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"What rights does an artist have over his creations, the results of his creative pursuit? This article discusses three rights of artist. They are : (a) copyrighta and the contingent issues of what constitutes an original and therefore copyrightsble,work (b) moral rights, covering the rights of atribution and integrity and (c) right to royalties in subsequent sales of the creation...."

"Innovation is needed to preserve local culinary clover as a culinary ingredient which becomes one of the elements of the tourist attraction. With the momentum of healthy lifestyle trend in Surabaya, a beverage product is created from local ingredient in surabaya. A clover known in Latin as Marsilea Crenata is usually used as a Pecel Semanggi. Marsilea Crenata is known as herbal medicine. It used to cure sore throat, sprue, and fever. It contains high isoflavones. The herbal drink is created by producing clover powder through the stages of drying using dehydrator. The herbal beverage is produced through experimental stages with dry mix and crystallization method. Sensory test is used to discover about the taste, aroma, color, and texture of the herbal drink. They are acceptable and 53.3% of panelists like it. Nutrition test is conducted in Balai Riset dan Standardisasi Industri Surabaya to discover the nutrition facts of the herbal drink. The herbal drink contains of 20,62% ash, 7,31% sugar, 1,16% protein, 6,15% carbohydrate, and energy 38,96 kcal/100 g. In further research other methods can be used such as vacuum drying or freeze drying so that the vitamin content is keep remain. The clover leaf utilization can be optimized by producing an instant herbal drink water clover. Thus teh Kampung Semanggi as one of tourist destinations deserves to receive more attention, particularly from the government."

"Frank O Gehry was born in Toronto, 1929. Undergoing formal training in architecture from the University of Southern California, then went to Harvard Graduate School of Design. He received honorary doctorate degree in architecture from several institutions, and was appointed professor of Yale University. The concept design was heavily influenced by the art of sculpture and painting, his arts and architecture are coming from the same source. Thus the realization of architectural forms of thought can not be separated from the effects of these arts. Imagination which he applied in the design is a dynamic design, life, and energetic both on the shape, color, space and texture of his works. Which he presented the work actually gives freedom to the people to appreciate or to give perception differently depending on their understanding of people who watched (no single understanding)."

"ABSTRAKPenciptaan pengetahuan (knowledge creation) memiliki arti yang sangat strategis dan sekaligus panting bagi perkembangan dunia bisnis belakangan ini. Sebab pengetahuan dapat menghasilkan inovasi dan keunggulan bersaing bagi perusahaan. Para manajer perusahaan, karenanya harus dapat mengidentitikasi dan membantu perusahaan dalam mengakses berbagai pengetahuan yang dibutuhkan dalam rangka penciptaan nilai secara berkesinambungan.Semakin pentingnya pengetahuan bagi perusahaan dapat dilihat dari perkembangan produk yang dihasilkan. Semakin canggihnya produk baik dari segi isi maupun produksi, telah mengakibatkan landasan bersaing perusahaan pun ikut bergeser pula, yakni semakin mendasarkan pada pengetahuan. Intinya adalah pada pengembangan pengetahuan yang sangat berharga dan sulit ditiru, serta yang dapat menghasilkan keunggulan bersaingsecara berkelanjutan.Meskipun arti pentingnya pengetahuan mendapatkan pengakuan secara Iuas, tetapi tidak banyak penelitian yang dilakukan terkait dengan bagaimana pengetahuan tersebut diciptakan dan diimplementasikan, terutama pengetahuan tasit (tacit knowledge) yakni pengetahuan yang berakar pada keahlian dan pengalaman yang tertanam di dalam diri setiap individu. Karena itu meski meski diakui pentingnya pengetahuan tersebut bagi keunggulan bersaing perusahaan, tetapi tidak banyak perusahaan yang memperoleh manfaat dari pengetahuan tersebut.Bertolak dari hal itu maka penelitian dilakukan terhadap industri batik. Industi yang banyak mengandalkan pada saat tidak berwujud atau pengetahuan tasit tersebut. Industri batik dipilih juga karena selain memiliki basis akar budaya yang Iuas di seluruh wilayah nasional dan banyak digeluti oleh masyarakat, terutama lapisan bawah, Serta banyak menyerap tenaga kerja. Industri batik juga merupakan produk yang inovatif disamping masih menyimpan potensi yang belum dikembangkan secara optimal.Penelitian ini dilakukan di empat daerah pusat perkembangan industri batik yakni Solo, Yogyakarta, Pekalongan, dan Cirebon. Empat daerah ini sekaligus mewakili karakteristik batik yang ada yakni Solo dan Yogyakarta mewakili batik keraton, sedangkan Pekalongan dan Cirebon mewakili batik pesisir. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk merekonstruksi model penciptaan pengetahuan para perusahaan batik di empat daerah industri.Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan positivistik dan melibatkan 171 responden yang mewakili masing-masing perusahaan (sample) yang berasal dari sebanyak 220 popuiasi perusahaan batik skala menengah dan besar di empat daerah. Data diperoleh dengan menggunakan metode survey dengan menggunakan daftar pertanyaan. Sedangkan untuk pendalamannya dilakukan wawancara dengan para informan yang dipilih dan mewakili perusahaan mereka masing-masing. Data diolah dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan statistik model persamaan struktural (Struktural Equation Modelling-SEM).Adapun software yang digunakan dalam mengolah data ini adalah Program LISREL (Linear Structural Retations) yersi 8.50. Penelitian dilakukan pada Agustus 2004 sampai dengan Juni 2005.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi konversi pengetahuan dari sosialisasi, ekstemalisasi, kombinasi, dan internalisasi dalam perusahaan batik di empat daerah. Konversi pengetahuan inilah yang kemudian menghasilkan pengetahuan baru serta kemudian menjadi pendorong bagi inovasi. Penciptaan pengetahuan di empat daerah industri batik dapat berlangsung karena didukung oleh Iingkungan perusahaan. Terdapat satu variable yang tidak signitikan, yakni variabel pengulangan yang termasuk di dalam kondisi pendukung.Ditemukan pula bahwa proses penciptaan pengetahuan perusahaan berlangsung dengan baik di Pekalongan, kemudian Cirebon, menyusul Yogyakarta dan terakhir Solo. Demikian pula daerah pesisir Pekalongan dan Cirebon Iebih baik dibandingkan daerah keraton Solo dan Yogyakarta dalam hal penciptaan pengetahuan. Sementara itu antara Yogyakarta dengan Cirebon, meskipun keduanya mewakili daerah dengan karakteristik batik yang berbeda, tetapi keduanya tidak berbeda dalam hal penciptaan pengetahuan.Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa perusahaan-perusahaan batik yang berada di empat daerah industri batik memiliki berpotensi untuk dapat dikembangkan menjadi perusahaan-perusahaan yang mampu menciptakan inovasi secara terus menerus. Mengingat penelitian ini unit analisisnya perusahaan, maka potensi yang dimiliki perusahaan-perusahaan batik berupa adanya penciptaan pengetahuan, tidak akan mampu memberikan berarti banyak apabiia tidak didukung oleh kondisi Iingkungan (makro ekonomi) yang kondusif.

