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"This book presents the theory of electromagnetic (EM) waves for upper undergraduate, graduate and PhD-level students in engineering. It focuses on physics and microwave theory based on Maxwells equations and the boundary conditions important for studying the operation of waveguides and resonators in a wide frequency range, namely, from approx. 10--9 to 10--16 hertz. The author also highlights various current topics in EM field theory, such as plasmonic (comprising a noble metal) waveguides and analyses of attenuations by filled waveguide dielectrics or semiconductors and also by conducting waveguide walls. Featuring a wide variety of illustrations, the book presents the calculated and schematic distributions of EM fields and currents in waveguides and resonators. Further, test questions are presented at the end of each chapter."

"The aim of this handbook is to provide a comprehensive summary of sensing and measurement in precision manufacturing, which is essential for process and quality control. The importance of precision sensing and measurements lies not only in the ability to distinguish whether the manufactured part meets the assigned tolerances through inspection but also, in many cases, reduce the deviation of the manufactured part from the designed values through improvement of the process or compensation manufacturing based on the sensing and measurement results. The information provided in the book will be of interest to industrial practitioners and researchers in the field of precision manufacturing sensing and measurements."

"The aim of this handbook is to provide a comprehensive summary of sensing and measurement in precision manufacturing, which is essential for process and quality control. The importance of precision sensing and measurements lies not only in the ability to distinguish whether the manufactured part meets the assigned tolerances through inspection but also, in many cases, reduce the deviation of the manufactured part from the designed values through improvement of the process or compensation manufacturing based on the sensing and measurement results. The information provided in the book will be of interest to industrial practitioners and researchers in the field of precision manufacturing sensing and measurements."

"Otomatisasi dalam lingkungan rumah tinggal kini sudah menjadi kebutuhan yang mulai digunakan oleh beberapa kalangan pemilik rumah tinggal terutama mereka yang menginginkan adanya suatu sistem yang dapat mengatur dan melakukan pemantauan terhadap rumah yang mereka tinggali sekaligus melakukan manajemen rumah secara berkelanjutan. Menanggapi kebutuhan tersebut dalam skripsi ini dirancang dan dibuat sebuah perangkat terintegrasi berupa sistem kontrol rumah cerdas berbasis Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) yang menggabungkan beberapa teknologi seperti penggunaan Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), beberapa jenis sensor pendeteksi obyek berupa PIR (Passive Infra Red), magnetic switch, dan Smoke detector disertakan pula sistem SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) sebagai perangkat lunak antarmuka penghubung antara perangkat kontrol dan pengguna sehingga didapatkan sistem kontrol rumah cerdas yang meliputi keamanan dan kenyamanan yang mampu bekerja secara optimal. Sistem ini dapat melakukan kontrol rumah berupa sistim keamanan secara baik, apabila ada penyusup atau orang yang tidak mempunyai RFID tag sebagai akses masuk ke dalam ruangan dan terdeteksi oleh sensor pendeteksi maka sistem akan mengaktifkan peringatan/alarm dengan membunyikan sirine, menyalakan lampu serta mengirimkan data berupa lampu indikasi melalui jaringan SCADA yang dapat dipantau melalui tampilan web. Sistem ini juga mampu melakukan peningkatan efisisensi penggunaan energi listrik dapat dilakukan dengan melakukan optimalisasi penggunaan peralatan-peralatan yang menggunakan energi listrik.

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Automatization in home area remains now has become requirement putting into use by some pawnbroker remains especially they who is wishing existence of a system which can arrange and does watcher to home which they lived and at the same time does management of home on an ongoing basis.

Answers to the requirement in this final project designed and made a peripheral integrated in the form of smart home control systems based on Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) what merges some technologies like usage Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), some object detector censor types in the form of PIR (Passive Infra Red), magnetic switch, and Smoke detector figured in also system SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) as linkage interface software between control peripherals and consumer causing is got smart home control systems covering security and safety and comfort capable to work in an optimal fashion.

