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"ABSTRACTThe treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria begins with antihistamines; however, the dose required typically exceeds that recommended for allergic rhinitis. Second-generation, relatively non-sedating H₁receptor blockers are typically employed up to 4 times a day. Firstgeneration antihistamines, such as hydroxyzine or diphenhydramine (Atarax or Benadryl), were employed similarly in the past. Should high dose antihistamines fail to control symptoms (at least 50%), omalizumab at 300 mg/month is the next step. This is effective in 70% of antihistamine refractory patients. H₂receptor blockers and leukotriene antagonists are no longer recommended; they add little and the literature does not support significant efficacy. For those patients who are unresponsive to both antihistamines and omalizumab, cyclosporine is recommended next. This is similarly effective in 65%-70% of patients; however, care is needed regarding possible side effects on blood pressure and renal function. Corticosteroids should not be employed chronically due to cumulative toxicity that is dose and time dependent. Brief courses of steroid e.g., 3 to 10 days can be employed for severe exacerbations, but should be an infrequent occurrence. Finally, other agents, such as dapsone or sulfasalazine, can be tried for those patients unresponsive to antihistamines, omalizumab, and cyclosporine."

"Penulisan ini akan membahas mengenai perlindungan pemegang saham minoritas PT Bank Agris Tbk dengan adanya pengecualian penawaran tender wajib yang wajib dilakukan oleh Industrial Bank of Korea selaku pihak yang mengambilalih perusahaan terbuka. Keberadaan pengecualian dilakukannya penawaran tender wajib menghilangkan kesempatan pemegang saham minoritas PT Bank Agris Tbk agar saham yang mereka miliki dibeli oleh pengendali baru dengan harga yang sama dengan harga pengambilalihan atau harga yang lebih tinggi. Atas dasar tersebut, apakah terdapat perlindungan hukum pemegang saham minoritas PT Bank Agris Tbk atas adanya pengecualian penawaran tender wajib dan apakah ketentuan penawaran tender wajib dapat dikesampingkan atas dasar pelaksanaan peraturan perundang-undangan di bidang perbankan. Penulisan ini menggunakan penelitian doktrinal dengan tujuan untuk meneliti dan menganalisis apakah terdapat perlindungan hukum dan apakah ketentuan penawaran tender wajib dapat dikesampingkan. Dengan tidak dilaksanakannya penawaran tender wajib, pemegang saham minoritas PT Bank Agris Tbk tidak memperoleh perlindungan hukum yang timbul dari penawaran tender wajib. Ketentuan penawaran tender wajib tidak dapat dikecualikan oleh peraturan perundang-undangan di bidang perbankan dan penawaran tender wajib tetap harus dilaksanakan oleh Industrial Bank of Korea selaku pengendali baru dari PT Bank Agris Tbk.

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This research will discuss the protection of minority shareholders of PT Bank Agris Tbk with the exemption of mandatory tender offer which must be conducted by Industrial Bank of Korea as the party that takes over the public company. The existence of the exemption to the mandatory tender offer eliminates the opportunity of minority shareholders of PT Bank Agris Tbk to have their shares purchased by the new controller at the same price as the takeover price or a higher price. On that basis, whether there is legal protection for minority shareholders of PT Bank Agris Tbk on the exemption of mandatory tender offer and whether the provision of mandatory tender offer can be exempted on the basis of the implementation of laws and regulations in the field of banking. This research uses doctrinal research with the purpose of examining and analyzing whether there is legal protection and whether the provision of mandatory tender offer can be exempted. By not implementing the mandatory tender offer, the minority shareholders of PT Bank Agris Tbk do not obtain legal protection arising from the mandatory tender offer. The provision of mandatory tender offer cannot be exempted by banking laws and regulations and the mandatory tender offer must still be implemented by Industrial Bank of Korea as the new controller of PT Bank Agris Tbk."