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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Transportasi udara merupakan kebutuhan yang bersifat strategis bagi berbagai keperluan, oleh karena itu penyelenggaraannya memerlukan perencanaan secara akurat. Salah satu aspek penting dalam masalah ini adalah perkembangan jumlah penumpang penerbangan komersial. Untuk memproyeksikan dan mengantisipasi perkembangan jumlah penumpang penerbangan diperlukan adanya model yang bekerja dengan mekanisme sebab-akibat, agar hasilnya responsif terhadap perubahan sistem sebab. Dalam model ini penumpang dikelompokkan dalam tiap jenis keperluan perjalanan dan disusun sistem sebabnya masing-masing. Dengan simulasi komputer, model dinamika sistem ini telah menunjukkan kemampuannya dalam menjelaskan struktur masalah dan mekanisme sebab-akibat yang dapat memprediksi dan memproyeksikan kemungkinan yang akan terjadi. Model ini juga mampu dengan cepat menyajikan sensitifitas permintaan terhadap perubahan tiap sistem sebab atau beberapa sistem sebab sekaligus. Implementasi model dinamika sistem ini akan lebih berhasil apabila memperoleh dukungan data yang lebih lengkap, teratur pengumpulannya, akurat dan sistematik penyajiannya. Pengembangan lebih lanjut terhadap model faktor penyebab juga sangat mendukung keefektifan implementasi model ini. Kerja sama antar instansi dan pakar berbagai bidang keahlian untuk mengembangkan model ini lebih lanjut akan memberikan manfaat yang lebih besar bagi berbagai pihak yang berhubungan dengan kegiatan penerbangan.

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ABSTRACT Air transportation is an important need which serves various trip purposes, therefore, this services should be planned accurately. One of the most important aspects to solve the problems is the growth of commercial flight passengers. Projecting and anticipating the growth of commercial flight passengers needs a model that works based on causal-effect mechanism, to produce responsive solutions caused by causal systems changes. These models classify the passengers by trip purposes and build the structures of causal systems for each trip purpose. Using computer simulations, the system dynamics models show its ability to explain the structures of the problems as well as the causal mechanism in predicting and projecting of the demand in the future. These models can also generate a sensitivity evaluation of the demand if the causal system or systems will change. Implementation of the system dynamics models will work more successfully if supporting data collected completely by systemic procedures as well as its representations. Further development of these models for causal systems also contributes the effectiveness of the models. Cooperation of institutions and various experts will give optimum benefits for those who involved in the air transportation fields.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Kualitas sampah kemasan plastik yang rendah menjadi kendala bagi kualitas hasil proses daur ulang mekanikal dan sebaliknya kapasitas produksi daur ulang menjadi pembatas saat bahan baku berlebih. Penciptaan nilai kualitas sampah plastik dengan paradigma perbaikan kualitas sampah diubah dengan paradigma konservasi nilai material melalui rancangan kemasan ramah daur ulang dan kepedulian pemangku kepentingan. Peningkatan jumlah bahan baku berkualitas tinggi diantisipasi dengan kehadiran sistem manufaktur terintegrasi berbasis wilayah dengan dukungan pemangku kepentingan dan komunitas. Skema pengembangan sistem manufaktur terintegrasi di sembilan kota di Jawa Barat berpotensi meningkatkan pemanfaatan sampah kemasan plastik kaku hingga tersisa hanya 6% di tahun 2025 dengan volume produksi 270 ton bijih plastik hasil daur ulang berkualitas tinggi setiap hari. Pengusahaan yang layak secara finansial dan ekonomi serta membantu pengurangan sampah plastik yang tidak terkelola ini memerlukan dukungan regulasi serta penerapannya secara konsisten dan berkelanjutan. Serangkaian rencana implementasi program dan jadwal pelaksanaannya diajukan dalam penelitian ini.

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ABSTRACT
Low quality of plastic waste is a constraint of mechanical recycling product quality, while limitation of capacity is a counter-productive within a surplus of higher quality raw materials. Quality value creation with plastic waste quality improvement paradigm should be shifted to material value conservation paradigm through design for recycling of plastic packaging and awareness of its stakeholders. Surplus of higher quality of plastic waste anticipated with integrated manufacturing systems for a region and stakeholders as well as community awareness. A development scheme of this system for nine cities in West Java will increase rigid plastic waste utilization with only 6% unmanaged waste in 2025 and produce 270 metric tons/day of high quality recycled plastic pellets. Viability of business both in financial as well as economic measures and its role in unmanaged waste reduction need a proper regulation with a consistent and sustainable implementation. A set of program implementation plans as well as its time schedule proposed in this research.

Abstrak :
According to the material-value-conservation paradigm, all material should not be considered to be marginal material, but rather to be valuable resource of which its value should be conserved. Degradation of material value may be prevented by designing for material value conservation that will support easier and faster processes for mechanical recycling; this will produce better quality of product and improve its financial viability. Therefore, it supports resource conservation schemes for plastic materials, reduces material waste, and also promotes a new method of environmental protection. A material value conservation implementation needs appropriate and strategic stakeholder roles in order to optimize the line of sight among stakeholders. Brain-writing and interpretive-process techniques of analysis were implemented in this research by interviewing competent resource persons representing every category of stakeholder (including government institutions, such as the regulator and law-enforcement agencies; plastic-packaging producers; plastic-packaging purchasers; plastic-waste collectors, and plastic recyclers), and then analyzing their responses to determine the appropriate strategic roles. Results of the two methods suggest a list of stakeholders with their strategic roles being to support the material-value-conservation aims in the context of quality and value of plastic-waste improvements, as well as increasing the quantity of waste accepted by plastic recyclers. Stakeholder roles provided valuable information and directions for implementing management of plastic materials and plastic packaging products, as well as its post-consumer materials as valuable waste. The new paradigm, which is supported by the appropriate roles of stakeholders will have a broader impact and provide more benefits through optimizing plastic-waste utilization, especially for regions with high density of people and high consumption rate of plastic packaging products.