This system can do home control in the form of security and safety systems well, if there is infiltrator or man that is is not has RFID tag as access comes into room and detected by detector censor hence system will activate peringatan/alarm by sounding siren, turns on the light and sends data in the form of indication lamp through linear circuit SCADA which can be watched through appearance web. This system also can do improvement of efisisensi usage of electric energy can be done by doing optimalisation of equipmentss usage using electric energy."

"Nanopartikel emas (AuNPs) memiliki keunggulan berupa luas permukaan yang besar sehingga banyak digunakan sebagai sensor. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) adalah salah satu elektroda dengan sifat superior seperti jendela potensial lebar, arus latar belakang yang rendah, inert, dan stabil. Pada penelitian ini, modifikasi permukaan BDD dengan nanopartikel emas dilakukan untuk meningkatkan konduktivitas dan sensitivitas elektroda BDD untuk aplikasi sebagai sensor oksigen. Sintesis AuNPs dilakukan dengan  menggunakan capping agent alil merkaptan yang cocok dengan Au berdasarkan sifat hard-soft acid base. Karakterisasi AuNPs dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis spektrofotometer UV-Vis menunjukkan panjang gelombang spesifik nanopartikel emas di sekitar 510-580 nm, sedangkan karakterisasi TEM dan PSA menunjukkan ukuran AuNPs rata-rata adalah 11±4 nm. AuNPs yang disintesis kemudian dimodifikasikan pada permukaan BDD dengan menggunakan metode perendaman di bawah radiasi UV. BDD termodifikasi AuNPs (AuNPs-BDD) yang terbentuk dikarakterisasi dengan X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) dan scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS). Studi pendahuluan untuk penentuan sensor oksigen (DO) dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik cyclic voltammetry (CV). Sementara itu, aplikasi AuNPs-BDD sebagai sensor oksigen untuk penentuan biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik amperometri. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa sensor yang dibuat memiliki kemampuan sebanding dengan elektroda emas dan memiliki performa yang cukup baik sebagai sensor oksigen dengan nilai S/B, LOD DO, dan LOD BOD berturut-turut sebesar 4,01, 0,085 ppm, dan 0,055 ppm.

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Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have an advantage in terms of surface area and are widely used as sensors. Boron-doped diamond electrode (BDD) is one of the electrodes with superior properties such as a wide potential window, low background current, inert, and stable. In this work, modification with gold nanoparticles was carried out to increase the conductivity and sensitivity of BDD electrode for application as oxygen sensors. The synthesize of AuNPs was performed using allyl mercaptan as the capping agent, which suitable for Au based on its hard-soft acid properties. Characterization by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer showed that AuNPs was successfully synthesized due to the specific gold nanoparticles wavelength at around 510-580 nm, while TEM and PSA characterization showed that the average of AuNPs size was 11±4 nm. The synthesized AuNPs was then employed to modify the BDD surface by immersion method under UV irradiation. The preliminary study of determining the oxygen (DO) sensor was carried out using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. Meanwhile, the application of AuNPs-BDD as an oxygen sensor for the determination of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was carried out using amperometric technique. The result showed that the sensor was comparable to gold electrode and had a good performance as oxygen sensors with the S/B, LOD DO, and LOD BOD value were 4.01, 0.085 ppm, and 0.055 ppm respectively."

