humoral immune response in the oral cavity. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship of salivary sIgA concentration with gingivitis in Down syndrome children. Total of the subjects are 34 consisting of 17 down syndrome children and 17 normal children and aged between 15-17 years old. All subject assessed the concentration of salivary sIgA using indirect ELISA. The results showed an insignificant weak negative correlation between salivary sIgA concentration and gingivitis in Down syndrome children. This study established that the higher levels of salivary sIgA in Down syndrome children, the lower gingivitis in Down syndrome children."

"Anak-anak dan remaja dengan down syndrome berisiko mengalami overweight dan obesitas dibandingkan populasi umum. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan pola asupan energi dan zat gizi, praktik pemberian makan serta perilaku makan mereka. Sebanyak 25 anak dan remaja dilibatkan dalam pengukuran antropometri dan pencatatan riwayat asupan dengan metode 24-hour food recall untuk menilai status gizi dan asupan zat gizi mereka. Pendekatan kualitatif dilakukan untuk memahami praktik pemberian makan orang tua dan perilaku makan anak. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) dilakukan terhadap sekelompok orang tua anak down syndrome berstatus gizi normal berdasarkan indeks IMT/U. Wawancara mendalam juga dilakukan dengan ahli gizi dan dokter spesialis anak. Ditemukan bahwa walaupun sebagian besar (80%) anak dan remaja berstatus gizi normal, rerata asupan energi, protein, karbohidrat, dan lemak lebih rendah dari rekomendasi AKG yang berpotensi disebabkan oleh upaya orang tua untuk mengontrol asupan kalori anak mereka secara dominan. Hal ini diperkuat dengan temuan kekhawatiran serius terhadap pertumbuhan anak, laporan rendahnya kontrol anak terhadap sinyal kenyang, serta sensitivitas tekstur. Penilaian pemberian makanan pada setiap kunjungan harus dilakukan, dengan mempertimbangkan aspek karakteristik down syndrome yang dapat mempengaruhi penerimaan makanan mereka.

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Children and adolescents with down syndrome are at risk of being overweight and obese than the general population. This study aims to assess their energy and nutrient intake, feeding practices and eating behaviour. A total of 25 children and adolescents were included in anthropometric measurements and 24-hour food recall to assess their nutritional status and dietary intake. To understand parents' feeding practices and their child's eating behaviour, a qualitative approach was taken. A focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted with a group of parents of a child with down syndrome and had normal growth status based on BMI-for-age. In-depth interviews were also conducted with a registered dietician and paediatrician. Although the majority (80%) of children and adolescents had normal nutritional status, their average intake of energy, protein, carbohydrates, and fat were lower than the AKG recommendation, which were potentially caused by parents' predominant control of child's calorie intake. This is later confirmed by parents’ great concerns about child’s growth, reports of child’s low satiety responsiveness, and texture sensitivity. Feeding assessment at any visit should be addressed, taking into account down syndrome's characteristics that may influence their food acceptance."

"Sindrom Down merupakan kelainan genetik yang dikarakteristikkan dengan keterlambatan perkembangan yang dapat mempengaruhi kemandirian anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kemandirian dalam pemenuhan aktivitas sehari-hari pada anak dengan sindrom Down usia sekolah dan remaja dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif kuantitatif non-eksperimen. Responden penelitian berjumlah 43 orang tua/ pengasuh anak dengan sindrom Down di Kota Depok. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan mayoritas anak berada dalam kategori mandiri sebagian: 31 anak (72,1%); selebihnya mandiri total: 7 anak (16,3%) dan ketergantungan total: 5 anak (11,6%). Untuk itu, diperlukan pendidikan kesehatan dan dukungan emosional bagi keluarga, untuk mencapai kemandirian yang optimal pada anak dengan sindrom Down.

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Down syndrome is a genetic disorder which characterized by lack of developmental that may affect the child's independence. This study aims to determine the level of independence of child with Down syndrome in school age and adolescents. This study used descriptive quantitative non-experimental approach with 43 parents or caregivers of child with Down syndrome in Depok.

The result showed that the majority of respondents belongs to modified independence: 31 children (72,1%), while respondents who belongs to total independence: 7 children (16,3%) and total dependence: 5 children (16,3%). For the reason, health education and emotional support for families is needed to achieve optimum independence in children with Down syndrome."

