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"This paper aims at reviewing empirical literature on the perfomance and issues associated with commercialisation of microfinance institutions (MFIs). The popular approach believes that commercial-based operation can lead to financial self-sustainability without reducing the role to assist the poor. Although the growth in financial intermediation is evident, many commercialised MFIs remain dependence on subsidy and fail to achieve a greater outreach. hence, this approach highly undermines the social mission of microfinance to reach the poorest of the poor."

"Recent research on the role of institutions in economic development and poverty reduction indicates the importance of institutions, including local institutions. This study examines the importance of institutions as a means to support poverty alleviation policy in Indonesia. Specifically, it addresses two simple but very important policy-questions. First, how important is economic growth for poverty reduction in Indonesia? Second, how important are institutions in determining the poverty performance of economic growth? Though data, especially time series data, are limited, and some estimated regression coefficients are found to be not significant, overall, the findings suggest that improved institutions reflected by higher education enrolment; good health facilities, especially clinics, women empowerment; credit facilities, government development expenditures and cooperatives at the local/village level are all important for poverty reduction."

"This study aims (1) to construct an Econometric Input-Output Model for Indonesia, that emphasizes the linkage between sectors, and (2) to analyze the impact of budget allocation on development expenditure to Indonesian's economy in 2002.

The model, constructed by combining the advantages of an input-output model and an econometric model, is called the Indonesian Econometric Input-Output Model or "Model Input-Output Ekonometrika Indonesia" (MIENA). MIENA consists of 112 dynamic simultaneous equations which utilize secondary data from 19SO-20UO. The equation parameters are estimated by using a combination of three estimation methods: (1) Ordinary Least Squares, (2) First Order of Autoregressive and (3) Second Order of Autoregressive. The model is validated by the Gauss-Siedel Method, it is then used for protections and policy impact analysis simulations on budget development expenditure and world economic conditions.

The study finds that the impact of budget reallocation for development expenditure (final demand, output, income, and sectoral employment) is better than the budget allocation for development expenditure in the National Budgetary Plan (RAP3N) for 2002. The plantation sector contributed the most to supporting output multiplier and high income. The food, beverages, and tobacco industries contributed the most to yield a high employment multiplier."

"This study evaluates consistency of the trickle down hypothesis, that shows parabolic relationship between poverty incidence and per capita aggregate gross domestic product (GDP), with Indonesia data. In addition to aggregate GDP, the hypothesis was also tested by using GDP disaggregated by sector and adding some alternative price variables. The study shows that per capita aggregate GDP is not significantly related with poverty incidence. Impact of disaggregated GDP varies by sector and by region. Agriculture GDP has the greatest impact on poverty incidence in rural area, whereas industrial GDP determines poverty incidence in urban area. Poverty incidence is also determined by rice price. These findings indicate that promoting agricultural development, food crop subsector in particular, is an appropriate strategy for poverty alleviation."

"Alternative Risk Transfer (ART) is the tool that arises to answer the challenge in making a risk transfer prosess more efficient. As a part of the solution in turbulent business world, ART is still in the evolution strages, especially when it comes to the implementation strges in developing countries that are still lack of with infrastructure. In our point of view, it seems that the most viable way to implement ART in Indonesia is form the dimension of ART in reinsurance relationship. Insurers will find it more efficient when they implement the multi year finite risk contract agreement compare to the traditional reinsurance contract. However, the interesting part is the development of the securitization in insurance product to capital market.Looking fraom the industry, this is a serious threat toward insurance industry since the product will bring a new relief on the industry map of competition. Nevertheless, securitization is a part of ART?s solution set to answer the limitation of capacity in the industry and the challenge to more demanding companies in relying its business in predictable cash flow. Despite those two methods, ART has another from that has been longed implemented in Indonesia, captives. In this paper, we try to formulate the three models in ART and what they offer to answer the problems that we have in Indonesia?s insurance industry."

"A systematic information on the amount and the source of investment in agriculture sector is needed, especially in relation to the purpose of formulating the Repelita Vll of Agricultural Sector. The main objective of this paptur is to calculate total value of investment requirement in agriculture and to identify the sources and f he value of each source of its funding. The result of three approach of this study are demand driven predicts that the agricultural-sector real COP Growth in Repelita VU will be 95%/year, this historic trend showed 4.05%/ year, and government-targeted have ranges from 3.58-3,71%/year. Based on the demand driven approach, the total agricultural sector investment requirement in Repelita Vll is Rp 41 2 billion, the historical trend approach is Rp 24.8 billion and the government-targeted is Rp 29.8 billion. Output projection based on the demand driven approach is much greater than the projection obtained from the other two approaches. The last two approaches are basically supply side approach. The findings then can be interpreted that in Repelita Vll demand for agricultural output will be far higher than production capacity. Accordingly, if there are no systematic anticipation to this situation, import of agricultural products will increase very sharply. This, of course, will lead to a very strong balance of payment deficit pressure. The government is, therefore, required to set a new much higher agricultural sector GDP targets than presently set for Repelita Vll."

"The objective of this paper is to analyze the causal relationship between export and economic growth in Indonesia for the period of 1971-97. The method used in this study is almost similar to previous studies tarried out by Yung and Marshall (1935) and Dodaro (1993) It is concluded from the present study that there is no causal relationship between export and import growth, at least in the period under study. Nonetheless, combining this conclusion with those of previous studies, one mm? infer that export does affect economic growth at feast for the first fifteen years of development in Indonesia (1971-85} Sttch effects, however, would be getting weaker and weaker afterward. Since the current economic crisis could be considered as the starting point for another new economic development, export promotion seems to be a reasonable policy. Under the current exchange rate regime, exports of low-import content commodities, including agricultural commodities, have to be promoted."

"The article highlights the prospeccts of Minahasa wooden-house development by analysing its supply and demand sides, taking info account the cultural aspects therein. The findings show that economically as wdl as financially Minahasa wooden-house industry has a good and promising prospects Due to its proximity to wood sources the industry in Mokobang has a better comparative advantage than that in Woloan. However, taking into account the demand side as well, the industry in Woloan has a better competitive advantage, since the industry therein more strictly followed the cultural aspects in the making while accomodating to varying consumers' taste and preferences Implementation of the forestry policy to cater wood for local industry seems in favor of promoting wooden-house industry. Consumers' decision to buy wooden-house is mainly affected by the wooden-house price, price of alternative house, and level of consumers' education."

"The Belgian Congo (Zaire, now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), the Netherlands Indies (Indonesia), and Taiwan/Formosa (now the Republic of China) experienced policies during the 19th and early 20th century which could be termed exploitative or extractive, although some policies in these colonies could also be termed developmental. All three colonies had a troubled passage to independence, and the immediate post-independence era was marked by considerable political and economic turmoil. But the growth performance of the three former colonies has been very different. Taiwan has seen very rapid growth sustained over decades; Indonesia's economic growth since 1970 has been quite robust; the Congo has seen a growth collapse which is extraordinary even by African standards. The paper suggests some explanations for this divergence in terms of policies pursued by the Japanese, Dutch and Belgian colonial regimes, and by postindependence governments in these countries."