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Abstrak :
Ruang lingkup dan cara penelitian: Filariasis lirnfatik pada manusia merupakan penyakit infeksi kronis sistem limfatik yang disebabkan parasit nematoda W. bancrofti, B. malayi dan B. tumori yang hidup dalam peredaran darah dan limfe. Diagnosis filariasis masih bergantung pada pemeriksaan mikroskopik sediaan darah yang diainbil inalam Bari. Tcknik ini spesifik dan rnerupakan gold standard untuk pemeriksaan filariasis, tetapi kurang sensitif. Pada filariasis bankrofti, kendala tersebut telah dapat diatasi dengan teknik deteksi antigen, namun pada filariasis malayi yang menjadi penyebab utama morbiditas filariasis di Indonesia belum berhasil. Upaya memperbaiki diagnosis filariasis malayi difokuskan pada deteksi isotipe IgG4-antifilaria menggunakan antigen rekombinan. Dalam penelitian ini diukur respons IgG4 serum filariasis malayi terhadap antigen rekombinan Bm-SPN-2 dan antigen kasar BrnA; perubahan repons IgG4-antifilaria setelah pengobatan; Berta sensitivitas dan spesifisitas tes F.1,ISA antigen tersebut. Sebagai pembanding digunakan gold standard diagnosis filariasis yakni, deteksi mikroftlaria secara mikroskopik. Hasil dan keslmpulan : Hasil memperlihatkan pada B. malayi, antigen rekombinan Bm-SPN-2 dan antigen BmA masing masing mampu mendeteksi 98.0% dan 94% kelompok mikrofilaremik. Tempi pads kelompok normal endemik ads perbeaaan yang nyata (p<0.01) dari respons IgG4 terhadap antigen BmA dibandingkan terhadap antigen rekombinan Bm-SPN-2. Sebanyak 85% memberikan respons positif terhadap antigen BmA dan hanya 45% positif terhadap antigen Bm-SPN-2. Didapat pcrbcdaan yang amat nyata (p <0.001) dad respons IgG4 terhadap kodua antigen pada serum mikrofilaremik filariasis bankrofti. 91% memberi respons positif terhadap antigen BmA dan hanya 9% positif terhadap antigen BmSPN 2. Pengobatan DEC pada penderita mikrofilaremik memperlihatkan penurunan respons IgG4 terhadap antigen rekombinan Bm-SPN-2 dan BmA messing-messing 55% dan 46%. Sensitivitas dan spesifisitas tes-ELISA Bm-SPN-2 juga lebih balk daripada tes-FIJSA BmA. Kesimpulan : antigen rekombinan RmSPN-2 lebih balk daripada antigen DmA. Tea ELISA BmSPN 2 memiliki sensitivitas dan spesifisitas yang lebih baik daripada tes ELISA BmA dlam mendeteksi infeksi aktiffilariasis malayi.

