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"Sets out guidelines for the design and implementation of rehabilitation programmes aimed at improving the outcome of cardiovascular diseases and enhancing the patient's quality of life. Citing evidence from over 100 studies, the book underscores the many benefits that can be expected when all patients in all age groups are given appropriate care and counselling. Emphasis is placed on the importance of exercise as both a powerful non-invasive assessment tool and a key component of rehabilitative care. In formulating guidelines and recommendations, the book gives particular attention to the needs of patients in developing countries, where rheumatic heart disease, hypertension, and cardiomyopathy are prevalent, and coronary heart disease is assuming growing significance. With these needs in mind, the book concentrates on the design of state-of-the-art rehabilitation programmes, tailored to diagnostic categories, that can be implemented even when resources are scarce and trained staff limited. Throughout the book, recommendations concerning methods of functional assessment, schedules of exercise, and staff and equipment requirements are given for three different levels of care, moving from a basic facility within the community, through hospital facilities, to an advanced cardiovascular rehabilitation centre linked to a major medical centre. Information is presented in five sections. The first reviews recent developments in rehabilitative care, concentrating on advances that have made virtually all cardiovascular patients candidates for rehabilitation. The concept of risk stratification as an organizational strategy is also presented and discussed. The second section provides highly detailed advice on the design and implementation of cardiac rehabilitation in developing countries. Citing non-equipment-based rehabilitation as the most practicable option for developing countries, the book explains the components of rehabilitative care and exercise training according to diagnostic group, level of risk, and type of facility available. In view of the goals of rehabilitation, readers are also given extensive advice on the assessment of patients for return to work, concentrating on the physical demands of activities commonly performed in developing countries. The third section considers the special needs of children and young adults with cardiovascular disease, giving particular attention to the use of dynamic exercise testing to identify children or young adults who will benefit from exercise training. Readers are given advice on the clinical evaluation, recommended levels of physical activity, exercise testing, and exercise training for fourteen specific conditions. The remaining sections provide guidelines for the rehabilitation of the severely disabled, medically complex cardiac patient, and discuss current and future approaches to education as a vital part of rehabilitative care."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan utilisasi rawat inap cardiovascular disease di FKRTL oleh Peserta JKN di Wilayah Provinsi Sumatera Utara Tahun 2018-2020. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional menggunakan Data Sampel BPJS Kesehatan Tahun 2018-2020. Uji hubungan dianalisis dengan menggunakan Chi-square. Hasil penelitian didapatkan pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan rawat inap di Sumatera Utara pada tahun 2018-2020 yaitu sebesar 876.636 kunjungan yang meningkat pada tahun 2019 dan mengalami penurunan kunjungan pada tahun 2020 dengan otal kunjungan rawat inap cardiovascular disease sebanyak 96.366 kunjungan. Utilisasi rawat inap cardiovascular disease banyak diakses oleh usia lansia (22,4%), jenis kelamin perempuan (11,1%), status kepemilikan FKRTL milik pemerintah (10,1%), segmen Bukan Pekerja (23,6%), hak kelas rawat I (16,3%), lama hari rawat 4 hari, lokasi FKRTL di Kabupaten (10,1%), lokasi tempat tinggal peserta di kabupaten (10%), tempat tinggal peserta berada di wilayah II (10.9%), kunjungan berada di wilayah dengan jumlah Spesialis Jantung dan Pembuluh Darah lebih dari satu orang (9,8%), serta berada di wilayah dengan jumlah rumah sakit lebih dari tiga rumah sakit (9,9%). Variabel yang paling dominan berhubungan dengan rawat inap cardiovascuular disease adalah umur peserta.

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This study aims to determine the factors associated with cardiovascular disease inpatient utilization at FKRTL by JKN Participants in the Province of North Sumatra in 2018-2020. This research is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design using BPJS Health Sample Data for 2018-2020. Relationship test was analyzed using Chi-square. The results showed that the utilization of inpatient health services in North Sumatra in 2018-2020 amounted to 876,636 visits, which increased in 2019 and decreased visits in 2020 with a total of 96,366 visits to inpatient cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease inpatient utilization is mostly accessed by the elderly (22.4%), female (11.1%), ownership status of government-owned FKRTL (10.1%), non-employee segment (23.6%), rights class I treatment (16.3%), length of stay 4 days, location of FKRTL in the district (10.1%), location of the participant's residence in the district (10%), participant's residence in region II (10.9%), visits were in areas with more than one Cardiovascular Specialist (9.8%), and in areas with more than three hospitals (9.9%). The most dominant variable related to cardiovascular disease hospitalization is the age of the participants"

