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"Tesis ini membahas Kerja Sama Pembangunan Jerman dan Brasil melalui Analisis PESTEL dan GELT dengan studi khusus dari tahun 2010-2018. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan mix method, yaitu pengabungan metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Dengan jenis data diambil dari hasil polling, wawancara dan studi pustaka mengenai profil kerja sama ekonomi dan pembangunan Jerman dengan Brasil. Sumber data juga berasal dari situ resmi Eurostat, OEC, World Bank, IMF, negara-negara yang diteliti, NATO, organisasi internasional dan regional di kawasan Eropa dan Amerika Selatan, BRICS, situs dari pemerintah Jerman dan Brasil dan Uni Eropa, serta data dari berbagai studi pustaka buku. Pengumpulan data dilakukan selama periode tiga bulan dengan tahapan pengumpulan data, diklasifikasikan, dihitung dan diolah dengan mode konseptual. Tujuan dari penelitian tesis ini adalah : mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kerja sama pembangunan Jerman dengan Brasil; mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kerja sama pembangunan Jerman dan Brasil berjalan optimal serta mengeksplorasi alasan dan argumentasi mengapa penekanan dan prioritas kerja sama pembangunan Jerman dan Brasil dilakukan dengan pendekatan PESTEL dan GELT.

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This thesis discusses German and Brazilian Development Cooperation through PESTEL and GELT Analysis with special studies carried out from 2010-2018. This study uses a mix method approach, namely the integration of qualitative and quantitative methods. With this type of data taken from the results of polls, interviews and literature studies on the profile of German economic and development cooperation with Brazil. Data sources also originate from the official Eurostat, OEC, World Bank, IMF, researched countries, NATO, international and regional organizations in the European and South American regions, BRICS, sites from the German and Brazilian governments and the European Union, as well as data from various book library studies. Data collection is carried out over a three-month period with the stages of data collection, classified, calculated and processed in conceptual mode. The aim of this thesis research is: to identify the factors that influence German development cooperation with Brazil; identifying the factors that influence German and Brazilian optimal model of development cooperation and explores the reasons and arguments of German and Brazilian development cooperation and the emphasis are carried out with the PESTEL and GELT analyisis approaches.

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"Timbul gelombang protes yang meluas, baik dari masyarakat Prancis maupun dari masyarakat di berbagai belahan dunia, ketika pada tanggal 17 Desember 2003, Presiden Prancis Jacques Chirac mengeluarkan pengumuman bahwa di Prancis akan diberlakukan Undang-Undang Laїcité, sebuah undang-undang tentang pelarangan pemakaian simbol-simbol keagamaan di sekolah negeri di Prancis.Meskipun begitu Pemerintah Prancis tetap mengesahkan Rancangan Undang-Undang Laїcité yang diajukan oleh Menteri Urusan Pemuda, Pendidikan Nasional dan Penelitian, Luc Ferry tersebut, menjadi Undang-Undang Laїcité pada tanggal 15 Maret 2004. Tujuan Pemerintah Prancis memberlakukan Undang-Undang Laїcité 2004 adalah menegakkan budaya dan ideologi sekuler yang dianut oleh Prancis. Dengan tegaknya prinsip sekuler maka akan terwujud integrasi nasional dan kerukunan hidup bersama antara penduduk Prancis yang semakin heterogen. Keheterogenan penduduk di Prancis disebabkan oleh banyaknya pendatang dari berbagai negeri di dunia, yang datang dan menetap di Prancis. Pendatang atau orang asing tersebut datang ke Prancis dengan membawa ideologi dan budaya mereka masing-masing.Latar belakang Pemerintah Prancis memberlakukan Undang-Undang Laїcité 2004 adalah pertama, sudah sejak lama Prancis menganut ideologi sekuler, dan ideologi yang telah menjadi budaya Prancis tersebut diperoleh melalui sejarah yang panjang dan tidak mudah; kedua, telah terjadi friksi ideologi dan budaya antara penduduk asli dan pendatang dan antara pendatang itu sendiri.Salah satu pendatang yang makin lama makin banyak jumlah populasinya adalah pendatang yang berasal dari negeri-negeri Maghribi. Pendatang tersebut dinilai masih belum bisa beradaptasi. Mereka masih cenderung memegang dan melaksanakan budaya asli mereka yaitu Arab-Islam. Manfaat lain dari diberlakukannya Undang-Undang Laїcité 2004 adalah membantu pendatang asal negeri-negeri Maghribi untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan budaya sekuler Prancis, sebab sekolah negeri dapat memberikan "kekuatan akulturasi yang besar" pada anak-anak imigran.Penelitian ini ditinjau dari dua sudut pandang, sudut pandang politik menggunakan teori Kepentingan Nasional dan sudut pandang budaya menggunakan teori Adaptasi Lintas Budaya."

