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"The economic crisis in 1997 has confirmed the Indonesian society that white collar criminality also exist in their country. The failure to bring the corporate criminals to court was caused by the difficulty of the Indonesian justice system to accept that corporations can also be held accountable under the Indonesian criminal law. On the other hand, legislature has accepted that corporations (as juristic persons) can be held liable, beside the managers (as natural persons). Since 1955, law no. 7 on economic crimes also includes juristic persons as subjects of the law. This has been fallowed by the legislature in 1963 (law on subversion), 1976 (law on drug abuse) and 1997 (law on the environment). In 1993 a draft of the new Penal Code for Indonesia was submitted to the Minister of Justice. No step have been taken yet to implement the code, which in article 44 explicitly states that corporations can be held responsible for criminal acts. With respect to a law enforcement strategy against corporate crimes, the author wishes to distinguish between organized crimes and crimes 'by organization. Both can be done by or through corporations."

"Dewasa ini, eksistensi dari korporasi seringkali diikuti oleh perbuatan yang melanggar hukum salah satunya adalah tindak pidana lingkungan hidup. Namun nyatanya, banyak ditemukan korporasi yang tidak turut serta bertanggung jawab atas tindak pidana yang telah dilakukan dan hanya menuntut organ perseroannya saja, yakni direksi, padahal sudah banyak ahli yang menyatakan bahwa korporasi merupakan subjek hukum sehingga dapat dimintakan pertanggungjawaban. Tesis ini bertujuan untuk membahas pertanggungjawaban pidana bagi korporasi atas tindak pidana penambangan tanpa izin (illegal) yang terjadi di Desa Mosiku, Kecamatan Batu Putih, Kabupaten Kolaka Utara, Sulawesi Tenggara berdasarkan Putusan Pengadilan Negeri No. 41/Pid.B/LH/2021/PN Lss., yang mengadili Terdakwa atas nama Sukarman selaku direktur utama PT. Mega Buana Mineral (selanjutnya disebut PT. MBM) serta kedudukan putusan tersebut sebagai bukti awal memintakan pertanggungjawaban pidana pada PT. Mega Buana Mineral. Penulisan hukum ini merupakan penelitian hukum yang berjenis yuridis normatif, yaitu berfokus pada meneliti penerapan peraturan hukum tertulis yang berlaku, dimana pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan perundang-undangan. Tahap penulisan hukum ini dilakukan melalui studi kepustakaan melalui data sekunder yang terdiri dari bahan hukum primer, sekunder, tersier, serta penelusuran bahan dari situs di internet yang berkaitan dengan isu hukum dalam rumusan masalah. Metode analisis data yang dipergunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif sehingga menghasilkan data deskriptif analitis yang kemudian ditarik kesimpulan dengan menggunakan metode penalaran deduktif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa korporasi dapat dimintakan pertanggungjawaban pidana berdasarkan teori identifikasi, Pasal 3 dan Pasal 4 Perma Tindak Pidana Koprorasi, serta Perja Korporasi. Lebih lanjut, Putusan No. 41/Pid.B/LH/20021/PN.Lss dapat dijadikan bukti awal untuk menetapkan PT. MBM sebagai tersangka dalam perkara penambangan illegal dan memintakan pertanggungjawaban pidana.

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Nowadays, the existence of corporations is often followed by unlawful acts, one of which is environmental crime. But in fact, there are many corporations that are not held responsible for the criminal acts that have been committed and only prosecute the company's organs, namely the directors, even though many experts have stated that corporations are legal subjects so that they can be held accountable. This thesis aims to discuss criminal liability for corporations for the crime of illegal mining that occurred in Mosiku Village, Batu Putih Subdistrict, North Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi based on District Court Decision No. 41/Pid.B/LH/2021/PN Lss., which tried the defendant on behalf of Sukarman as the main director of PT Mega Buana Mineral (hereinafter referred to as PT MBM) and the position of the decision as initial evidence to impose criminal liability on PT Mega Buana Mineral. This legal writing is a normative juridical type of legal research, which focuses on examining the application of applicable written legal regulations, where the approach used is a statutory approach. This stage of legal writing is carried out through literature studies through secondary data consisting of primary, secondary, tertiary legal materials, as well as tracing materials from sites on the internet related to legal issues in the formulation of the problem. The method of data analysis used in this writing is a qualitative approach so as to produce analytical descriptive data which is then drawn conclusions using the deductive reasoning method. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that corporations can be held criminally liable based on the theory of identification, Article 3 and Article 4 of Supreme Court Regulation on Corporate Crime, and Attorney General Regulation on Guidelines for Handling Criminal Cases with Corporate Legal Subjects. Furthermore, Decision No. 41/Pid.B/LH/2021/PN.Lss can be used as initial evidence to establish PT MBM as a suspect in the illegal mining case and hold it criminally liable."