"Penyakit kardiovaskular menjadi salah satu penyebab kematian tertinggi di tingkat global. Upaya tindakan pencegahan dan tatalaksana terus dikembangkan untuk mengatasi permasalahan ini. Perawat spesialis memiliki peran sebagai pemberi asuhan keperawatan langsung, menerapkan evidence base nursing dan melakukan inovasi keperawatan. Praktik residensi spesialis keperawatan medikal bedah telah dilaksanakan untuk mengaplikasikan peran tersebut. Peran sebagai pemberi asuhan keperawatan langsung dilakukan dengan memberikan asuhan keperawatan pada 30 kasus kelolaan resume dan kasus kelolaan utama ADHF dengan teori Model Adaptasi Roy. Peran sebagai peneliti dijalankan dengan melakukan edukasi self-care pasien gagal jantung menggunakan metode teach-back. Peran perawat sebagai inovator dilakukan dengan menyusun proyek inovasi tentang penggunaan Munro Pressure injury Risk Assessment Scale untuk mencegah kejadian Perioperative related Pressure injury. Hasil analisis praktik menunjukkan bahwa Model Adaptasi Roy efektif digunakan untuk pasien dengan gangguan sistem kardiovaskular, edukasi self-care pada pasien gagal jantung dengan metode teach-back dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan, efikasi diri dan kemampuan self-care. Selain itu Munro Pressure injury Risk Assessment Scale dapat diterapkan untuk mencegah kejadian Perioperative related Presure Injury.

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Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death globally. Efforts to carry out management and prevention are always being developed to overcome this problem. Nurse specialists have a role as direct nursing care providers, applying evidence-based nursing and carrying out nursing innovations. The residency practice of medical-surgical nursing specialists has been implemented to apply for this role. The role of a direct nursing care provider is carried out by providing nursing care in 30 resume cases and ADHF main cases with Roy’s Adaptation Model theory. The role of a researcher is carried out by conducting self-care education for heart failure patients with the teach-back method. The role of nurses as innovators is carried out by developing an innovative project, namely "Using the Munro Pressure Injury Risk Assessment Scale to Prevent Perioperative-Related Pressure Injury." The results of practice analysis show that the Roy Adaptation Model is effective for patients with cardiovascular system disorders, and self-care education in heart failure patients with the teach-back method can improve knowledge, self-efficacy, and self-care abilities. In addition, the Munro Pressure Injury Risk Assessment Scale can be applied to prevent perioperative-related Pressure injury events."

"Penyakit kardiovaskular merupakan salah satu penyakit yang berperan utama sebagai penyebab kematian nomor satu di dunia. Berdasarkan data Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) Kementerian Kesehatan tahun 2018, angka kejadian penyakit jantung dan pembuluh darah semakin meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Prevalensi penyakit jantung di provinsi DKI Jakarta sendiri berada di atas rata-rata nasional yaitu di 1,5% dan menempati peringkat ke-5 se-Indonesia. Diantara banyak kelompok obat, obat-obatan kardiovaskular merupakan salah satu kelompok obat-obatan yang paling banyak ditebus resepnya di apotek Roxy Klender. Dikarenakan penyakit kardiovaskular kompleks dan ada kemungkinan pasien bisa memiliki penyakit degeneratif lainnya, maka dokter meresepkan obat yang cukup banyak untuk satu pasien. Dari kasus tersebut, ada kemungkinan untuk terjadinya masalah terkait obat (Drug Related Problem) yaitu interaksi obat. tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisa adanya interaksi beberapa jenis obat kardiovaskular dengan obat lainnya dalam beberapa resep pasien Apotek Roxy Klender bulan Agustus-September 2020.Pengambilan data dilakukan di saat pelaksanaan PKPA. Penulis menyortir resep yang terdapat obat kardiovaskular menggunakann sistem informasi Apotek Roxy, lalu resep dipilih untuk dianalisis dan kemudian dicetak.Dari analisa dua resep pasien kardiovaskular, ditemukan interaksi obat kardiovaskular pada kedua resep. Pada resep 1, terdapat interaksi obat antara spironolakton dengan kalium klorida yang menyebabkan risiko hyperkalemia. Tetapi karena dokter meresepkan dua jenis diuretic yaitu spironolakton dan furosemide maka dokter juga meresepkan KSR untuk menyeimbangkan kadar kalium. Pada resep 2, terdapat interaksi antara asetosal dengan clopidogrel dan asetosal dengan furosemide. Dikarenakan obat-obatan tersebut mempunyai interaksi satu sama lain, maka dokter memberikan jeda waktu minum obat untuk menghindari adanya interaksi.

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Cardiovascular disease is a disease that plays a major role as the number one cause of death in the world. Based on data from the Ministry of Health's Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) in 2018, the incidence of heart and blood vessel disease is increasing. The prevalence of heart disease in the DKI Jakarta province is above the national average at 1.5% and ranks 5th in Indonesia. Among many drug groups, cardiovascular drugs are one of the most over-prescribed drug groups in Roxy Klender pharmacy. Because cardiovascular disease is complex and there is a possibility that the patient may have other degenerative diseases, doctors prescribe quite a lot of drugs for one patient. From these cases, it is possible for drug related problems to occur, namely drug interactions. The purpose of this study was to analyze the interaction of several types of cardiovascular drugs with other drugs in several patient prescriptions at the Roxy Klender Pharmacy in August-September 2020.

Data collection was carried out during PKPA. The author sorted the prescriptions that contained cardiovascular drugs using the Roxy Pharmacy information system, then the prescriptions were selected for analysis and then printed.