"European integration process has come to the extent where interdependence between member has become more complex than a simple economic cooperation. At this point, European Union has reached a realm in which deeper political commitment is needed, not only between member states and the Union, but between individuals and the Union, The ever evolving jbrm of Union itself has become closer to a conventional nation-state. At this juncture, a European 'demos' - as a constituent base for European Union - is needed This poses a new issue for the Union: to build a common social identity in regional level.This thesis tries to examine how does this process of social identity building of European can come to pass and made possible by European Union, using political psychology approaches available, to explore the nature ofthe process in individual, social, national, and regional level, and how European Union can actively promote, construct, and be made possible to be a main reference for Europeans? social identity. Furthermore, this thesis would propose the use of psychological approach in understanding social phenomenon in wider social scale, in this case, European integration."

"Europe's attempts to be able to be more independent on security and defense areas have been started since it tried to create EDC 1950's as the first security cooperation. Though EDC was never formally conceived, Europe has continued its efforts to develop cooperations in security and defense areas. Fouchet Plan, EPC, SEA and CFSP are several examples of its efforts attempted to be independent in these areas. CFSP is one of Europe's greatest innovations in strengtening these efforts. Specific articles in Treaty of Maastricht and Treaty of Amsterdam state that CFSP is the guidelines of mapping Europe's common security policy that will lead to common defense. What is stated by the articles is ambiguous as Europe up to now is still dependent on NATO/the US and will continously do so, in contrary Europe has EU/WEU which has been determined as an organization that will implement EU's defense policies.

This thesis tries to find out which security organization Europe will later use as its main security instrument and whether Europe actually aims at common defense or merely at common defense policy. This thesis concludes that EU will combine the usage of EU/WEU and NATO. NATO will remain to be Europe's military defense organization and EU/WEU will develop to be the organization that will ensure the security of Europe. This is a fact of the attainment of common defense policy in regard that the formation of European Army, as a form of common defense, is not viable. The establishment of a common defense requires radical adaptations and changes, for instance, EU has to construct the Europe's Ministry of Defense, European Minister of Defense and European Army. CFSP/ESDP will continue to develop and to determine resolutions on Europe's security cooperations. As long as the three EU core states (England, Germany and France) maintains diverse perpectives on common security and defense concepts, Europe will remain dependent on those two organizations (EU/WEU and NATO)."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini diawali dari keinginan penulis untuk mengetahui secara lebih mendalam mengenai hubungan dua kawasan antara Asia dan Eropa dalam forum kerjasama Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM).Untuk mengarahkan penelitian, dirumuskan research problem: bagaimana peran dan prospek hubungan kerjasama antara Asia dan Eropa dalam pengembangan hubungan kerjasama bidang ekonomi antara Asia dan Eropa.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode multi disipliner yaitu hubungan internasional, hukum internasional dan memfokuskan pada disiplin ekonomi internasional (Ekonomi Eropa) dengan menganalisis secara lebih mendalam pada pilar ekonomi dalam struktur forum kerjasama ASEM melalui 2 (dua) perspektif, Asia dan Eropa.Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan berupa abstraksi yaitu: Kebijakan Uni Eropa untuk mengevaluasi kembali secara lebih mendalam terhadap Asia yang dituangkan dalam dokumen berjudul Towards a New Strategy Commission of the European Communities pada tahun 1994 kemudian dipertegas lagi dengan dikeluarkannya dokumen berjudul Europe and Asia: A Strategic Framework for Enhance Partnerships, kedua dokumen tersebut merupakan landasan utama bagi Uni Eropa dalam menjalin hubungan kerjasama dengan negara-negara di Asia.Hubungan kerjasama antara Asia dan Eropa yang tergabung dalam forum Asia Europe Meeting (ASEM) dan bersifat informal Meeting dikukuhkan dalam Bangkok Declaration pada tanggal 2 Maret 1996 di Bangkok, Thailand yang dilandasi oleh sikap saling menghormati, terbuka dan sejajar dengan ditopang oleh tiga pilar utama yaitu Politik, Ekonomi dan Budaya-Intelektual.Kerjasama di bidang ekonomi antara Asia dan Eropa dilandasi oleh pengakuan bersama bahwa pasar besar Asia membutuhkan barang-barang konsumen dalam jumlah yang sangat besar, peraturan mengenai modal keuangan dan infrastruktur. Sementara Eropa merupakan pasar utama dunia bagi barang-barang investasi dan jasa terutama sejak berdirinya European Single Market (EMU). Kondisi ini yang membuka peluang bagi Asia dan Eropa untuk saling bekerjasama dalam lalu lintas pasar barang, modal, infrastruktur, keahlian, alih teknologi, dsb.Guna mempromosikan perdagangan dan investasi yang lebih intensif antar kedua kawasan maka disepakati adanya langkah-langkah bagi liberalisasi dan fasilitas perdagangan diantaranya berupa penyederhanaan dan perbaikan prosedur kepabeanan, pengurangan atau penghilangan berbagai hambatan tarif dan non-tarif, memajukan usaha kecil-menengah, dsb.Maka kemitraan yang kuat dan sejajar antara Asia dan Eropa harus dimanfaatkan semaksimal mungkin guna memperbesar aliran perdagangan dan investasi secara dua arah dengan tetap berada di bawah peraturan World Trade Organization (WTO) yang berkomitmcn pada ekonomi pasar, sistem perdagangan multilateral yang terbuka, liberalisasi perdagangan yang non-diskriminasi serta regionalisme yang terbuka,Kerjasama ASEM yang relatif masih muda tidak luput dari berbagai masalah, hambatan, peluang dan tantangan namun adanya keinginan bersama kedua kawasan untuk lebih memajukan perekono nian mereka, perlahan namun pasti peran dan prospek hubungan kerjasama dibidang ekonomi antara Asia dan Eropa akan meningkat dan diperhitungkan dalam dunia internasional.