Abstrak :
COVID-19 merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus SARS-CoV-2 dan terutama bermanifestasi sebagai penyakit saluran napas. COVID-19 telah menjadi pandemi sejak awal tahun 2020 dan menyebabkan morbiditas, mortalitas, dan dampak sosioekonomi. Salah satu metode deteksi SARS-CoV-2 adalah tes cepat swab antigen. Sensitivitas tes cepat swab antigen dilaporkan bervariasi dengan spesifisitas yang umumnya tinggi. Sensitivitas tes antigen dilaporkan meningkat pada viral load yang tinggi yaitu saat muncul gejala sampai lima hari setelahnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai kinerja diagnostik tes cepat swab antigen SD Biosensor terhadap RT-PCR sebagai baku emas berdasarkan awitan gejala dengan titik potong lima hari. Subjek penelitian direkrut dari bulan Juli 2020 sampai Juni 2021. Sebanyak 174 subjek mengikuti penelitian, 49 subjek dengan RT-PCR positif dan 125 subjek dengan RT-PCR negatif. Sebaran nilai cycle threshold (Ct) pada awitan gejala dini cenderung rendah dan semakin meningkat seiring waktu. Sensitivitas, spesifisitas, NDP, dan NDN tes cepat swab antigen SD Biosensor terhadap RT-PCR pada kelompok awitan gejala ≤5 hari adalah 84.6%, 98.59%, 95.65%, dan 94.59% sementara pada kelompok awitan gejala >5 hari adalah 56.52%, 100%, 100%, dan 84.38%. Berdasarkan penelitian ini, tes cepat swab antigen SD Biosensor dapat digunakan untuk diagnosis pasien COVID-19 simptomatik. Tes ini juga dapat digunakan untuk penapisan COVID-19 pada pasien simptomatik sampai hari kelima setelah munculnya gejala. ......COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2 and mainly manifests as respiratory disease. COVID-19 has become pandemic since early 2020 and caused morbidity, mortality, and socioeconomic impact. Rapid antigen test is one of methods to detect SARS-CoV-2. Sensitivity of rapid antigen test varied between studies. Sensitivity of this test increases as viral load increases which occurs at the time symptoms appears until five days later. This study aimed to evaluate diagnostic performance of rapid antigen test SD Biosensor to RT-PCR as gold standard based on symptom onset using five days as cut-off. Subjects recruited from July 2020 until June 2021. A total of 174 subjects included in this study, 49 subjects with positive RT-PCR and 125 subjects with negative RT-PCR. Distribution of cycle threshold (Ct) value was low in early symptom onset and increased over time. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of rapid antigen test SD Biosensor in group with symptom onset ≤5 days were 84.6%, 98.59%, 95.65%, and 94.59% whereas in group with symptom onset >5 days were 56.52%, 100%, 100%, and 84.38%. Based on this research, rapid antigen test SD Biosensor can be used to diagnose COVID-19 in symptomatic patients. This test can also screen COVID-19 in symptomatic patients until five days after the first symptom appears.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
Aspergilosis paru merupakan infeksi oportunistik yang disebabkan oleh jamur Aspergillus spp. Insidensi aspergilosis paru cenderung semakin meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan penggunaan obat-obatan imunosupresan seperti kortikosteroid dan terapi sitotoksik. Sulitnya penegakan diagnosis aspergilosis paru menjadi tantangan disebabkan tanda dan gejala klinis yang tidak spesifik serta biopsi jaringan sebagai baku emas yang bersifat invasif. Pemeriksaan kultur sputum dan deteksi antibodi merupakan pemeriksaan yang rutin dilakukan pada pasien suspek aspergilosis paru yang dikirim ke Laboratorium Mikologi Departemen Parasitologi FKUI, namun belum tersedia data mengenai nilai diagnostik deteksi antibodi dalam mendiagnosis aspergilosis paru. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membandingkan pemeriksaan deteksi antibodi dengan crude antigen Aspergillus dengan metode imunodifusi dengan kultur sputum sebagai tes rujukan. Penelitian berdesain potong lintang dengan sampel berjumlah 689 rekam medis dari pasien suspek aspergilosis paru yang melakukan pemeriksaan kultur sputum dan deteksi antibodi di Laboratorium Mikologi Departemen Parasitologi FKUI tahun 2008-2015. Dari analisis deskriptif didapatkan prevalensi aspergilosis paru berdasarkan hasil positif kultur sebesar 0,4 . Dari uji diagnostik deteksi antibodi dengan tabel 2x2, nilai sensitivitas 33,33 dan spesifisitas 95,62 serta terdapatnya perbedaan yang bermakna.

