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"ABSTRAKProduksi dan kebijakan ekspor kopra di Makassar merupakan jawaban dalam rangka memenuhi kebutuhan ekspor dunia, baik pada masa Kolonial Hindia Belanda maupun pasca awal pembentukan ekonomi nasional Negara Indonesia. Harapan ini dimungkinkan setelah adanya kebijakan Makassar pada tahun 1927 sebagai satu-satunya pengekspor kopra untuk Wilayah Timur Besar.Karena itu lahirnya kebijakan tersebut membawa transformasi bagi terbentuknya kekuatan ekonomi kolonial. Transformasi ini membuat eksportir masuk Makassar. Pada waktu itu kesadaran petani untuk berproduksi semakin meningkat, bahkan melahirkan enterpreneurship lokal dalam membentuk sistem ekonomi Kolonial. Dalam pandangan ini paradigma teori Clifford Geertz dan J.H. Boeke kiranya kurang relevan untuk diterapkan di Makassar karena masyarakat Pribumi (tradisional) telah mampu berakumulasi pada perubahan dinamis dalam kehidupan ekonomi tanpa dikotomi dualisme ekonomi antara Barat dan Timur.Pada awal kemerdekaan proses perkopraan terus berlangsung, kepentingan lokal maupun pusat mulai melibatkan diri dalam tata-niaga perkopraan. Eksportir dan produsen yang terbentuk sebelum perang dielakkan. Pemerintah mulai mengambil alih secara langsung dalam politik perkopraan. Di ujung sistem kebijakanaan itu Militer dan para Veteran mulai mengatur tata-niaga perkopraan. Akibatnya berbagai wilayah produsen kopra mengeluh bahkan terhimpit hutang, karena militer dan veteran pelaku ekonomi itu mengutamakan kekuasaan (keamanan) tanpa modal. Kopra yang telah diambil banyak yang tidak terbayar, akibatnya melahirkan keresahan bahkan sebuah pemberontakan. Landasan teoretis ini memberikan gambaran bahwa pada pasca awal kemerdekaan betapa dominannya pemerintah mengatur prekonomian dan itulah sebabnya perekonomian kita hingga kini masih merupakan sebuah masalah yang belum terselesaikan.

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ABSTRACT

Production and the policy of copra ex/port in Makassar were the answer to fulfill the needs of world export, in Dutch Colonial era and early formation of National Economy of Indonesia. This hope was possible after Makassar policy in 1927 as the one of copra export for Region Timur Besar.

The birth of policy brought transformation for economy development of the Dutch Colonial. At that time, the peasants consciousness to make the production more increased, even gave birth of lokal entrepreneurial in Dutch economy. In this point Clifford Geertz and J.H. Boeke theory are not relevant to implement in Makassar, because the natives have ability to adopt changes in economy without dualism-dichotomy between West and East World.

In the early of Indonesia independence (1945) the importance of local and center government began involved in copra trade. Exporter and producer which formatted before the war, was avoided. Government began to take over directly copra trade. Finally some regions of copra production were complaint, even wedged in debt, because both, Military and Veterans gave priority to power and security without capital . Copra which had been taken a lot were not paid, and it caused chaos and revolt. This paradigme, gives the answer that in the early of independence government had power to arrange economy structure."

"Kajian tentang perdagangan kopra Makassar hingga kini belum banyak mendapat perhatian di kalangan sejarawan Indonesia, meskipun disadari bahwa komoditas tersebut menjadi bagian yang penting dalam dunia perdagangan. Kajian ini merupakan suatu sumbangan untuk melengkapi kekurangan dalam bidang ini, yaitu menyoroti secara khusus terintegrasinya pulau-pulau di Indonesia bagian timur, baik hubungannya dengan Makassar maupun pasar dunia. Fokus kajiannya adalah ditujukan pada ekspor kopra Makassar, sedangkan jangkauan temporalnya di batasi pada periode tahun 1883-1958 Dalam kajian ini, ekspor kopra Makassar dibagi dalam dua tahap perkembangan, pertama adalah masa ekspansi dan yang kedua adalah masa kontraksi. Dalam masa ekspansi, ekspor kopra Makassar menunjukkan kemajuan yang gemilang dan mengagumkan, sedangkan masa kontraksi Ekspor kopra Makassar menunjukkan kemunduran, kesuraman dan hilangnya harapan.

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The study on Macassar Copra to date has not got much concern from Indonesian Historians, though it is realized that the commodity was the urgent in the world trading. This study constitutes a contribution to complement the shortcoming in this field, that is, in special manner, by spotlighting the integration of the islands in the eastern part of Indonesia, their relation with both Macassar and the world market. The focus of this study was the export of Macassar copra while its period limit was within 1883-1958. In this study, Macassar copra export was divided into two development stages. First, the expansion period and the second was contraction period. During the expansion period, the export of Macassar copra indicated a bright and amazing progress, while the contraction period showed the decline, vague and hopeless."

"Kajian tentang perdagangan kopra Makassar hingga kini belum banyak mendapat perhatian di kalangan sejarawanIndonesia, meskipun disadari bahwa komoditas tersebut menjadi bagian yang penting dalam dunia perdagangan. Kajianini merupakan suatu sumbangan untuk melengkapi kekurangan dalam bidang ini, yaitu menyoroti secara khususterintegrasinya pulau-pulau di Indonesia bagian timur, baik hubungannya dengan Makassar maupun pasar dunia. Fokuskajiannya adalah ditujukan pada ekspor kopra Makassar, sedangkan jangkauan temporalnya di batasi pada periodetahun 1883-1958 Dalam kajian ini, ekspor kopra Makassar dibagi dalam dua tahap perkembangan, pertama adalahmasa ekspansi dan yang kedua adalah masa kontraksi. Dalam masa ekspansi, ekspor kopra Makassar menunjukkankemajuan yang gemilang dan mengagumkan, sedangkan masa kontraksi Ekspor kopra Makassar menunjukkankemunduran, kesuraman dan hilangnya harapan.The study on Macassar Copra to date has not got much concern from Indonesian Historians, though it is realized thatthe commodity was the urgent in the world trading. This study constitutes a contribution to complement theshortcoming in this field, that is, in special manner, by spotlighting the integration of the islands in the eastern part ofIndonesia, their relation with both Macassar and the world market. The focus of this study was the export of Macassarcopra while its period limit was within 1883-1958. In this study, Macassar copra export was divided into twodevelopment stages. First, the expansion period and the second was contraction period. During the expansion period,the export of Macassar copra indicated a bright and amazing progress, while the contraction period showed the decline,vague and hopeless."

"This research aims to express the changing process that happened in Mandar as a result of Dutch colonial intervention. From this, it can be seen the early structure that made by Mandar people, their custom and behavior; and finally to bring a new structure that come from their interaction with colonial power. From the period as temporal term, source of information is explored from a past data, especially from colonial archives. Some articles from journals and newspapers, as a contemporary mass media, contribute much information for reconstruction. The structure that made by Mandar people in 18th and 19th century was identified with a maritime piracy. By a reason to end this criminality, Dutch colonial government took a drastic measure with sending her military expedition to punish Mandar people. The expedition motivated the Mandar War in 1868-1869, and ended with a political contract between Mandar and Dutch in 1870. As a conclusion, Mandar is proven to have a difference structure with other political units in South Sulawesi. The structure is consisted of two: power system that composed by seven kings or “maradia”; and diaspora system that spread as long coast of Sulawesi. The contract, that forced by Dutch, could not end the both structures, even though the Dutch regarded that she could establish her political domination."