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ABSTRAK

This research is started with the writer's hope to acknowledge the relationship between the two regions between Asia and Europe in the cooperation forum of Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM).

To direct a research, a research problem is formulated: how the role and prospect of cooperation relation between Asia and Europe in developing the cooperation between Asia and Europe.

This research used the multidisciplinary method, which is the international relations science, international law science, and focused on the international economy science discipline (European economy) by analyzing the pillar economy in depth in the ASEM cooperation forum structure within 2 (two) perspectives, Asia and Europe,

The result of the conducted research comes in form of an abstraction, that is: European Union Policy to re-evaluate Asia in depth that should be stipulated in the documents entitled Towards a New Strategy Commission of the European Communities in 1994. This shall restrengthen the view of European Union (EU) on Asia in 2001. Another document, entitled Europe and Asia: A Strategic Framework for Enhanced Partnerships was issued. The two documents came as the main base for European Union (EU) to establish cooperation relationship with Asian countries.

The cooperation relation between Asia and Europe joining in the forum of Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) and tends to be Informal Meeting was strengthened in the Bangkok Declaration on March 2. 1996 in Bangkok, Thailand based on the respect, open and equal principles supported by three main pillars, that are Politics, Economy and Culture-Intellectual.

The cooperation in the economic sector between Asia and Europe was based on the joint testimony that Asian major market requires consumer products in huge number, regulation on the finance and infrastructure capitals. Meanwhile, Europe is an international major market for investment and service products, particularly since the establishment of European Single Market (EMU). This condition opens opportunity for Asia and Europe to work together in the traffic of capital market, capital, infrastructure, expertise, technology transfer, etc.

In order to promote a more intensive trade and investment between the two regions, several measures for liberalization and trade facilities have been approved including simplifying and improvement of taxation procedures, the lessening or nullification of tariffs and non-tariffs problems, improving the small-middle enterprises, etc.

A strong and equal partnership between Asia and Europe must be maximized to improve the trade flow and investment in two ways by still being under the World Trade Organization (WTO) that is committed to the market economy, an open multilateral trade system, non-discriminative trade liberalization and an open regionalism.

An ASEM cooperation that is still relatively new suffers various problems, obstacles and opportunity. However, the joint hope between the two regions to improve the economy will increase the role and prospects in economic cooperation between Asia and Europe and make them accountable in the international world."

