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"ABSTRAKFenomena kesuksesan bisnis orang Tionghoa terjadi di berbagai negara, termasuk di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis landasan yang mempengaruhi kesuksesan bisnis orang Tionghoa Indonesia dengan menggunakan pendekatan budaya melalui konsep mianzi dan guanxi. Kedua konsep ini mengakar kuat pada filsafat Tiongkok kuno dan penerapannya tersebar luas dalam kalangan pengusaha Tionghoa. Metode analisis melalui konsep mianzi dan guanxi diterapkan untuk menemukan pengaruh kedua konsep ini dalam bisnis orang Tionghoa. Konsep mianzi mengacu pada kredibilitas, martabat dan reputasi. Sedangkan konsep guanxi mengacu pada koneksi atau hubungan yang bersifat mutual. Selain itu, peneliti juga melakukan wawancara untuk mengumpulan data. Dari data-data yang terkumpul, dapat terlihat penerapan dan pengaruh kedua konsep ini terhadap kesuksesan bisnis orang Tionghoa Indonesia. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan sumbangsih bagi kelangsungan bisnis para pengusaha, khususnya di Indonesia.

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ABSTRACTThe phenomenon of Chinese business success occurred in various countries, including in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the foundations that affecting the success of the Chinese Indonesian rsquo s business success by using a cultural approach through the concept of mianzi and guanxi. These two concepts are deeply rooted in ancient Chinese philosophy and widespread among Chinese businessmen. The method of analysis through the concept of mianzi and guanxi was applied to find the influence of these two concepts in Chinese business. The concept of mianzi refers to credibility, dignity and reputation. While the concept of guanxi refers to connections or relationships that are mutual. In addition, researcher also conducted interviews to collect data. From the collected data, it can be seen the application and the influence of these two concepts on Chinese Indonesian business success. This research is expected to give contribute to business continuity of entrepreneurs, especially in Indonesia. "

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini mengeksplorasi mengenai kebijakan proteksionisme Amerika Serikat terhadap perdagangan Tiongkok. Amerika Serikat sangat menjunjung tinggi perdagangan bebas dan keterbukaan ekonomi karena meyakini bahwa perdagangan bebas tidak hanya bertujuan untuk memajukan perekonomian domestik Amerika Serikat, akan tetapi juga sebagai alat untuk menciptakan keuntungan bersama antar negara. Fenomena tersebut bertolak belakang dengan Amerika Serikat di era Presiden Donald Trump yang menerapkan kebijakan proteksionisme terhadap perdagangan Tiongkok. Kebijakan proteksionisme merupakan strategi Amerika Serikat untuk mengatasi efek negatif dari adanya perdagangan bebas.Untuk menganalisis permasalahan dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan paradigma ekonomi politik internasional, teori perdagangan bebas, merkantilisme, dan nasionalisme ekonomi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dengan tipe penelitian eksploratif.Hasil temuan dalam penelitian ini, antara lain: Pertama, kebijakan proteksionisme merupakan bagian dari bentuk kekecewaan Amerika Serikat yang memuncak terhadap sistem perdagangan bebas karena tidak sesuai dengan keinginan Amerika Serikat. Presiden Donald Trump melihat kepemimpinan Amerika Serikat cenderung melemah yang ditandai dengan adanya defisit perdagangan, permasalahan terkait teknologi, dan rencana Made in China 2025. Proteksionisme memicu respon dari Tiongkok dan pada akhirnya menciptakan perang dagang. Perang dagang merujuk pada perebutan posisi sebagai negara pemimpin ekonomi dan teknologi di dunia. Kedua, kebijakan proteksionisme menjadi bumerang bagi domestik Amerika Serikat dan menimbulkan implikasi bagi negara sasaran proteksionisme yaitu Tiongkok serta negara berkembang seperti Indonesia. Dengan demikian, kebijakan proteksionisme tidak menjadikan Amerika Serikat mendapatkan keuntungan secara maksimal, bahkan semakin berkontribusi membuat perdagangan yang jauh lebih tidak adil.

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ABSTRACTThe aim of this research is to explore about protectionism policy of the United States of America towards Chinas trade. The United States of America firmly upholds free trade and economic openness because it believes that free trade is not only aimed at promoting the domestic economy of the United States of America, but also as a tool to create mutual benefits between countries. On the contrary, the United States of America in the era of President Donald Trump implemented a policy of protectionism towards Chinas trade. Protectionism policy is the United States strategy to overcome the harmful effects of free trade.To analyze the problems in this research, the author uses the paradigm of the international political economy, free trade theory, mercantilism, and economic nationalism. The research method used in this research is a qualitative research method with an explorative research type.The findings of this research are: First, protectionism policy is part of the United States disappointment that is culminated in a free trade system because the result of free trade does not the wishes of the United States. President Donald Trump sees the United States leadership as weakening marked by trade deficits, technology-related problems, and the plan of Made in China 2025. Protectionism triggers a response from China and ultimately creates a trade war. Trade war refers to the struggle for position as the leading economy and technology in the world. Second, protectionism policy backfires the domestic of the United States and has implications for the protectionist target countries, namely China and developing countries such as Indonesia. Thus, protectionism policy does not make the United States benefit maximally, and it even contributes to making trade far more unfair."

"Summary: "Over the past two decades, an unprecedented burst of entrepreneurialism has transformed China's economy from a closed, impoverished, state-run system into a major power in global business. As products in China become more and more sophisticated, and as its companies embrace domestically developed technology, we will increasingly see Chinese goods setting global standards. Meanwhile, companies in the rest of the world wonder how they can access the fast-rising incomes of China's 1.3 billion consumers. Now Edward Tse, a leading global strategy consultant, reveals how China got to this point, and what the country's rise means for the United States and the rest of the world"

"Through this research, a methodological framework and its implementation are set up to analyze, model and facilitate the process of negotiation among central government and individual energy producers under environmental, economical and social constraints. Negotiation In decentralization : case study of China's carbon trading in the power sector discusses research carried out on negotiation issues in China regarding Chinese power sector reform over the past 30 years. Results show that conflicts exist between power groups and the national government, and that the most current negotiation topics in China's power industry are demand and supply management, capital investment, energy prices, and CO2 emission mitigations.Negotiation In decentralization : case study of China's carbon trading in the power sector is written for government policy makers, energy and environment industry investors, energy program and project managers, environment conservation specialists, university professors, researchers, and graduate students. It aims to provide a methodology and a tool that can resolve difficult negotiation issues and change a loss-loss situation to a win-win situation for key players in a decentralized system, including government policymakers, energy producers, and environment conservationists."