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"Sanksi pidana dan sanksi administratif merupakan dua jenis sanksi yang dirumuskan dalam berbagai ketentuan administrasi di Indonesia. Fenomena perumusan kedua jenis sanksi tersebut mengalami dinamika baik dalam perumusan maupun penerapannya, khususnya dalam ketentuan tentang kepabeanan dan cukai, perpajakan, kehutanan, dan lingkungan hidup, yang mana keadaan ini membawa permasalahan dalam praktik penegakannya. Penelitian ini berangkat dari permasalahan pokok tentang pentingnya suatu pedoman untuk menentukan perumusan ketentuan pidana dalam ketentuan administrasi sebagai suatu pola formulasi yang melandasi perumusan sanksi dalam menentukan jenis sanksi administratif dan/atau sanksi pidana dalam ketentuan di bidang fiskal dan sumber daya alam serta perlunya pengaturan tentang pedoman bagi pejabat administrasi dan/atau penegak hukum yang berwenang dalam menerapkan sanksi tersebut. Jawaban dari pertanyaan penelitian dicari melalui studi dokumen terhadap ketentuan perundang-undangan, doktrin, dan putusan pengadilan dalam bidang yang menjadi topik penelitian. Mengingat fokus penelitian adalah pengaturan dan penerapan sanksi administratif dan pidana dalam ketentuan administrasi, maka kajian tentang sanksi administratif dan sanksi pidana, teori tentang pidana dan pemidanaan, serta penerapan prinsip ultimum remedium dan una via, digunakan untuk menganalisis bagaimana pembentuk undang-undang menyusun ketentuan dengan dua jenis sanksi tersebut dan bagaimana pejabat administrasi menentukan sanksi yang dijatuhkan dalam kasus-kasus faktual. Penelitian ini menghasilkan temuan, sebagai berikut: pertama, dalam pembentukan jenis dan sifat sanksi, pembentuk undang-undang merujuk pada ketentuan yang telah ada, namun dalam risalah pembahasan RUU tidak dilengkapi argumentasi tentang justifikasi pidana dan pemidanaan serta prinsip ultimum remedium, melainkan hanya mempertimbangkan bahwa sanksi pidana diperlukan untuk memperkuat sanksi administratif guna menjerakan para pelaku; kedua, penerapan sanksi pidana dan/atau sanksi administratif dalam kasus-kasus faktual dilakukan sebagaimana kualifikasi dalam rumusan pasal yang dilanggar, urutan prosedur penyelesaian kasus serta dapat pula diterapkan secara bervariasi sehingga dapat bersifat kasuistis untuk tiap-tiap kasus dan tulisan ini memberikan pedoman untuk persoalan tersebut; ketiga, prinsip ultimum remedium digunakan dalam bidang perpajakan dan lingkungan hidup kecuali untuk rumusan yang tidak memberikan sanksi yang berjenjang karena mengingat sifat bahaya dan seriusnya perbuatan dari pelanggaran tertentu. Prinsip una via telah diterapkan dalam kasus fiskal khususnya di bidang perpajakan di tingkat Mahkamah Agung, dengan catatan bahwa prinsip una via berlaku sebagai perluasan dari prinsip nebis in idem, bahwa untuk satu pelanggaran yang serupa tidak dapat diterapkan dua jenis sanksi yang memiliki sifat punitif yang sama. Saat ini prinsip una via sudah dirumuskan dalam ketentuan di sektor keuangan.

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Criminal sanctions and administrative sanctions are two types of sanctions formulated in various administrative acts in Indonesia. The phenomenon of the formulation of these two types of sanctions experiences dynamics situation both in formulation and implementation, particularly in provisions concerning customs and excise, taxation, forestry, and the environment, which creates problems in the law enforcement practices. This research departs from the main problem regarding the importance of a guideline for determining the formulation of criminal provisions in administrative provisions as a pattern of formulation that underlies the formulation of sanctions in determining the types of administrative sanctions and/or criminal sanctions in provisions in the fiscal and natural resources sector and the need for setting guidelines for administrative officials and/or law enforcement officials authorized to apply the sanctions. To finds the answers for the research questions are sought through document studies of statutory provisions and acts, doctrines, and court decisions. Considering that the research focus is on the regulation and application of administrative and criminal sanctions in administrative provisions, the study of administrative sanctions and criminal sanctions, the theory on justification of punishment as well as the application of the principles of ultimum remedium and una via, are used to analyze how legislators formulate provisions with the two types of sanctions and how administrative officials determine the sanctions imposed in factual cases. This research resulted in the following findings: first, in establishing the type and nature of sanctions, the legislators referred to existing provisions, however, the treatise on deliberating the bill was not accompanied by arguments regarding criminal justification and sentencing as well as the ultimum remedium principle, but only considered that criminal sanctions are needed to strengthen administrative sanctions to deter the perpetrators; secondly, the application of criminal sanctions and/or administrative sanctions in factual cases is carried out according to the qualifications in the formulation of the article that was violated, the sequence of procedures for resolving cases and can also be applied in a variety of ways so that it can be casuistic for each case and this research provides guideline to tackle the challenges; third, the principle of ultimum remedium is used in the fields of taxation and the environment except for formulations that do not provide tiered sanctions due to the nature of the harm and the seriousness of the actions of certain violations. The una via principle has been applied in fiscal cases, especially in the case of taxation at the Supreme Court level, with a main consideration that the una via principle applies as an extension of the ne bis in idem principle, that for one similar violation for two types of sanctions which have the same punitive sanction which cannot be applied. Currently, the una via principle has been formulated in provisions in the financial sector."

"Human trafficking as a form of contemporary slavery evidently is not fractured by ages, and in fact, it continues to take place in various operation modes. Based on various information sources from the print as well as electronics media and supported by the research data, this phenomenon evidently is increasing all over the world, including Indonesia and often caused casualties especially towards women and children. This research was based from the concern towards the law enforcement on the case of human trafficking in Indonesia, and accordingly emerges the identification of the problems that cover the followings: the condition of women and children human trafficking in Indonesia, regulating this action as an action that is prohibited based on various applicable regulations in Indonesia, the aspect of law enforcement, including the prospect of Draft on Elimination of Human Trafficking which at the current moment is in the process of legalization. To answer these problems, the writer used the bibliography law research method, which is supported by material books and secondary data that is analyzed using the qualitative method and presented in analytical descriptive. From the research, it is discovered that women and children trafficking cases that are currently occurring in Indonesia are intended to obtain economic and sexual exploitation. Further, it is also found that there are various instruments of law and human rights, both national and international, which have classified this action as an act that is prohibited and resulting in a criminal punishment, and besides, the current Draft has also been structured adequately from the formulation aspect and expected to be applied maximally in its implementation. Moreover, in relation with the weakness of the law enforcement, it turns out that there is only a few cases brought before the court, and if it is then processed, the punishment that is sentenced for the criminal is very minimize. Based on this research results, the writer would like to view a recommendation, so that the government as well as related agency could increase the law enforcement towards the case of human trafficking especially women and children, have a tight supervision in various vulnerable territories for this type of case, strengthened the international, government agency, and NGO co-ordination and co-operation, as well as immediately legalize the Draft on Elimination of Human Trafficking."