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"Hypertension is the commonest cardiovascular disorder, affecting about 20% of the adult population in many countries. It is linked with coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure and renal dysfunction and is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular mortality, which accounts for 20-50% of all deaths. Raised awareness of the public health and economic implications of hypertension is now directing attention to the need for long-term control programmes that focus on primary prevention, early detection and adequate treatment. This report of a WHO Expert Committee reviews the epidemiology and pathophysiology of hypertension, enumerates its risk factors and predictors, and makes specific proposals for its prevention and control in populations. Current approaches to the assessment and management of patients with hypertension are discussed, with emphasis on the general usefulness of systolic blood pressure measurements and on the special features of hypertension in children and adolescents, women, elderly people and those with diabetes. The potential impact of lifestyle changes is evaluated, together with the various pharmacological treatment options. While recognizing the need to take account of resource constraints and diversity in health care systems, the Committee recommends that hypertension control programmes are set up worldwide as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce total cardiovascular risk. Its practical recommendations for policy, hypertension management and research are intended to guide decision-makers in public health, managers of control programmes and physicians and to facilitate the selection of cost-effective means of controlling hypertension in different socioeconomic settings."

"Sets out guidelines for the design and implementation of rehabilitation programmes aimed at improving the outcome of cardiovascular diseases and enhancing the patient's quality of life. Citing evidence from over 100 studies, the book underscores the many benefits that can be expected when all patients in all age groups are given appropriate care and counselling. Emphasis is placed on the importance of exercise as both a powerful non-invasive assessment tool and a key component of rehabilitative care. In formulating guidelines and recommendations, the book gives particular attention to the needs of patients in developing countries, where rheumatic heart disease, hypertension, and cardiomyopathy are prevalent, and coronary heart disease is assuming growing significance. With these needs in mind, the book concentrates on the design of state-of-the-art rehabilitation programmes, tailored to diagnostic categories, that can be implemented even when resources are scarce and trained staff limited. Throughout the book, recommendations concerning methods of functional assessment, schedules of exercise, and staff and equipment requirements are given for three different levels of care, moving from a basic facility within the community, through hospital facilities, to an advanced cardiovascular rehabilitation centre linked to a major medical centre. Information is presented in five sections. The first reviews recent developments in rehabilitative care, concentrating on advances that have made virtually all cardiovascular patients candidates for rehabilitation. The concept of risk stratification as an organizational strategy is also presented and discussed. The second section provides highly detailed advice on the design and implementation of cardiac rehabilitation in developing countries. Citing non-equipment-based rehabilitation as the most practicable option for developing countries, the book explains the components of rehabilitative care and exercise training according to diagnostic group, level of risk, and type of facility available. In view of the goals of rehabilitation, readers are also given extensive advice on the assessment of patients for return to work, concentrating on the physical demands of activities commonly performed in developing countries. The third section considers the special needs of children and young adults with cardiovascular disease, giving particular attention to the use of dynamic exercise testing to identify children or young adults who will benefit from exercise training. Readers are given advice on the clinical evaluation, recommended levels of physical activity, exercise testing, and exercise training for fourteen specific conditions. The remaining sections provide guidelines for the rehabilitation of the severely disabled, medically complex cardiac patient, and discuss current and future approaches to education as a vital part of rehabilitative care."

"Considers what can be done to improve the quality of urban health services and make them more accessible to residents in low-income areas and slums. Noting that a shortage of resources for urban health is a problem everywhere, the report concentrates on organizational and administrative changes that can upgrade the quality of health centres, extend coverage to underserved populations, and reduce the inefficiencies that occur when hospitals are overburdened by patients suffering from minor complaints. The objective is to help health administrators and municipal authorities analyse the weaknesses in urban health systems, appraise options for strengthening primary health care, and introduce interventions that help obtain the maximum health gains from restricted budgets. Throughout the report, experiences in different cities around the world are used to illustrate both the shortcomings of many urban health systems and the specific changes that have brought improvements. The opening sections identify key issues in the organization of urban health systems and review the extent to which health systems in the worlds cities are providing primary health care, particularly for low-income communities. Details range from a list of mistakes frequently made by municipal and public health authorities, through an explanation of methods for collecting basic data, to a series of 10 questions to be asked when moving from an analysis of problems to a programme of action. Noting that almost half of the residents of cities in developing countries live in conditions of extreme poverty and squalor, the report cites evidence of an impending health crisis as urban populations continue to grow and the incidence of chronic diseases rises alongside traditional health problems and the added burdens of HIV infection and AIDS, alcohol and drug abuse, and injuries caused by violence and road accidents. The report also identifies weaknesses in urban health centres and health posts, which frequently suffer from a low standard of services and lack of credibility, and are often bypassed, resulting in an overloading of hospital services. Against this background, the report introduces the concept of reference health centres that would provide an extended range of high-quality, round-the-clock health services in defined catchment areas and link with hospitals for referral support. According to this concept, an urban reference health centre aims to support and strengthen local health centres in their role as providers of primary health care and to bring comprehensive medical care to local communities, making health services accessible to all city-dwellers on a more equitable basis. A review of experiences to date in developing such centres in various urban settings underscores the potential contribution that reference health centres can make to urban public health."

