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"Agricultural laborers are usually found used in connection with the industrial worker who must live on a wage in cash. Within this limited conception the significance of the subject for the Netherlands Indies is certainly much less than for states with a highly developed factory industrial system and a large working population, for the Netherlands Indies is primarily an agricultural country. In so far as one can or will speak of a working class amongst the agricultural population there are two things to be kept in mind. Who are carrying out jobs in native agriculture in various sorts of subordinate relationships or are working in the foreign estate agriculture the so-called “cultures”. This book includes : in the time of the old labour systems, the introduction of the Kedok System, forms of Labour in 1922, and forms of labour in 1936."

"Desa kini bukan lagi sekadar objek pembangunan melainkan subjek pembangunan dengan otonominya yang kembali seperti sedia kala dan diakui kerangka regulasi yang formal (UU Desa). Desa juga mendapat tambahan sumber pendapatan berupa dana desa yang memiliki potensi membiayai aktivitas pembangunan kesehatan di desa. Penelitian ini memaparkan gambaran pemanfaatan dana desa untuk bidang kesehatan serta hubungannya dengan peningkatan pembangunan kesehatan di wilayah perdesaan Kabupaten Kebumen selama empat tahun. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode survei dan menggunakan data realisasi pemanfaatan dana desa dan data capaian pembangunan kesehatan Kabupaten Kebumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, alokasi pemanfaatan dana desa bidang kesehatan proporsinya berkisar 3,44-5,92% dengan besaran per kapita relatif kecil yakni Rp. 3.655-16.879. Besaran alokasi belanja paling banyak cenderung untuk pembangunan fisik sarana prasarana pelayanan kesehatan desa dan penyehatan lingkungan berupa jamban/MCK dan sarana air bersih. Selain itu tidak didapati korelasi antara pemanfaatan dana desa untuk kesehatan dengan peningkatan akses terhadap jamban sehat, akses terhadap air minum, peningkatan Posyandu aktif, dan peningkatan status desa siaga.

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Nowadays, a village is not just become an object of development but the subject behind it with its real autonomy avowed by formal regulatory framework (Village Law). A village also receives additional income in the form of village funds which potentially becomes new source to rural health development financing. This research shows the use of village funds and its correlation with rural health development at villages in Kebumen Regency for 4 years. This is a quantitative research with survey method and use data of realization of village funds and health development achivements in Kebumen Regency. The result shows that utilization of village funds for health sector took about 3.44-5.92% proportion with a relatively small per capita amount around 3.655-16.879 rupiahs. The largest expenditure allocation tends to be infrastructure facilities for village health services and environmental health in the form of latrines/ toilets and clean water facilities. In addition, there is no correlation between the use of village funds for health and access to clean water, access to proper latrines/toilets, an increase in Posyandu aktif, and Desa Siaga status."

"Desa Cisitu di Kabupaten Sukabumi merupakan salah satu desa yang masih mempertahankan sumber mata pencaharian sebagai petani teh. Keberlanjutan mata pencaharian sebagai petani teh menghadapi masalah musim kemarau yang panjang dan naik turunnya harga daun teh. Hal ini menyebabkan kebun teh di Desa Cisitu dimanfaatkan untuk menanam jenis tanaman lain selain teh. Pengukuran keberlanjutan mata pencaharian dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif. Keberlanjutan penghidupan diukur melalui 5 aset utama, yaitu aset alam, aset finansial, aset fisik, aset manusia, dan aset sosial. Aset alam diukur dengan lokasi perkebunan, jasa lingkungan dan bencana alam. Aset keuangan diukur melalui modal, aset hidup lainnya dan luas lahan pertanian. Aset fisik diukur melalui mekanisme pertanian, alat pendukung pertanian, teknologi pertanian dan aksesibilitas. Aset manusia diukur dari kemampuan dan pengetahuan serta ketersediaan tenaga kerja. Aset sosial diukur dengan partisipasi dalam kelompok tani dan keterlibatan dengan lembaga lain. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada lagi petani yang mampu bertahan hanya sebagai petani teh. Semua petani memiliki sumber pendapatan lain, baik dengan mengkonversi kebun teh mereka atau dari sumber non-pertanian. Petani yang masih mengelola kebun tehnya dengan baik adalah mereka yang memiliki aset keuangan yang memadai dan mendapat bantuan dari pemerintah. Profil petani menjadi kunci peluang mendapatkan bantuan dari pemerintah. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kehidupan petani teh dapat berlanjut sebagai sumber penghidupan jika ada pendampingan dan pembinaan dari pemerintah yang dilakukan sesuai dengan profil petani tersebut.

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Cisitu Village in Sukabumi Regency is one of the villages that still maintains a source of livelihood as tea farmers. Sustainability of livelihoods as tea farmers face the problem of a long dry season and the ups and downs of tea leaf prices. This causes the tea garden in Cisitu Village to be used to grow other types of plants besides tea. Measurement of livelihood sustainability is carried out using qualitative methods. Livelihood sustainability is measured through 5 main assets, namely natural assets, financial assets, physical assets, human assets, and social assets. Natural assets are measured by plantation location, environmental services and natural disasters. Financial assets are measured through capital, other living assets and the area of ​​agricultural land. Physical assets are measured through agricultural mechanisms, agricultural support tools, agricultural technology and accessibility. Human assets are measured by the ability and knowledge as well as the availability of labor. Social assets are measured by participation in farmer groups and involvement with other institutions. The results of this study indicate that there are no longer farmers who are able to survive only as tea farmers. All farmers have other sources of income, either by converting their tea gardens or from non-agricultural sources. Farmers who still manage their tea gardens well are those who have adequate financial assets and receive assistance from the government. Farmer profiles are the key to opportunities to get assistance from the government. The conclusion of this study shows that the life of tea farmers can continue as a source of livelihood if there is assistance and guidance from the government carried out according to the profile of the farmer."