"Berkaitan dengan penanganan tindak pidana, khususnya dalam tindak pidana ekonomi saat ini tidak hanya terfokus pada tindak pidana yang dilakukan oleh perorangan, namun juga terhadap korporasi ataupun organ korporasi. Guna mencegah terus dilakukannya tindak pidana, terdapat beberapa upaya yang dilakukan oleh aparat penegak hukum yakni salah satunya pemblokiran rekening. Dalam undang-undang mengenai tindak pidana pencucian uang dan tindak pidana korupsi, pemblokiran rekening menjadi kewenangan yang diberikan kepada penyidik dalam tahap penyidikan yang dimana dalam KUHAP kewenangan penyidik terbatas pada pelaksanaan upaya paksa. Dengan tidak diaturnya pemblokiran rekening sebagai suatu upaya paksa, menjadikannya sulit bagi pihak ketiga yang dalam hal ini korporasi untuk dapat melakukan upaya hukum berkaitan dengan pemblokiran rekening milik korporasi atas tindak pidana yang dilakukan oleh organ korporasi untuk kepentingan pribadinya. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai apakah pemblokiran rekening dapat dikategorikan sebagai suatu upaya paksa menurut konsep KUHAP, serta bagaimana upaya hukum yang dapat dilakukan oleh korporas untuk dapat memperoleh kembali rekening yang diblokir. Dengan menggunakan penelitian doctrinal dan perbandingan hukum, diketahui bahwa pemblokiran rekening memiliki konsep serupa dengan upaya paksa dalam pengaturan KUHAP yang dimana saat ini upaya hukum yang dapat dilakukan oleh korporasi atas rekening yang diblokirnya hanya sebatas pada pengajuan gugatan perdata secara mandiri atau penggabungan dengan penanganan perkara pidana yang dilakukan oleh organ korporasi. Dengan demikian, menjadi hal yang penting untuk mengatur pemblokiran rekening sebagai suatu upaya paksa dalam pengaturan perundang-undangan hukum acara di Indonesia guna menghasilkan pengaturan yang lebih detail beserta dengan segala upaya hukumnya.

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In connection with the handling of criminal acts, especially in economic crimes, currently not only focuses on criminal acts committed by individuals, but also on corporations or corporate organs. In order to prevent criminal acts from continuing to be commited, there are several efforts made by law enforcement officials, one of which is account blocking. In the laws on money laundering and corruption, account blocking is the authority given to investigators in the investigation stage, where in the Criminal Procedure Code the authority of investigators is limited to the implementation of forced act. By not regulating account blocking as a forced act, it makes it difficult for third parties (in this case are corporations) to be able to take legal remedies related to the blocking of corporate-owned accounts for criminal offenses committed by corporate organs for their personal interests. This thesis discusses whether account blocking can be categorized as a forced act according to the concept of KUHAP, as well as how legal remedies can be taken by corporations to be able to recover blocked accounts. By using doctrinal research and comparative law, it is known that account blocking has a similar concept to coercion in the Criminal Procedure Code, where currently the legal remedies that can be taken by corporations are limited to filing civil lawsuits independently or combining with the handling of criminal cases committed by corporate organs. Thus, it is important to regulate account blocking as a coercive measure in the statutory regulation of procedural law in Indonesia in order to produce a more detailed regulation along with all legal remedies."

"This article aims at discussing 2 main problems: 1) in how far harm done by corporate crime in Indonesia; and 2) how is the criminal policy passed in overcoming corporate crime in Indonesia? The result of this discussion points: First, corporate crime is a kind of crime that makes society restless and that is risks the interests of State. The harm done is in the form of material an immaterial things for citizens, State and other corporations. Second, corporate crime should be included in the Code of Criminal Laws as a criminal act by the offender. In line with this, the subject of offence in the Code of Criminal Laws should be widened to include corporations with a threat of either grave punishment by prison or fine punishment, or both of them. However, said penal efforts should be integrated with the overcoming of non penal ones."