"Kota Bogor merupakan salah satu dari17 kab./kota dengan prevalensi hipertensi lebih tinggi dari prevalensi Jawa Barat yaitu 41,0%, menempati urutan pertama di antara semua penyakit PTM di Kota Bogor. Dari 25 Puskesmas di Kota Bogor, baru 24% yang mencapai target SPM dengan rentang nilai capaian antara 23,7% hingga 126,4%. Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award merupakan kerangka kerja sistem manajemen mutu organisasi yang mampu mengidentifikasi kekuatan-kekuatan dari semua aspek dalam organisasi terkait kepemimpinan, perencanaan strategis, fokus pada pelanggan, pengukuran analisis dan manajemen pengetahuan, fokus pada sumber daya manusia, dan fokus pada proses untuk melihat hubungan dengan hasil kinerja program pencegahan dan pengendalian Hipertensi di Puskesmas Kota Bogor. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kinerja program pencegahan dan pengendalian hipertensi di Puskesmas Kota berdasarkan kriteria Malcolm Baldrige serta melihat hubungan kriteria Malcolm Baldrige dengan hasil kinerja program pencegahan dan pengendalian hipertensi di Puskesmas Kota Bogor. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif dengan desain potong lintang menggunakan instrumen kuesioner Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. Populasi penelitian adalah seluruh Puskesmas di Kota Bogor yang berjumlah 25 Puskesmas dengan responden 6 karyawan setiap Puskesmas.Analisis data menggunakan analisis univariat dan bivariat dengan uji statistik chi-square. Hasil kinerja program P2 hipertensi berdasarkan kriteria Malcolm Baldrige didapatkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik dari 6 kriteria Malcolm Baldrige terhadap kinerja program P2 Hipertensi dengan nilai p value <0,05. Hasil analisis juga menunjukkan nilai OR tertinggi adalah variabel fokus pada SDM (OR = 60,0; CI 95%: 4,72-763,01). Untuk meningkatkan program P2 Hipertensi di Puskesmas Kota Bogor diharapkan dapat mengoptimalkan pembinaan Puskesmas melalui Tim Pembina Cluster Binaan secara terpadu menggunakan acuan self-assessment yang telah dibuat oleh Puskesmas dengan pendekatan Malcolm Baldrige.

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Bogor City is one of 17 regencies/cities with a prevalence of hypertension higher than the prevalence of West Java, namely 41.0%, ranks first among all PTM diseases in Bogor City. Of the 25 Puskesmas in Bogor City, only 24% achieved the Minimum Service Standards target with a range of achievement values ​​between 23.7% to 126.4%. Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award is an organizational quality management system framework that is able to identify the strengths of all aspects of the organization related to leadership, strategic planning, customer focus, measurement analysis and knowledge management, focus on human resources, and focus on processes for see the relationship with the results of the performance of the Hypertension prevention and control program at the Bogor City Health Center. The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of the hypertension prevention and control program at the City Health Center based on the Malcolm Baldrige criteria and to see the relationship between the Malcolm Baldrige criteria and the results of the performance of the hypertension prevention and control program at the Bogor City Health Center. The research method used is a quantitative method with a cross-sectional design using the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award questionnaire instrument. The research population was all Public Health Centers in Bogor City, totaling 25 health centers with 6 employees in each Puskesmas. Data analysis used univariate and bivariate analysis with chi-square statistical test. The results of the performance of the P2 hypertension program based on the Malcolm Baldrige criteria found that there was a statistically significant relationship from the 6 Malcolm Baldrige criteria to the performance of the P2 Hypertension program with a p value <0.05. The results of the analysis also showed that the highest OR value was the variable focused on HR (OR = 60.0; 95% CI: 4.72-763.01). To improve the P2 Hypertension program at the City Health Center, it is hoped that it can optimize the development of the Community Health Center through the Integrated Development Cluster Development Team using the self-assessment reference that has been made by the Puskesmas with the Malcolm Baldrige approach."