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ABSTRACT
Pulmonary aspergillosis is an opportunistic infection caused by Aspergillus spp mold. The incidence of this infection has dramatically increased which is related to the increasing utilization of immunosuppressive drugs such as corticosteroids and cytotoxic therapy. Diagnosis of pulmonary aspergillosis has been challenging since not only the signs and symptoms of the disease are nonspecific, but also tissue biopsy as gold standard is considered invasive. Sputum culture and antibody detection has been routine examinations done to the patient with suspected pulmonary aspergillosis sent to the Mycology Laboratory of Department of Parasitology FMUI, but the diagnostic value of antibody detection is not available. The aim of this study is to compare antibody detection with immunodiffusion method using crude antigen of Aspergillus with sputum culture as reference test. This cross sectional study used 689 samples obtained from medical records of patients with suspected pulmonary aspergillosis who undergo both sputum culture examination and antibody detection in Mycology Laboratory of Department of Parasitology FMUI in 2008 2015. Descriptive analysis showed the prevalence of pulmonary aspergillosis based on positive culture result is 0,4 . The sensitivity and specificity of antibody detection are 33,33 and 95,62 respectively, resulted from diagnostic test using 2x2 table. Statistical analysis using McNemar rsquo s test shows significant difference between mentioned examinations and low level of agreement Kappa 0,026.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang. SARS-CoV-2 sebagai penyebab COVID-19 pertama kali terdeteksi pada sampel klaster pasien di Provinsi Hubei, China pada Desember 2019. Pada mulanya klaster pasien tersebut memiliki gejala seperti demam, batuk, sesak nafas, dan gejala lainnya yang tidak spesifik. Alat uji Rapid Antigen Test (RAT) dapat dijadikan alternatif untuk diagnosis klinis COVID-19. Tujuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan rekomendasi mengenai alternatif spesimen dan metode deteksi SARS-CoV-2. Metode. Desain penelitian ini merupakan uji diagnostik studi potong lintang dengan pengumpulan spesimen secara consecutive sampling. Subjek penelitian yaitu pasien yang memiliki kontak dengan kasus infeksi SARS-CoV-2 yang terkonfirmasi dengan atau tanpa gejala klinis COVID-19 di Fasilitas Pelayanan Kesehatan (Fasyankes) dan Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik (LMK) FKUI dengan jumlah sampel 221. Analisis data dengan tabulasi silang dan perhitungan sensitivitas, spesifisitas, PPV, dan NPV. Hasil. Deteksi antigen menggunakan spesimen nasal memiliki nilai sensitivitas 32,35%, spesifisitas 99,35%, PPV 95,65%, NPV 76,77%, akurasi 78,73%. Tingkat positifitas pada spesimen nasofaring 34,84%, spesimen orofaring 30,32%, dan nasal 30,77%. Kesimpulan. Hasil uji rRT-PCR pada beberapa jenis spesimen menunjukkan bahwa spesimen nasal dan orofaring dapat dijadikan pilihan selain spesimen nasofaring. Penggunaan kit deteksi antigen dapat dilakukan untuk pelacakan kontak COVID-19 atau untuk diagnosis, terutama untuk daerah yang memiliki keterbatasan akses diagnosis menggunakan rRT-PCR. ......Introduction. The SARS-CoV-2 as the cause of COVID-19 was first detected in a cluster sample of patients in Hubei Province, China in December 2019. The first patient had symptoms such as fever, cough, shortness of breath, and other non-specific symptoms. Rapid Antigen