"Dalam kehidupan manusia sehari-hari, peran korporasi sangatlah besar. Baik sebagai penyedia produk dan jasa bagi kebutuhan masyarakat. Oleh karena itu korporasi menjadi salah satu tonggak pergerakan ekonomi dunia. Meskipun demikian, bukan suatu hal yang tidak lumrah suatu korporasi terlibat dalam tindak pidana. Hal ini menjadi membingungkan jika berkaca kepada pendefinisian korporasi yang masih rancu di Indonesia. Setidaknya terdapat 4 (empat) definisi korporasi yang berbeda yang diatur melalui ketentuan perundang-undangan berbeda di Indonesia. Hal ini menjadi masalah karena sejatinya pendefinisian korporasi melalui peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia menyamakan semua badan usaha (tidak mempertimbangkan apakah badan usaha tersebut adalah (i) perkumpulan orang atau (ii) perkumpulan modal). Dengan kata lain, di depan mata hukum positif Indonesia, dalam hal terjadi tindak pidana yang dilakukan oleh suatu Perseroan Terbatas ("PT") atau suatu Comanditaire Venotschaap ("CV"), mereka akan diperlakukan secara sama. Fenomena tersebut membawa suatu isu hukum yaitu pemrosesan perkara tindak pidana korporasi yang bertolak belakang dengan esensi dari pemidanaan korporasi itu sendiri karena parameter yang digunakan disama ratakan bagi seluruh bentuk badan usaha di Indonesia padahal masing-masing jenis badan usaha memiliki sifat dan karakteristik yang berbeda-beda. Implikasi hukum yang muncul bagi fenomena tersebut salah satunya adalah pembebanan sanksi yang dibebankan kepada subjek hukum yang kurang tepat dan tidak tercapainya tujuan dalam memidana korporasi dalam hal terjadi suatu tindak pidana korporasi.

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The role of corporation in human's life is very essential. Both as a provider of products and services for the needs of society. Therefore, corporation is one of the cornerstones of the movement of the world economy. Even so, it is not unusual for a corporation to commit or be involved in a crime. This becomes an issue as the definition of corporation in Indonesia is still ambiguous. There are at least 4 (four) different definitions of corporation which are regulated through different laws and regulations in Indonesia. This is a problem because actually the definition of a corporation through laws and regulations in Indonesia equates all business entities (without considering whether the business entity is (i) an association of people or (ii) an association of capital). In other words, in the eyes of Indonesia's positive law, in an event of a crime committed by a Limited Liability Company ("PT") or a Comanditaire Venotschaap ("CV"), they will receive the same treatment. A legal issue arises from this phenomenom, namely the processing of corporate criminal cases which is contrary to the essence of punishing a corporation itself because the parameters used are the same for all forms of business entities in Indonesia even though each type of business entity has different characteristics. One of the legal implications that arise for this phenomenon is the imposition of sanctions imposed on legal subjects that are not appropriate and the goal is not achieved in convicting corporations in the event of a corporate crime."

"Studi ini melihat bahwa kerusakan lingkungan di Kawasan Karst Pegunungan Kendeng melibatkan kerja sama antara korporasi dengan negara. Hal ini merujuk pada interaksi antara pemerintah dengan korporasi dalam wujud kebijakan yang dapat menguntungkan bagi satu sama lain. Melalui metode systematic literature review dan content analysis, studi ini mengidentifikasi beberapa pola interaksi yang terjadi antara pemerintah dan korporasi, yaitu 1) inisiatif perusahaan dalam memanipulasi AMDAL, 2) Pengabaian terhadap hak atas informasi warga yang terdampak, 3) Intimidasi, 4) Penerbitan izin lingkungan yang bersifat mendesak. Pola-pola ini dilakukan masing untuk melancarkan ekspansi bisnis perusahaan semen yang bernilai fantastis. Di saat yang bersamaan, studi ini menemukan bahwa ekspansi besar-besaran tersebut juga berdampak luas bagi lingkungan. Berpayung pada perspektif green criminology, hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kejahatan terhadap lingkungan tidak terbatas pada apa yang dilarang oleh hukum formal. Lebih dari pada itu, kejahatan lingkungan juga dapat terjadi pada tindakan yang diizinkan oleh hukum formal.

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This study examines that environmental damage in the Kendeng Mountains Karst Area involves cooperation between corporations and the state. State-corporate crime refers to the interaction between the government and corporations in the form of policies that can benefit each other. Through systematic literature review and content analysis methods, this study identifies several patterns of interaction that occur between the government and corporations, namely 1) corporate initiatives in manipulating AMDAL, 2) Ignoring the right to information of affected residents, 3) Intimidation, 4) Issuance of urgent environmental permits. These patterns were each carried out to launch the fantastic business expansion of cement companies. At the same time, this study found that the massive expansion also had a wide impact on the environment. Drawing on the perspective of green criminology, the analysis shows that environmental crimes are not limited to what is prohibited by formal law. Rather, environmental crimes can also occur in actions that are permitted by formal law."