"Multilingualism in EU is a state of affairs emerged as a range of different languages encounter one another. The history of European integration and the course of language policy in EU show that there is no policy on the language of EU. Issues related to language regulate themselves to practical tenets. This is what is identified as laissez-faire policy model. The putting into practice of this laissez-faire policy model in EU has significant implications to French language. They are closely correlated with the question of power. France, as a member-state having a vital role and strong leadership character in integration, perceives this circumstance as a form of threat against the strength and the popularity of its language.Situations of multilingualism and language policy belong to one theoretical framework of sociolinguistics study and come into surface alongside political thinking_ One of the sociolinguistics scholars is Pierre Bourdieu, who suggests diverse concepts; among them are champ, capital, habitus, ilhrsio, libido and symbolique violance. Bourdieu develops sociology theory and associates it with other studies, such as media, literature, and politics. The study on Ianguage policy in ELI in this thesis applies the approaches put forward by Bourdieu. EU has been an arena of political interest struggle (champ) to two key member states i.e. France and the UK. Both states engage in the champ and draw on different capital. Language policy is the primary factor determining the dissemination and reinforcement of French language. France has vigorously promoted its language by employing massive policies on language and culture. Nevertheless, the results of these efforts cannot go beyond the popularity of English in EU, which in this case is influenced by the factors of economy, culture, and politics.There is in fact another factor that determines the dissemination and reinforcement of English language, i.e_ the factor of the U.S. soft power. This thesis uses the concepts of power proposed by Joseph Nye Jr as well. Nye Jr defines soft power as an ability to gain what is desired by means better than force or money. English has ties to the economic system and global network dominated by the U.S. English itself is an integral part of globalization. The power of globalization becomes a habitus which at the end supports the dissemination and reinforcement of English language. The government of the UK does not need to carry out massive efforts similar to the ones done by the French government to elevate its language on top of language hierarchy. If hierarchy of language is regarded as something that is proper and natural, the acknowledgment of one single dominant language will easily take place. English will easily become the lingua franca of EU. EU's language policy which regulates to practical tenets will turn English into the de facto dominant language. This condition can eventually deteriorate EU's slogan of united in diversity_ The challenge for EU now lies on the ways of how to manage and regulate issues concerning language to strengthen the slogan without having to diminish the national identity of its member states."

"ABSTRAKIn the Treaty of Rome 1957, agriculture sector has been recognized as an important feature regarding its strategic values, such as the natural factor with its major role, food endurance and its susceptibility toward competitive pressures although its contributions on economics declined.On 30 July 1962, Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) was introduced after three years of negotiations in line with the mechanism settlement and its organizations as a whole. Various agricultural problems in member states were the causes of the difficulties in achieving agreements on CAP mechanism.Protectionism through market mechanism (price intervention and subsidies) which tried improving the welfare of farmers was the central focus of CAP. But as time goes, this mechanism burdens the European Union's budget. The EU's budget allocation to CAP in 1990 was almost 60% which lead to debates between France and United Kingdom on Budgeting 2007-2013. The EU's enlargement in 2004 was also a cause that burdens the budget. Other factors are the demand from the international trade regulations in GATT, then WTO which tried to establish international trade liberalization through reducing protectionism such as reducing tariffs and subsidies. Various requests on environment conservations, rural development and biotechnology improvement were backgrounds of Mac Sharry Reformations, Agenda 2000 and Reformation 2003.Pros and Cons on CAP within the European Unions didn't affect the EU's integration because of the common perspectives on uniting Europe as a whole. Less debates within the CAP would shift the focus on external issues therefore strengthen the international positions of EU. But even though EU is powerful enough, deadlock against United States would still remain.These days international trade is already relative free where barriers in trade are declined. Therefore CAP is no longer a relevant issue. It can block the international trade liberalization because the protectionism still exists. It will be a difficult task for the European Union to completely remove CAP because of its importance for the member states. Currently the European Union is only able to reduce its protection value in phase."

"ABSTRAKThe relationship between Indonesia and European Union has already bond since years ago. An economic cooperation, especially in trade, was the beginning of it relation that made European Union an important business partner for Indonesia. Chapter one explains how European Union has a significant position in trade with Indonesia, where the percentage is more or less of 13 percent of Indonesian total trade worldwide. Mapping should be done in order divide Indonesian commodities into two parts, which are competitive commodities and uncompetitive commodities in European Union's market. There are several leading Indonesian commodities in European Union's market that should be secured ,and increased. Thus Indonesia is able to be more responsive to the European Union about the alternatives to increase market share. Commodities in this thesis are divided into five (5) categories such as fuels, agricultures and raw materials, food, ores and metals, and manufactures. Indonesia hopes that the integration of European Union will increase the export value of Indonesia to EU market, although there are some barriers in trading activities. One of the barriers is EU import policy that had been imposing to Indonesia export commodity, either tariff policy or non-tariff policy.Apparently, there are many perspectives about those trade policies that can be seen from European Union's (as the importer countries) and Indonesia's (as the exporter country) point of view. Because of that reason we have to recognize and identify -several factors that set up those policies such as Economic factor and Social-Politic factors.Finally, after the mapping and formulating factors of export activities, Indonesia is able to describe threat and opportunities in exporting commodities to the European Union's market. As results, the writer would like to give some opinions about alternative efforts to increase Indonesian export to European Union."