Test can be used as an alternative for diagnosis of COVID-19. Aim. This study aims to obtain recommendations alternative specimens and detection methods for SARS-CoV-2. Method. The design of this study is a cross-sectional diagnostic test with consecutive sampling. The research subjects were patients who had contact with confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection with or without clinical symptoms of COVID-19 at Health Service Facilities (Fasyankes) and Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik (LMK) FKUI with a total sample of 221. Data analysis using cross tabulation to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV. Results. The positivity rate for nasopharyngeal specimens was 34.84%, oropharyngeal specimens 30.32%, and nasal specimens 30.77%. Antigen detection using nasal specimens has sensitivity 32.35%, specificity 99.35%, PPV 95.65%, NPV 76.77%, accuracy 78.73%. Conclusion. The results of the rRT-PCR test on several types of specimens indicate that nasal and oropharynx specimens can be used as an alternative to nasopharyngeal specimens. The use of antigen detection kits can be carried out for COVID-19 contact tracing or for diagnosis, especially for areas that have limited access to diagnosis using rRT-PCR.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Latar belakang. Uji saring darah donor dapat menurunkan risiko tertularnya infeksi HCV. Di Indonesia telah dilakukan uji saring terhadap antibodi HCV dan RNA HCV. Uji saring terhadap Antigen-Antibodi belum dilakukan di Indonesia. Antigen HCV biasanya ditemukan pada 0 sampai 20 hari setelah RNA HCV pertama muncul. Anti-HCV dapat terdeteksi antara 10-40 hari setelah antigen HCV terdeteksi. Atas dasar pemikiran bahwa antigen HCV muncul didalam darah lebih dahulu daripada anti-HCV, maka penelitian yang dilakukan ingin melihat apakah penggunaan reagensia serologi antigen-antibodi HCV dapat meningkatkan keamanan darah dan apakah sensitivitas serta spesifisitasnya sudah memenuhi standard yang dikeluarkan oleh Kementerian Kesehatan bila dibandingkan terhadap metoda NAT, yaitu sensitivitas 99,8% dan spesifisitas 95%. Metodologi. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pemeriksaan pada 135 sampel darah donor yang terdiri dari 35 sampel positif dengan NAT HCV dan 100 sampel Positif dengan NAT HCV juga non reaktif terhadap HIV, HBsAg dan Sifilis dengan uji saring anti-HCV dengan metode CMIA, Ab-Ag HCV dengan metode ELISA dan bila ada perbedaan hasil pada pemeriksaan NAT HCV, CMIA HCV dan ELISA Ag-Ab HCV dilakukan pemeriksaan dengan menggunakan imunoblot HCV. Hasil. Dari 135 sampel, pada pemeriksaan ELISA Ag-Ab HCV terhadap 35 sampel positif RNA HCV menunjukkan hasil positif pada 35 sampel tersebut, tetapi pada 100 sampel negatif RNA HCV terdapat 3 sampel reaktif dan 97 non reaktif. Sedangkan pada 35 sampel positif RNA HCV dengan pemeriksaan CMIA anti-HCV menunjukkan hasil reaktif pada 35 sampel dan pada 100 sampel negatif RNA HCV terdapat 11 sampel reaktif dan 89 sampel non reaktif. Sensitivitas dari perbandingan hasil pemeriksaan metoda NAT HCV dengan CMIA Ab-HCV adalah 100%, spesifisitasnya adalah 89%. Sensitivitas dari perbandingan hasil pemeriksaan metoda NAT HCV dengan ELISA Ag-Ab HCV adalah 100%, spesifisitasnya adalah 97%. Simpulan. Pemeriksaan Antigen-Antibodi HCV ELISA memenuhi kriteria standar untuk digunakan sebagai uji saring darah donor. Pemeriksaan Antibodi HCV CMIA tidak memenuhi kriteria standar untuk digunakan sebagai uji saring darah donor.