"Tulisan ini membahas mengenai dua kasus tumpahan minyak yang terjadi di Kabupaten Karawang, Jawa Barat yang dianalisis menggunakan konsep green victimology. Konsep green victimology mampu memberikan penjelasan komprehensif terkait pengalaman korban kejahatan lingkungan. Penulisan ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif berupa studi kasus pada berbagai data. Data yang digunakan adalah data-data sekunder yang diperoleh dari berbagai sumber berupa artikel jurnal, sumber berita, dan video wawancara. Hasil analisis menggunakan konsep green victimology pada data-data yang telah diperoleh dari kasus tumpahan minyak di Kabupaten Karawang, Jawa Barat tahun 2019 dan 2021 menunjukkan telah terjadi kejahatan lingkungan yang mengakibatkan masyarakat pesisir mengalami viktimisasi berulang. Analisis ini juga dilengkapi dengan konsep pendukung state-corporate crime guna menganalisis peran PT Pertamina dan negara dalam menghasilkan kejahatan lingkungan. Melalui analisis yang telah dilakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa negara masih abai terhadap perlindungan kejahatan lingkungan dan lebih mengutamakan kepentingan ekonominya dengan PT Pertamina, di mana sanksi yang seharusnya diberlakukan tidak diterapkan serta pemenuhan hak-hak masyarakat pesisir masih terabaikan.

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This article discusses two oil spill cases that occurred in Karawang Regency, West Java which were analyzed using the concept of green victimology. The concept of green victimology is able to provide a comprehensive explanation regarding the experiences of environmental crime victims. This writing uses a qualitative approach in the form of case studies on various data. The data used is secondary data obtained from various sources in the form of journal articles, news sources, and video interviews. The results of the analysis using the concept of green victimology on the data that has been obtained from the oil spill case in Karawang Regency, West Java in 2019 and 2021 prove that environmental crimes have occurred which have resulted in coastal communities experiencing repeated victimization. This analysis is also equipped with a supporting concept of state-corporate crime to analyze the role of PT Pertamina and the state in producing environmental crime. Through the analysis that has been carried out, it can be concluded that the state is still neglecting the protection of environmental crimes and prioritize its economic interests with PT Pertamina instead, where the sanctions that should be enforced are not implemented and the fulfillment of the rights of coastal communities is still neglected."

"ABSTRAKIndustri pertambangan emas di Kawasan Tumpang Pitu diharapkan dapat membawa kesejahteraan masyarakat dan memberikan kontribusi bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi. Namun, pada praktiknya kehadiran industri pertambangan justru mengancam kehidupan masyarakat yang tinggal dekat lokasi pertambangan. Hal ini ditandai oleh kehancuran dan kerusakan ekologis, hilangnya lahan pekerjaan, mengancam keberlangsungan sistem ruang budaya, dan kriminalisasi di Kawasan Tumpang Pitu. Tugas Karya Akhir ini mengidentifikasi masalah ini sebagai kajian kekerasan menggunakan teori State Corporate-Crime, untuk menganalisis bagaimana negara dan perusahaan turut serta menimbulkan korban dalam aktivitas pertambangan di Kawasan Tumpang Pitu. Pada akhirnya, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa telah terjadi berbagai bentuk kekerasan yaitu kekerasan langsung, kekerasan struktural, dan kekerasan lambat. Tidak terwujudnya kesejahteraan masyarakat dan terjadinya berbagai bentuk kekerasan merupakan sebuah kejahatan negara-perusahaan.

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ABSTRACT

The gold mining industry in the Tumpang Pitu area is expected to bring prosperity to the community and contribute to economic growth. However, in practice the presence of the mining industry actually threatens the lives of people who live near mining sites. This is marked by ecological destruction and damage, loss of employment, threatening the sustainability of the cultural space system, and criminalization in the Overlapping Area. This Final Project identifies this problem as a study of violence using the theory of State Corporate-Crime, to analyze how countries and corporate participate in causing casualties in mining activities in the Overlapping Area. In the end, this research found that various forms of violence have occurred, namely direct violence, structural violence, and slow violence. The absence of public welfare and the occurrence of various forms of violence is a state-corporate crime.

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