Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

Abstrak :
Tesis ini membahas kelayakan hukum Karbon (CO2) menjadi objek perdagangan karbon dalam skema mitigasi perubahan iklim dalam kacamata hukum dan etika lingkungan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum yang bersifat analitis dengan pendekatan normatif. Penelitian ini kemudian menemukan bahwa secara normatif Karbon (CO2) dapat menjadi benda karena Undang-Undang dan menjadi objek perdagangan karbon, namun mengandung sejumlah pertanyaan dalam pendekatan secara etika lingkungan karena merupakan benda milik bersama serta tetap menggunakan pendekatan Antroposentris dalam memposisikan alam diikuti sejumlah masalah teknis kehutanan dan perdagangan. ......This thesis discusses about the legal feasibility of carbon (CO2) become an object to carbon offset in climate change mitigation scheme in legal perspective and environmental ethic. This research is conducted in legal normative methode with analytical aproach. By this research, I found Carbon (CO2) could be defined as a goods, hence it could become an object of carbon offset. However, in perspective of environment ethics there are questions regarding how we see carbon as common property and remain use Anthropocentric approach to observe nature besides other number of technical problems such forestry and trade.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Target penerimaan pajak, selalu menjadi diskursus menarik di akhir tahun. Hampir sepuluh tahun terakhir target penerimaan perpajakan tak pernah tercapai. Belum lagi tingginya angka sengketa dalam beberapa tahun terakhir yang menggerus tingkat kepercayaan wajib pajak. Sehingga berdampak pada masih rendahnya tingkat kepatuhan wajib pajak di Indonesia. Dan salah satu hal yang mempengaruhi kondisi perpajakan Indonesia hari ini adalah pemeriksaan pajak. Untuk itu penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis implementasi kebijakan pemeriksaan pajak di Indonesia dengan konsep baru yang kini mulai banyak diadopsi di beberapa negara lain yaitu konsep cooperative compliance. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan pos-positivisme, metode kualitatif dan pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik wawancara mendalam. Analisis yang ditelaah melalui dua dimensi utama dalam cooperative compliance yaitu aspek kepercayaan dengan indikator komitmen, kejujuran, kompetensi dan keadilan; dan aspek transparansi degan indikator informatif dan pengungkapan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa pada dasarnya di Indonesia sampai saat ini belum ada kebijakan pemeriksaan pajak yang secara eksplisit/formal mengadopsi konsep cooperative compliance. Dilihat dari kedua dimensi utama dalam cooperative compliance yaitu kepercayaan dan transparansi, peneliti mendapatkan bahwa dimensi kepercayaan antara wajib pajak dan fiskus dalam pemeriksaan pajak masih minim yang bisa dilihat dari tingginya angka sengketa pajak. Adapun dimensi transparansi, kondisi saat ini sedang bergerak ke arah era keterbukaan yang lebih baik, dimana hal ini dapat tercermin dari adanya beberapa kebijakan yang dibuat dalam rangka mendukung proses transparansi.

---

ABSTRACT
The target of tax revenue is always an interesting discourse at the end of the year. Almost the last ten years the target of tax revenues has never been achieved. Not to mention the high number of disputes in recent years that undermined the level of taxpayer trust. So that impact on the low level of taxpayer compliance in Indonesia. And one of the things that affect the condition of Indonesia 39 s taxation today is the tax audit. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the implementation of tax audit policy in Indonesia with a new concept that is now beginning to be widely adopted in several other countries namely the concept of cooperative compliance. This research uses post positivism approach, qualitative method and data collection using in depth interview technique. Analysis analyzed through two main dimensions of cooperative compliance are trust dimension with indicator of commitment, honesty, competence and justice and dimension of transparency with informative indicators and disclosures. The results of this study explain that basically in Indonesia until now there has been no tax audit policy that explicitly formally adopt the concept of cooperative compliance. Viewed from the two main dimensions of cooperative compliance are trust and transparency, the researcher found that the trust dimension between taxpayer and taxpayer in tax audit is still minimal which can be seen from the high rate of tax disputes. As for the transparency dimension, the current condition is moving towards a better era of openness, which can be reflected in the existence of several policies made in order to support the transparency process.

Abstrak :
The sharp increase in oil price automatically will benefit the oil producer, in Indonesia they are production sharing contractor. They receive excess profit from the high sales price in access of increasing oil price. The excess profit usually called as windfall profit, which is an unearned, unanticipated gain in income through no additional effort. This favourable condition on the contrary cause unequal income distribution, where the fairness rationale was strongly influenced by impact of higher energy prices on poorer consumers, where there will be more money on energy expenditure. This condition indicates the declining of government's ability to do their duty in giving transfer payment for citizen, especially petroleum subsidy. This condition had ever hapenned in Indonesia in 1974, when arising oil prices generated windfall profits for the oil company. The political climate at that time dictated that if there was a windfall, then most of that windfall should benefit the government. In order to comply it, negotiations were started through New Deal Agreement. In another country, this happened in United States of America in 1980, where the Federal Government enacted a special federal excise tax called the crude oil windfall profit tax. The tax was enacted basically to recoup much of the large increase in oil industry profits that was anticipated from the decontrol of oil price. The tax was imposed on the difference between the market price of oil, which was called as removal price and the base price that was adjusted quaterly for inflation and state severance tax. Since the fourth generation of Production Sharing Contract in Indonesia, there has not been regulation yet accomodated windfall profit, also in the section of contract. By looking at the history and taking a look at nowaday's sitiuation, the government of Indonesia can consider to enact regulation about windfall profit received by production sharing contractor. This research try to study the windfall profit received by production sharing contractor observed from income tax regulations, especially the concept of income. This research uses qualitative approach descriptive type by using literature, in depth interview, and historical analysis. After all, it shows that windfall profit is excess income received because of the increasing of oil price. So naturally windfall profit is a kind of income according to income concept contempelated by Schainz, Haig, and Simon (SHS Concept) which also adopted by section about Income in Indonesian Income Tax Regulation. By looking at the history, it is recommended for the government of Indonesia to give special treatment in calculating the windfall profit as part of production sharing contractor's income. To calculate windfall profit, it depends on the government regulation regarding how to define windfall profit. What kind of price or threshold price will be used as the base price in determining profit which generates windfall profit. For now, windfall profit can be resulted from the difference between realized market price and Indonesian Crude Price (ICP) multiplied by contractor share. It is caused by ICP which supposed to be a market price of Indonesian oil can not reflect it, because the fact is the ICP always stand below the realized market price, like market price determined by OPEC. This will generate loss potention for Indonesia, where the contractor pay the tax with ICP meanwhile they sell their oil from Indonesia based on realized market price. This recommended formula also to reflect the tax payment of contractor is according to arm's length price. If the windfall profit included in part of contractor's income and multiplied with 44% which is the tax rate applied for contractor, it will raise the change in production sharing, which in favor of government of Indonesia. This thing need the government's attention, calculation, and consideration about this recommended formula. Another several things needed to be considered by the government of Indonesia is the economic, law, and political aspects. So if this policy will be applied, it will reflect the equity between government of Indonesia and the contractor as foreign investor. And Indonesia will not be harmed any more by the condition of the sharp increase in oil price so it will help to enhance the prosperity of Indonesian citizen.