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ABSTRACT
Background. Screening of donor blood may reduce the risk of transmission of HCV infection . In Indonesia has be screened for HCV antibodies and HCV RNA . Screened against the antigen - antibody has not been done in Indonesia . HCV antigens commonly found in 0 to 20 days after HCV RNA first appears . Anti - HCV can be detected between 10-40 days after HCV antigen was detected . On the basis of the notion that HCV antigens appear in the blood earlier than the anti - HCV , the research done to see if the use of antigen - antibody reagents HCV serology can improve blood safety and whether the sensitivity and specificity already meet the standards issued by the Ministry of Health when compared to NAT method , the sensitivity 99.8 % and specificity of 95 % . Methodology. In this study conducted checks on 135 blood samples from 35 donors comprising the NAT HCV positive samples and 100 samples positive by HCV NAT is also non- reactive to HIV , HBsAg and syphilis with anti - HCV screening of the CMIA method, HCV Ab-Ag ELISA method and the examination confirmed using immunoblot HCV HCV . Results. Of the 135 samples, the Ag-Ab ELISA against HCV 35 HCV RNA positive samples showed positive results in 35 samples, but at 100 HCV RNA negative samples contained 3 samples reactive and non- reactive 97. While the 35 HCV RNA positive samples with anti-HCV CMIA examination showed reactive results on 35 samples and in 100 HCV RNA negative samples contained 11 samples 89 samples reactive and non reactive. Sensitivity of the results of the comparison method with CMIA HCV NAT-HCV Ab was 100%, specificity was 89%. Sensitivity of the results of the comparison method of NAT HCV Ag-Ab ELISA with HCV was 100%, specificity was 97%. Conclusion. Examination of HCV Antigen-Antibody ELISA meet the standard criteria for use as a screening of donor blood. Examination of HCV antibodies CMIA does not meet the standard criteria for use as a screening of donor blood.;Background. Screening of donor blood may reduce the risk of transmission of HCV infection . In Indonesia has be screened for HCV antibodies and HCV RNA . Screened against the antigen - antibody has not been done in Indonesia . HCV antigens commonly found in 0 to 20 days after HCV RNA first appears . Anti - HCV can be detected between 10-40 days after HCV antigen was detected . On the basis of the notion that HCV antigens appear in the blood earlier than the anti - HCV , the research done to see if the use of antigen - antibody reagents HCV serology can improve blood safety and whether the sensitivity and specificity already meet the standards issued by the Ministry of Health when compared to NAT method , the sensitivity 99.8 % and specificity of 95 % . Methodology. In this study conducted checks on 135 blood samples from 35 donors comprising the NAT HCV positive samples and 100 samples positive by HCV NAT is also non- reactive to HIV , HBsAg and syphilis with anti - HCV screening of the CMIA method, HCV Ab-Ag ELISA method and the examination confirmed using immunoblot HCV HCV . Results. Of the 135 samples, the Ag-Ab ELISA against HCV 35 HCV RNA positive samples showed positive results in 35 samples, but at 100 HCV RNA negative samples contained 3 samples reactive and non- reactive 97. While the 35 HCV RNA positive samples with anti-HCV CMIA examination showed reactive results on 35 samples and in 100 HCV RNA negative samples contained 11 samples 89 samples reactive and non reactive. Sensitivity of the results of the comparison method with CMIA HCV NAT-HCV Ab was 100%, specificity was 89%. Sensitivity of the results of the comparison method of NAT HCV Ag-Ab ELISA with HCV was 100%, specificity was 97%. Conclusion. Examination of HCV Antigen-Antibody ELISA meet the standard criteria for use as a screening of donor blood. Examination of HCV antibodies CMIA does not meet the standard criteria for use as a screening of donor blood., Background. Screening of donor blood may reduce the risk of transmission of HCV infection . In Indonesia has be screened for HCV antibodies and HCV RNA . Screened against the antigen - antibody has not been done in Indonesia . HCV antigens commonly found in 0 to 20 days after HCV RNA first appears . Anti - HCV can be detected between 10-40 days after HCV antigen was detected . On the basis of the notion that HCV antigens appear in the blood earlier than the anti - HCV , the research done to see if the use of antigen - antibody reagents HCV serology can improve blood safety and whether the sensitivity and specificity already meet the standards issued by the Ministry of Health when compared to NAT method , the sensitivity 99.8 % and specificity of 95 % . Methodology. In this study conducted checks on 135 blood samples from 35 donors comprising the NAT HCV positive samples and 100 samples positive by HCV NAT is also non- reactive to HIV , HBsAg and syphilis with anti - HCV screening of the CMIA method, HCV Ab-Ag ELISA method and the examination confirmed using immunoblot HCV HCV . Results. Of the 135 samples, the Ag-Ab ELISA against HCV 35 HCV RNA positive samples showed positive results in 35 samples, but at 100 HCV RNA negative samples contained 3 samples reactive and non- reactive 97. While the 35 HCV RNA positive samples with anti-HCV CMIA examination showed reactive results on 35 samples and in 100 HCV RNA negative samples contained 11 samples 89 samples reactive and non reactive. Sensitivity of the results of the comparison method with CMIA HCV NAT-HCV Ab was 100%, specificity was 89%. Sensitivity of the results of the comparison method of NAT HCV Ag-Ab ELISA with HCV was 100%, specificity was 97%. Conclusion. Examination of HCV Antigen-Antibody ELISA meet the standard criteria for use as a screening of donor blood. Examination of HCV antibodies CMIA does not meet the standard criteria for use as a screening of donor blood.]