"ABSTRAKSeng oksida (ZnO) adalah salah satu kandidat yang menjanjikan sebagai bahan penginderaan kelembaban karena murah, stabilitas kimia dan termal yang baik, morfologi permukaan yang dapat dikontrol, dan tidak larut dalam air. Namun demikian, sensor kelembaban berbasis ZnO murni memiliki respon yang buruk dan histeresis besar yang membatasi aplikasinya. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, banyak peneliti telah melaporkan peningkatan kinerja sensor kelembaban ZnO dengan doping, modifikasi permukaan, atau pencampuran dengan bahan lain. Dalam penelitian ini, sensor kelembaban tipe kapasitif dibuat dengan drop-coating larutan tungsten disulfida (WS2) pada ZnO nanorods (ZnO NRs) yang ditumbuhkan pada substrat kaca dengan elektroda indium tin oxide (ITO). Penelitian ini berhasil melakukan eksfoliasi WS2 menjadi material dua dimensi yang terdiri dari 3 lapis dengan celah pita 2,56 eV. Namun demikian selain WS2, fasa WO3 muncul dengan jumlah yang signifikan. Penambahan WS2 nanosheets pada permukaan ZnO nanorods sebagai sensor kelembaban dapat meningkatkan performa sensor kelembapan dimana dapat menurunkan histeresis sensor, meningkatkan respon dan sensitivitas menjadi 378% dan 101,71 fF/RH% pada kelembapan tinggi, sedangkan waktu respon dan pemulihan tidak menunjukan perubahan yang signifikan. Respon kapasitif disebabkan interaksi molekul air yang meningkatkan permitivitas relatif material. Selain itu, adanya akumulasi elektron pada junction interface dapat menjadi penyebab kenaikan laju disosiasi air dan menaikkan respon sensor.

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ABSTRACTZinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the promising candidates for humidity sensing materials due to its low-cost preparation, good chemical and thermal stability, controllable surface morphology, and low solubility in water. However, pure ZnO based humidity sensors suffer from poor response and large hysteresis that further limit its applications. To overcome this problem, many researchers have reported on improving ZnO based humidity sensor by doping, surface modification, or mixing with other materials. In this study, a capacitive-type humidity sensor was prepared by drop-coating an aqueous solution of exfoliated tungsten disulfide (WS2) onto ZnO nanorods (NRs) grown on glass substrate containing pre-patterned indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. This study succeeded in exfoliating bulk-WS2 into two dimensional material consisting of 3 layers with a band-gap of 2.56 eV. However, besides WS2, a significant amount of WO3 phase appears. The addition of WS2 nanosheets on the surface of ZnO nanorods resulting in improvement of humidity sensor performance by reducing sensor hysteresis, increased response and sensitivity to 378% and 101.71 fF/RH% at high humidity, while response and recovery time do not show significant changes. Capacitive response is due to the interaction of water molecules which increases relative permitivitty of materials. In addition, the formation of accumulation layer on the junction interface can cause an increase in water dissociation rate and therefore increase in sensor response."

"This book documents the state of the art in the field of ambient assisted living (AAL), highlighting the impressive potential of novel methodologies and technologies to enhance well-being and promote active ageing. It covers a broad range of topics, with sections on technological sensors and platforms, social robotics for assistance, assistance and care applications, health and medical support methodologies and technologies, as well as the analysis, modelling and design of AAL services.The book comprises a selection of the best papers presented at the 8th Italian Forum on Ambient Assisted Living (ForitAAL 2017), which was held in Genoa, Italy, in June 2017 and brought together researchers, technology teams and professional associations, as well as representatives of the Italian regions and advisors to the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research, with the goal of developing a consensus on how to improve provisions for the elderly and impaired. The respective contributions offer valuable insights into how the latest advances can help address the needs of the elderly and those with chronic health conditions. They also underscore the need for AAL to continue moving toward multidisciplinary integration, so as to embrace the various disciplines that place the user of services at the centre of the design process."

"This book presents collaborative research presented by experts in the field of nonlinear science provides the reader with contemporary, cutting-edge, research works that bridge the gap between theory and device realizations of nonlinear phenomena. The conference provides a unique forum for applications of nonlinear systems while solving practical problems in science and engineering. Topics include: chaos gates, social networks, communication, sensors, lasers, molecular motors, biomedical anomalies, and stochastic resonance. This book provides a comprehensive report of the various research projects presented at the International Conference on Applications in Nonlinear Dynamics (ICAND 2018) held in Maui, Hawaii, 2018. It can be a valuable tool for scientists and engineering interested in connecting ideas and methods in nonlinear dynamics with actual design, fabrication and implementation of engineering applications or devices."