"Pada usia prasekolah, anak mengalami peningkatan pikiran kreatif, bahasa dan perilaku. Kompetensi sosial pada tahap ini berdampak jangka panjang terhadap perkembangan di usia dewasa. Diduga kompetensi sosial berkaitan erat dengan masalah sensori, namun penelitian mengenai hubungan keduanya masih terbatas, terutama pada anak tipikal. Sehingga, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan sensori terhadap kompetensi sosial pada anak usia prasekolah di Indonesia. sampel diambil sebanyak 56 anak usia 3-6 tahun dari TKIT Insan Aulia dan TKIT YAPIDH. Alat ukur yang digunakan adalah Short Sensory Profile (SSP) serta Social Competence Scale Parent Version (SCS-PV) melalui kuisioner. Hasil analisis komparasi menunjukan kelompok profil sensori yang lebih baik memiliki kompetensi sosial yang lebih tinggi (p = 0,035). Hasil uji korelasi juga menemukan hubungan positif (r = 0,100) walaupun secara statistik tidak signifikan (p = 0,222) analisis lanjutan menemukan korelasi positif antara respon kurang/pencari sensasi dengan regulasi emosi ditemukan hubungan signifikan antara keduanya (r = 0.267, p = 0.047). Penelitian juga menemukan bahwa profil sensori tidak dipengaruhi usia, jenis kelamin, atau Pendidikan. Serta skor kompetensi sosial anak perempuan lebih tinggi. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa hubungan antara seluruh aspek profil sensori dapat berdampak beragam dengan kompetensi sosial pada anak prasekolah.

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At preschool age, children experience an increase in creative thinking, language, and behaviour. Social competence during this stage has a long-term impact on development into adulthood. It is suspected that social competence is closely related to sensory processing, but research on this relationship remains limited, especially in typical children. Thus, this study aims to look at the relationship between sensory and social competence in preschool children in Indonesia. 56 children aged 3-6 years were sampled from TKIT Insan Aulia and TKIT YAPIDH. The measuring instruments used were Short Sensory Profile (SSP) and Social Competence Scale Parent Version (SCS-PV) through questionnaires. Comparative analysis showed that children with better sensory profiles had significantly higher social competence (p = 0.035). Correlation analysis revealed a positive but statistically non-significant relationship (r = 0.100; p = 0.222). Further analysis found a significant correlation between under-responsiveness/sensation seeking and emotion regulation (r = 0.267; p = 0.047). The study also found that sensory profiles were not influenced by age, gender or education, while social competence was higher in girls. This study concludes that the relationship between all aspects of sensory profile can have a diverse impact on social competence in preschool children."

"Down syndrome merupakan suatu kondisi yang berkaitan dengan keterbatasan perkembangan. Adanya keterbatasan ini membuat anak down syndrome membutuhkan caregiver untuk membantu mereka melaksanakan aktivitas seharihari. Caregiver dapat mengalami dampak negatif akibat merawat anggota keluarga yang memiliki kebutuhan khusus. Salah satu dampak negatifnya adalah caregiver strain. Caregiver strain dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi adalah dukungan sosial. Caregiver strain dapat berkurang jika caregiver mendapatkan dukungan sosial, khususnya perceived social support. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan antara caregiver strain dan perceived social support. Metode pengambilan data yang dilakukan adalah pengisian kuesioner dan melakukan probing terhadap item dalam kuesioner caregiver strain (Modification of Caregiver Strain Index). Kemudian partisipan diminta untuk mengisi kuesioner perceived social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hubungan yang negatif antara caregiver strain dan perceived social support dengan r=-.174, namun tidak signifikan dengan p>0,05. Pada penelitian ini, partisipan ditemukan memiliki caregiver strain yang relatif rendah dan perceived social support yang relatif tinggi.

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Down syndrome is condition related with developmental impairment. These impairments make the child with Down syndrome needs caregiver to help them carry out their daily activities. Caregiver may be negatively impacted due to caring for family members with special needs. One of the negative impacts is caregiver strain. Caregiver strain is influenced by several factors. One factor that influence caregiver strain is social support. Caregiver strain can be reduced if the caregiver get social support, especially perceived social support.

This study aimed to examine the correlation between caregiver strain and perceived social support. Method of data collection was questionnaires and do some probing to the items in the questionnaire caregiver strain (Modification of Caregiver Strain Index). Then participants were asked to complete a questionnaire perceived social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support).

The results showed a negative relationship between caregiver strain and perceived social support with r = - .174, but not significant with p> 0.05. In this study, participants were found to have relatively low caregiver strain and perceived social support were relatively high."

"Down Syndrome (Sindroma Down) merupakan suatu kelainan autosom kongenital akibat disjungsi kromosom 21 yang ditandai dengan keterbelakangan perkembangan fisik, mental serta intelektual. Penelitian menunjukkan prevalensi penyakit periodontal yang tinggi pada anak sindroma Down. 1 C-telopeptida merupakan penanda biologis yang ditemukan meningkat pada kerusakan tulang alveolar. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui perbedaan konsentrasi C-telopeptida saliva pada anak sindroma Down dan anak normal dengan penyakit periodontal. Seluruh subyek dinilai tingkat keparahan penyakit periodontal (PBI= Papilla Bleeding Index) dan konsentrasi C-telopeptida pada salivanya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai PBI yang lebih tinggi pada kelompok sindroma Down dibandingkan dengan kelompok normal (p= 0.061). Konsentrasi C-telopeptida pada kelompok sindroma Down lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok normal (p=0.101). Penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat hubungan antara konsentrasi C-telopeptida dan keparahan penyakit periodontal pada anak sindroma Down.