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Latar Belakang : Bernapas melalui mulut merupakan upaya adaptasi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan udara. Kebiasaan ini dapat mengubah kondisi biologis di dalam lingkungan rongga mulut serta perkembangan anak-anak. Kondisi tersebut mempengaruhi kebersihan rongga mulut yang dapat menimbulkan bau mulut. Pengukuran kondisi bau mulut dapat diukur menggunakan metode organoleptik dengan indra. Enterococcus faecalis merupakan bakteri transien rongga mulut yang dapat ditemukan terutama pada saluran akar yang mengalami kegagalan perawatan endodontik. Penelitian mengenai keberadaan Enterococus faecalis pada anak-anak belum diketahui. Tujuan : Menganalisis keberadaaan Enteroccocus faecalis pada sampel saliva dan plak gigi anak-anak berdasarkan kelompok skor organoleptik dan OHI-S (Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified). Metode : Sampel saliva dan plak gigi anak usia 8-11 tahun diuji menggunakan metode ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), kemudian dikelompokkan berdasarkan nilai organoleptik dan OHIS. Pengelolaan data dilakukan dengan membandingkan nilai antar kelompok anak-anak memiliki kecenderungan bernapas melalui mulut dengan tidak melalui mulut (bernafas melalui hidung). Hasil : Sebagian besar tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok anak-anak memiliki kecenderungan bernapas melalui mulut dan hidung berdasarkan pembagian nilai organoleptik dan OHI-S. Pada salah satu uji ditemukan terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada kelompok bernapas melalui hidung berdasarkan nilai organoleptik. Terdapat kecenderungan keberadaan antigen Enterococcus faecalis lebih tinggi pada plak gigi daripada saliva. Kesimpulan : Keberadaan antigen Enterococcus faecalis ditemukan lebih tinggi pada plak gigi dan terdapat kecenderungan keberadaan antigen Enteroccocus faecalis meningkat berkaitan dengan kondisi OHI-S.

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ABSTRACT Background: Mouth breathing is a type of habitual adaptation of breathing to fulfill the needs of oxygen. This habit could alter the biological oral condition and development of children. The altered condition of the oral environment could affect oral hygiene and cause oral malodor. Organoleptic is using human sense as a measurement to assess severity of oral malodor. Enterococcus faecalis is the transient bacteria of the oral cavity particularly found in the root canal of the failed endodontic treatment teeth. Based on previous studies, Enterococcus faecalis existence in children is unknown. Purpose: To analyze the existence of Enterococcus faecalis antigen in salivary and tooth plaque samples of children based on organoleptic and OHI-S (Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified) score. Methods: Salivary and tooth plaque sample of children age 8-11 were tested with ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) technique and divided into several groups. The grouping was done based on the organoleptic and OHI-S score of subjects. Data analyzed by comparing scores between children who have a tendency toward mouth breathing with those who breathe with nose based on their organoleptic and OHI-S score. Result: Mostly, there is no significant difference between groups who tend mouth breathing with those who breathe with nose based on organoleptic and OHI-S score. However, in one of the tests, there is significant difference within groups who breathe with nose based on organoleptic score. The antigen amount of Enterococcus faecalis was found higher in tooth plaque rather than in saliva. Conclusion: The amount of Enterococcus faecalis antigen is higher in tooth plaque and there is a tendency that the amount of Enterococcus faecalis is influenced by the OHI-S score.