"On January 1, 1999, The Euro was officially launched. The Euro's mounting on European and world arena is the most significant event in international monetary sistem as well as international relation. Since the collapse of the Bretton Wood sistem. Certainly, the Euro will have a far-reaching influence on the dollar and international monetary system, European and world economic, political and financial framework and on Europe-US relations in particular. From a medium and long term point of view, the introduction of Euro will pose a grave challenge to the US Dollar and have significant impact on Europe-USA relations mainly as follows:Firstly. Euro will undermine the supremacy of the US Dollar in the financial field and take over the mantle of one of the leading international reserve currencies, rivaling the US Dollar.Second. Euro ushers in a breakthrough in the world trade framework which is being monopolized by US dollar, the Euro will come to he a new world trade transaction unit.Thirdly, Euro will break the monopoly of the US Dollar on international bond market.Fourthly, Euro will nibble at US vested interest derived from the US Dollar and thus affect US economy directly.Hence, the US will by no means sit by and watch the US Dollar losing its supremacy and give up the position of the US Dollar to the Euro. The US possibly will take the following measures to counter the challenge of Euro:first US will devalue its Dollar and thus boost the competitiveness of US commercials and in turn stimulate the domestic economic growth,second. US will revise some international economic rules under a favorable environment,third, in order to reduce its deficit US will urging Europe to open its economy,fourth} US will provoke trade war against the EU,fifth the US will take its advantageous position in various major international economic organization and financial institution to contain and retard the rise of Euro.Last but not least, US will provoke currency war, and one of them is Iraqi war. Iraqi war pertain not only to control over reserves of petroleum, control over money creation and credit is an integral part of the process of economic conquest. I use qualitative research and international realation theory as well as economic theory in this thesis. The conclusion of this thesis is that euro absolutely has significant influence to the US Dollar, International Monetary System as well as Trans-Atlantic relation between US and European Union nowadays and in the future."

"Since the sexual revolution began in Europe, the sexual discourse i.e. homosexuality, lesbianism, bisexuality and transexuality could be a scientific discourse and many scholars start doing research this area. The development of sexual revolution is also bring up the movement of homosexual revolution communities.

This thesis describes and analyzes the Same Sex Marriage Policy in the Netherlands, Belgium and Spain from the international perspective. The Netherlands is one of the European states which is having a free and liberal sexual tradition because the government could accommodate the sexual attitude into non-bias gender policy. The legalization of homosexuality in the Netherlands took by the French through "French Napoleonic Code at 1811. The code explained that the liberation and marriage of homosexuality is guarantee by policy. This Code is follow by the Dutch government and they make a non-bias gender policy such as Same Sex Marriage Policy and also Prostitution Policy. From the democracy theory, it is visible that the Netherlands have a "Sexual Social Democracy" because they give the tolerance for another aspiration, expression, the difference and human rights.

The liberal democration in the Netherlands, it should be like a pioneer for the other European countries. After Dutch government legalizes the Same Sex Marriage Policy in 2001, Belgium is also legalizing it in 2003. One of the European countries which is surprised all over the world is Spain. Spain is the country in the Mediterranean bay which has a strong Catholic tradition, but the Spanish government could accommodate the homosexual communities with the Same Sex Marriage Policy in 2005. From this point of view, the Netherlands it should be use a "latent" ideology to marketization their liberal democration. This pattern is one of the contemporary powers at the global era which is named Soft Power. This power is like a psychological power because they use values, morals and cultures as a dominant power. The method is to promote the attractive values and cultures, not with the repression but with the persuasion and argumentation.

The method of this research is descriptive. After describing the whole problems then we analyze it from the cases. In the mean time, the data's research technique of this thesis is from books, scientific journals, newspapers, the documents and internet.

In brief, this thesis analyzes the Same Sex Marriage Policy in the Netherlands, Belgium and Spain, complete with the international debates regarding this policy. On chapter 4 and 5, the researcher make a differentiation between homosexual communities in Europe and Indonesia, and this differentiation will be a challenge to advocate them to achieve their rights as a human being."