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Down Syndrome is an autosome congenital disorder caused by disjunction of chromosome 21, which is characterized by growth retardation of physical, mental and intellectual. Research shows a high prevalence of periodontal disease in Down syndrome children. 1 C-telopeptide were a biological marker that found increased in alveolar bone resorption. This study aimed to determine differences in the concentration of salivary C-telopeptide in Down syndrome children and normal children with periodontal disease. All subjects assessed for the severity of periodontal disease (PBI = Papilla Bleeding Index) and the concentration of salivary C-telopeptide. The results showed a higher value of PBI in the Down syndrome group compared with the normal group (p = 0.061). Concentration of salivary C-telopeptide on child with Down syndrome was higher than the normal group (p = 0.101). This study shows there is a relationship between the concentration of C-telopeptide and severity of periodontal disease in Down syndrome children."

"Latar Belakang: Keterlambatan perkembangan motorik dan keseimbangan menjadi masalah dalam kemandirian sehari-hari anak sindrom Down. Aktivitas fisik merupakan rekomendasi yang dapat meningkatkan keseimbangan, namun terdapat faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi kondisi ini. Belum ada penelitian mengenai korelasi aktivitas fisik dengan keseimbangan dan kemandirian anak sindrom Down. Hal ini akan memberikan manfaat kedepannya dalam upaya pencegahan risiko jatuh dan kualitas hidup anak dindrom Down. Objektif: Penelitian ini betujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi antara aktifitas fisik terhadap keseimbangan dan kemandirian anak sindrom Down serta faktor-faktor yang berhubungan.Metode: Studi potong lintang pada 31 orang anak sindrom Down usia 5 – 12 tahun. Subjek yang telah memenuhi kriteria penerimaan kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan keseimbangan dengan Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS). Dilakukan pengambilan data aktivitas fisik anak dengan Physical Activity Questionnaire for (PAQ-C) dan kemandirian dengan Modified WeeFIM. Uji korelasi dilakukan untuk melihat hubungan antara aktifitas fisik terhadap keseimbangan dan kemandirian.Hasil: Hasil penelitian didapatkan adanya korelasi lemah (r=0.368) antara aktivitas fisik dan keseimbangan anak sindrom Down (p<0.05). Faktor usia, jenis kelamin, indeks massa tubuh, tes IQ, penyakit jantung bawaan tidak menunjukkan hubungan signifikan dengan keseimbangan. Anak dengan riwayat hipotiroid yang telah ditatalaksana memiliki korelasi sedang (r=0.575) terhadap keseimbangan (p<0.05). Tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara keseimbangan dan kemandirian anak. Terdapat korelasi sangat kuat (r=0.906) antara perawatan diri dan mobilisasi (r=0.922) dengan usia anak sindrom Down (p<0.001).Kesimpulan: Terdapat korelasi antara aktivitas fisik dan keseimbangan anak sindrom Down. Faktor lainnya yang berpengaruh pada hal ini adalah riwayat hipotiroid yang telah diobati. Kemandirian anak sindrom Down lebih karena hubungannya dengan kematangan usia mereka.

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Background: Delays in motor development and balance are a problem in the daily independence of children with Down syndrome. Physical activity is a recommendation that can improve balance, but there are factors that influence this condition. There has been no research regarding the correlation between physical activity and balance and independence in children with Down syndrome. This will provide future benefits in efforts to prevent the risk of falls and the quality of life of children with Down's syndrome.

Objective: This research aims to determine the correlation between physical activity with balance in Down syndrome’s children and related factors in order to determine their functional independence.

Methods: Cross-sectional study of 31 Down syndrome children aged 5 – 12 years. Subjects who met the acceptance criteria were then checked for balance using the Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS). Data on children's physical activity was collected using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for (PAQ-C) and functional independence using Modified Wee-FIM. Correlation tests were carried out to see the relationship between physical activity and balance and independence.

Results: The research results showed that there was a weak correlation (r=0.368) between physical activity and balance in children with Down syndrome (p<0.05). The factors age, gender, body mass index, IQ test, congenital heart disease did not show a significant relationship with balance. Children with a history of hypothyroidism who have been treated have a moderate correlation (r=0.575) to balance (p<0.05). There is no significant relationship between balance and children's independence. There is a very strong correlation (r=0.906) between self-care and mobilization (r=0.922) and the age of children with Down syndrome (p<0.001).

Conclusion: There is a correlation between physical activity and balance in children with Down syndrome. Another factor that influences this is a history of hypothyroidism that has been treated. The independence of Down syndrome children is more related to their age maturity."