"This volume presents the selected papers of the First International Conference on Fundamental Research in Electrical Engineering, held at Khwarazmi University, Tehran, Iran in July, 2017. The selected papers cover the whole spectrum of the main four fields of Electrical Engineering (Electronic, Telecommunications, Control, and Power Engineering)."

"Pendeteksian kadar kolesterol, umumnya menggunakan biosensor berbasis enzim yang memerlukan biaya mahal serta perhatian khusus dalam penyimpanannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan serta mempelajari lebih lanjut sensor elektrokimia dan spektrofotometri non-enzimatik berbasis nanokomposit β-siklodekstrin-sitrat(BCD-CIT)/Fe3O4 serta aplikasinya pada sampel kornet sapi berdasarkan prinsip pelepasan elektron pada reduksi metilen biru sebagai indikator redoks. Penelitian dimulai dengan sintesis nanokomposit yang berhasil dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, dan spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Kemudian pengukuran kolesterol dilakukan pada kondisi optimum menggunakan nanokomposit BCD-CIT(3%)/Fe3O4 dengan berat 3% (w/w) dan waktu kontak 10 menit. Pengukuran menggunakan teknik amperometri dilakukan dengan screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). Potensial yang digunakan adalah -0,43 V dengan waktu pengukuran 90 s. Pengukuran ini menghasilkan linieritas yang baik (R2 > 0,99) pada rentang konsentrasi 0—100 μM dengan batas deteksi sebesar 3,932 μM dan batas kuantisasi sebesar 13,05 μM. Sebagai perbandingan, pengukuran kolesterol secara spektrofotometri menghasilkan linieritas yang lebih rendah pada rentang konsentrasi yang sama (0,98 < R2 < 0,99) dengan batas deteksi sebesar 15,270 μM dan batas kuantisasi sebesar 50,921 μM. Studi interferensi sensor secara komputasi pada berbagai golongan senyawa asam amino, asam lemak, dan vitamin menunjukkan bahwa beberapa senyawa yang ada dalam sampel kornet sapi dapat mengganggu kinerja sensor kolesterol. Pengukuran secara elektrokimia membuktikan bahwa kehadiran senyawa interferen memberikan perubahan respon arus yang signifikan. Aplikasi sensor dilakukan dengan pengukuran kadar kolesterol dalam sampel kornet sapi. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah 442,86 μM. Validasi menggunakan metode HPLC menunjukkan hasil yang diperoleh lebih rendah sebesar 12%.

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The detections of cholesterol level generally use enzyme-based biosensors that require expensive costs as well as special attention on their storage. Therefore, this study aimed to develop electrochemical and spectrophotometric based non-enzymatic sensor using nanocomposite β-cyclodextrin-citrate(BCD-CIT)/Fe3O4 and its application on corned beef sample by detecting the electron released of reduced methylene blue as redox indicator. The research began by nanocomposites synthesis and characterization using FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, and UV-Visible spectrophotometry. Cholesterol measurements were done under optimum condition using 3% (w/w) nanocomposites BCD-CIT(3%)/Fe3O4 and contact time of 10 minutes. Amperometric measurements were performed using screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE), applied potential of -0.43 V, and measurement time of 90 s. The measurement delivered good linearity (R2 > 0.99) on the concentration range of 0–100 μM. The detection limit and quantization limit are 3.932 μM and 13.050 μM, respectively. Amperometry method measurement of cholesterol used SPCE as electrode with applied potential -0.43 V for 90 s. In comparison, spectrophotometry method for cholesterol measurement resulted in lower linearity on similar concentration range (0.98 < R2 < 0.99). This method’s detection limit and quantization limit were 15.270 μM and 50.921 μM, respectively. The computational study of sensor interference was conducted on various groups of amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins show that some compounds present in the samples may interfere the performance of cholesterol sensors. Electrochemically measurements proved that the presence of interfern compounds provided significant changes in current response. Sensor application was carried out by measuring cholesterol levels on corned beef sample. The result was 442.86 μM which showed lower yield by 12% compared to HPLC method result."