"Hipertensi merupakan salah satu penyakit kardiovaskuler dan dapat dikenal sebagai the serial killer yang sering terjadi pada masyarakat dan menyerang berbagai kalangan usia, salah satunya dewasa. Gaya hidup tidak sehat seperti kurangnya melakukan latihan fisik, pola makan tidak sehat dengan banyak konsumsi makanan asin, dan stress, menjadi penyebab terjadinya masalah hipertensi. Masalah kesehatan hipertensi perlu diatasi bersama, antara individu, keluarga, dan tenaga kesehatan. Latihan fisik senam hipertensi menjadi salah satu alternatif penanganan non farmakologi untuk menurunkan tekanan darah. Karya ilmiah ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas penerapan latihan fisik senam hipertensi untuk menurunkan tekanan darah pada Bapak S. Hasil implementasi dilakukan senam hipertensi selama 3-4 kali dalam seminggu dengan durasi 20 menit selama dua minggu. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan adanya penurunan tekanan darah sistolik 175 mmHg menjadi 129 mmHg dengan rata-rata penutunan 5,75 mmHg dan tekanan darah diastolik dari 95 mmHg menjadi 75 mmHg dengan rata-rata penurunan 2,5 mmHg. Intervensi latihan fisik senam hipertensi dapat direkomendasikan menjadi salah satu intervensi keluarga dengan hipertensi untuk menurunkan tekanan darah dan meningkatkan kesehatan.

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Hypertension is a cardiovascular disease and can be know as the serial killer that often occurs in the community and attacks various age groups, especially adult. Unhealthy lifestyles such as lack of physical exercise, unhealthy eating patterns with a lot of salty food consumption, and stress are the causes of hypertension problems. Hypertension health problems need to be addressed, between individu, family, and health workers. Physical exercise: hypertension gymnastics is an alternative non-pharmacological treatment to reduce blood pressure. This scientific work aims to knowing the effectiveness of implementing physical exercise for hypertension gymnastics to reduce Mr. S blood pressure. The results of this implementation carried our hypertension gymnastics for 3-4 times a week with a duration of 20-30 minutes for two weeks. The evaluation results showed a decrease in systolic blood pressure from 175 mmHg to 129 mmHg with avarage decrease 5,75 mmHg and diastolik blood pressure from 95 mmHg to 75 mmHg with avarage decrease 2,5 mmHg. Interventions of hypertension gymnastics can be recommended as a family intervention with hypertension to reduce blood pressure and improve health."

"Pada tahun 2017 Kota depok memiliki tingkat hipertensi primer mencapai angka 27,08% pada tahun 2017. Berdasarkan Riskesdas 2018 hasil tersebut mendekati prevalensi hipertensi Nasional yaitu sebesar (31,6%). Faktor risiko hipertensi yang diduga kuat oleh peneliti yaitu perilaku merokok di kalangan sopir hal tersebut mengacu pemeriksaan mengenai tingkat hipertensi yang dilakukan oleh Kementerian Kesehatan tahun 2013 terhadap supir bus, sebanyak 234 dari 314 responden yang diperiksa menderita hipertensi. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk memberikan gambaran mengenai adanya hubungan antara kadar kotinin urin yang disebabkan oleh perilaku merokok sopir angkot terhadap gejala hipertensi serta variabel lain seperti riwayat hipertensi keluarga, aktivitas fisik, Indeks Masa Tubuh dan konsumsi alkohol menggunakan desain studi crossectional. Sebanyak 84,4% responden memiliki kadar kotinin ≥200 ng/mL, 13 responden (28,9%) mengalami gejala tekanan darah hipertensi. Dalam penelitian ini tidak ditemukan hubungan antara kadar kotinin dengan hipertensi (p value = 0,093). Namun terdapat hubungan antara riwayat hipertensi keluarga (p value = 0,004). Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa mayoritas responden memiliki kadar kotinin yang tinggi akibat dari aktivitas merokok yang tinggi dan penemuan hipertensi juga tinggi

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In 2017 Depok had a primary hypertension rate reaching 27.08% in 2017. Based on the Indonesia Basic Health Research 2018 the precentages approached the National Hypertension prevalence that is equal to (31.6%). The risk factor for hypertension that is strongly suspected by researchers is smoking behavior among drivers. It refers to an examination of the level of hypertension conducted by the Ministry of Health in 2013 on bus drivers, 234 of 314 respondents who were examined were suffering from hypertension. This study aims to provide an overview of the relationship between urinary cotinine levels caused by the smoking behavior of public transportation drivers on the symptoms of hypertension and other variables such as family history of hypertension, physical activity, Body Mass Index and alcohol consumption using a cross-sectional study design. As many as 84.4% of respondents had cotinin levels ≥200 ng / mL, 13 respondents (28.9%) experienced symptoms of hypertension. In this study no relationship was found between cotinin levels and hypertension (p value = 0.093). But there is a relationship between family history of hypertension (p value = 0.004). From this study it can be concluded that the majority of respondents have high levels of cotinine as a result of high smoking activity and the discovery of hypertension is also high."