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ABSTRACTKnowledge creation plays an important role in the development of business nowadays because knowledge could generate innovation that could lead into competitive advantages. Therefore the management should be abie to identify and access various knowledge needed for a continuous process of value creating.Even though the importance of knowledge has been widely acknowledged, there is not much study has been done in the correlation to how knowledge is created and implemented especially the one conceming tacit knowledge, a knowledge uniquely owned by one individual that originated from his or her skills and experiences. Therefore, even though the importance of it for company's competitive advantage is already been acknowledge, not many company get benefit from it.This study is focusing in batik industry, because the base of this industry is more into intangible assets or tacit knowledge. It also has a wide cultural basis in Indonesia and takes up a lot of man power. Batik is an innovative product that still hasn't reach its full potential. Therefore with this study we can reveal the importance of tacit knowledge in terms of helping the innovation process in batik industry.The study take place in four batik industry region which is Solo, Yogyakarta, Pekalongan and Cirebon. This four regions are also representing the characteristic of batik. Solo and Yogyakarta are representing ?Batik Keraton? and Pekalongan and Cirebon are representing ?Batik Pesisi|". The objective of this study is to reconstruct a model of company's knowledge creation process in all four industry region.The approach used in this study is ?positivistic". There are 171 respondents who representing each company (sample) originated from middle and large scale batik companies in the four study areas. The data is acquired using questionnaires and in depth interviews with selected companies? representatives. Strukturai Equation Modelling-SEM is used for the data processing and analysis while the software used is LISREL (Linear Structural Relations) 8.50 version. The study took place from August 2004 to June 2005.This study shows that the conversion of knowledge from socialization, externalization, combination and internalization is exist in the batik's companies in all four area. Later on this conversion will lead into new knowledge and becoming the drive for innovation. Knowledge creating processes in all four batik industrial area could take place because it is supported by companies? environment but there is one insignificant variable which is redundancy.It also discovered that company's knowledge creating process is signiticantly found in Pekalongan and then Cirebon, Yogyakarta and Solo. The study also conclude that ?Pesisir" areas, Pekalongan and Cirebon is better than Yogyakarta and Solo in terms of knowledge creating process and found out that even though Yogyakarta and Cirebon is representing different batik characteristic, they both share the same approach in the knowledge creating process.This study is concluding that batik's companies in four industrial areas have the potential to create a continuous innovation process. Considering the unit analysis in this study is company, this potential will not have a significant effect without a conducive macro economy condition."

"The transformation process from idea to product and finally to wealth creation is one of the major problems in the agriculture sector in Iran. This study used a qualitative-exploratory approach to investigate the barriers and the solutions, which were derived from the interview results of our study, to commercialization of research findings in Iranian schools of agriculture. The data was collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews. The results showed that the highest ranking barriers to commercialization were inappropriate perspectives and policy-making, financial-investment barriers, mistrust, and poor communication; the barriers related to the participation of the private sector were among the lowest ranking items. The top ranking solutions for commercialization were related to planning, legislation, policy-making, needs assessment, goal setting, and prioritization. The technical-specialized solutions were the lowest ranking items."