From the analysis of two prescriptions for cardiovascular patients, cardiovascular drug interactions were found in both prescriptions. In prescription 1, there is a drug interaction between spironolactone and potassium chloride which causes the risk of hyperkalemia. But because doctors prescribe two types of diuretics, namely spironolactone and furosemide, doctors also prescribe KSR to balance potassium levels. In prescription 2, there is an interaction between acetosal with clopidogrel and acetosal with furosemide. Because these drugs have interactions with each other, the doctor gives a lag time for taking the drug to avoid interactions."

"Aspek metabolik komplikasi DM tipe 2, khususnya penyakit kardiovaskular, telah banyak dibahas, namun aspek imunometabolik masih terbatas, sehingga sangat penting untuk memahami peran sistem imun dalam perkembangan komplikasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami peran subset monosit (CD14,CD16) dan mediator inflamasinya (IL-1β, IL-10) terhadap risiko penyakit kardiovaskular pada Pasien DM tipe 2. Subset monosit CD14, CD16 diperiksa menggunakan sampel kultur PBMC dan dianalisis menggunakan flow cytometry. Metode Multiplex Immunoassays digunakan untuk mengukur IL-1β, dan IL-10. Hasil penelitian ini, menunjukkan terdapat pola peningkatan subset monosit CD14+, CD16+ pada DM tipe 2, namun tidak berbeda secara signifikan. Peningkatan monosit CD14+,CD16+ lebih dari 6.8% berhubungan dengan peningkatan risiko penyakit kardiovaskular. Rasio mediator inflamasi IL-1β, sebelum dan sesudah stimulasi LPS secara signifikan lebih tinggi pada DM tipe 2 dibandingkan kontrol. Pada kondisi inflamasi, peningkatan IL-10 berespon terhadap stimulasi LPS, namun tidak mampu mengkompensasi peningkatan IL-1β, sehingga kecenderungan menjadi lebih hiperinflamasi pada DM tipe 2. Glukosa puasa merupakan penanda metabolik yang berhubungan dengan peningkatan monosit CD14+,CD16+.

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The metabolic aspects of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) complications, particularly cardiovascular disease, have been widely discussed, but the immunometabolic aspects are still limited, so it is critical to understand the role of the immune system in the development of complications. The objective of this study is to understand about the role of the monocyte subset (CD14,CD16) and its inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-10) in the risk of CVD in T2D. CD14, CD16 monocyte subset was examined using PBMC culture samples and analyzed using flow cytometry. The Multiplex Immunoassays method was used to measure IL-1β and IL-10. This study shows there is an increase in the CD14+, CD16+ monocyte subset in type 2 diabetes, but it is not significantly related. An increase in CD14+,CD16+ monocytes of more than 6.8% is associated with an increased risk of CVD. The ratio of the inflammatory mediator IL-1β to basal conditions and LPS stimulation was significantly higher in T2D than in controls. In inflammatory conditions, the increase in IL-10 responds to LPS stimulation, but it is unable to compensate for the increase in IL-1β in T2D, so the tendency becomes more hyperinflammatory in type 2 DM. Fasting glucose is a metabolic marker associated with an increase in CD14+,CD16+ monocytes"

"Hypertension is the commonest cardiovascular disorder, affecting about 20% of the adult population in many countries. It is linked with coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure and renal dysfunction and is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular mortality, which accounts for 20-50% of all deaths. Raised awareness of the public health and economic implications of hypertension is now directing attention to the need for long-term control programmes that focus on primary prevention, early detection and adequate treatment. This report of a WHO Expert Committee reviews the epidemiology and pathophysiology of hypertension, enumerates its risk factors and predictors, and makes specific proposals for its prevention and control in populations. Current approaches to the assessment and management of patients with hypertension are discussed, with emphasis on the general usefulness of systolic blood pressure measurements and on the special features of hypertension in children and adolescents, women, elderly people and those with diabetes. The potential impact of lifestyle changes is evaluated, together with the various pharmacological treatment options. While recognizing the need to take account of resource constraints and diversity in health care systems, the Committee recommends that hypertension control programmes are set up worldwide as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce total cardiovascular risk. Its practical recommendations for policy, hypertension management and research are intended to guide decision-makers in public health, managers of control programmes and physicians and to facilitate the selection of cost-effective means of controlling hypertension in different socioeconomic settings."

"The pace of therapeutic advances in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases is rapid, and new clinically–relevant information appears with such frequency that it can be extremely challenging for clinicians to keep up. Still, knowledge and interpretation of major clinical trials is crucial for the range of clinicians who manage cardiovascular patients, especially since important trial evidence often needs to be implemented soon after it is published. Confidently apply gold standard treatment for 10 of the most critical areas of cardiology Written by an international team of experts, Cardiovascular clinical trials : putting the evidence into practice, provides a succinct overview of recent major clinical trials, the gold standard for all medical treatment, across all the major cardiovascular subspecialties, to ensure you’re up–to–date on the most critical findings Guides cardiology trainees and clinicians on how cardiovascular clinical trials are designed and conducted, including statistical methodology."