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"with the rise of technology over the last three decades across the globe, the roles of defense have shifted to more challenging responsibilites. To cover Indonesia's water territory not only requires human capacities "

"Guna melindungi segenap Bangsa Indonesia dan seluruh tumpah darah Indonesia, diperlukan suatu kondisi pertahanan dan keamanan (Hankam) yang kuat di segenap wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI) sebagai negara kepulauan dan negara maritim. Mempertahankan kedaulatan Negara Bangsa Indonesia dengan dua pendekatan yaitu pendekatan militer dan pendekatan non-militer. Pendekatan militer adalah menjaga pertahanan dan keamanan negara dengan melibatkan kekuatan militer secara langsung, dilain sisi pendekatan non militer seperti ketahanan pangan, ketahanan energi, lingkungan hidup, imigrasi, perkembangan iptek, sosial dan budaya dari berbagai aspek non militer yang strategis adalah bagaimana terjaminnya ketahanan pangan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan seluruh rakyat Indonesia. Dengan terjaminnya ketersediaan pangan maka keamanan dan ketahanan dapat terwujud."

"Security comes from Latin, secures which means free from danger, fear, and threats which consist of traditional and non-traditional security approaches. Defense is defined as the main instrument of a country to create national security. National defense is defined as a dynamic condition of a country that covers all aspects of national life to deal with threats. National security encompasses the security of the state, society and individuals. There are still several definitions from several experts regarding the concepts of security and defense to date. This article analyses the forms of contemporary threats related to security and defense and explains their similarities and differences in the study of national resilience aimed at realizing a national security system and development of the national security system in other countries. This article uses a descriptive qualitative research design through literature study and interviews. This article explains that the forms of threats that occur in Indonesia include problems at the border area, SARA intolerance, inequality in bureaucratic reform, not optimal law enforcement, and transnational crime. Similarities and differences in the concepts of security and defense can be seen from the regulations, the concepts used, the institutions and the constitution. This article shows that national resilience is influenced by national defense and security. The safe condition of a country is inseparable from the security and defense factors alone but is synergized with each other factors such as economic, political, legal, social, cultural, ideological, geographic, demographic and natural resources."

"Pendirian benteng VOC di pesisir utara Jawa berawal dari kontrak politik antara Mataram dengan kompeni. Keberadaannya secara tidak langsung telah memicu perubahan ekonomi dan politik di Surabaya. Benteng yang awalnya berfungsi sebagai sarana pertahanan, kemudian bergeser menjadi pusat perdagangan dan pemerintahan. Pembahasan tentang awal perkembangan Surabaya lebih banyak bermula dari permukiman-permukiman kolonial yang menjamur pada abad ke-19, padahal perubahan sudah mulai tampak ketika VOC berkedudukan di Surabaya. VOC mengawalinya dengan pembangunan benteng dan perbaikan infrastruktur, yang kemudian memicu pertumbuhan ekonomi dan mendorong perubahan politik secara masif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan perubahan ekonomi dan politik Surabaya di bawah hegemoni VOC. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian sejarah dengan sumber berupa arsip, peta, dan surat-surat VOC dari abad ke-18. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keberadaan benteng berdampak secara ekonomi, yaitu meningkatkan aktivitas perdagangan, bahkan memicu terbentuknya permukiman orang-orang Tionghoa. Kemajuan secara politik tumbuh dari benteng yang menjadi pusat pemerintahan Java’s Oosthoek. Surabaya dipilih sebagai tempat didirikanya kediaman resmi gezaghebber, sekaligus pusat pemerintahan dan tempat pelantikan bupatibupati daerah sekitarnya.

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The establishment of the VOC fortress on the north coast of Java originated from a political contract between Mataram and the Company. Its presence has indirectly led to economic and political changes in Surabaya. The fort, which initially served as a means of defense, shifted to become a center for trade and government. Discussions about the early development of Surabaya mainly stem from the colonial settlements that mushroomed in the 19th century. Even though changes had already emerged when the VOC was based in Surabaya, which started with constructing a fort and infrastructure improvements, subsequently generating economic growth, and encouraging massive political change. The study aims to describe the economic and political changes in Surabaya under VOC hegemony. It used historical research, which sources are taken from archives, maps, and VOC letters from the 18th century. The study results show that the fort has an economic impact, namely increasing trading activities and triggering the formation of Chinese settlements. Political development grew from the fortress, which became the center of Java’s Oosthoek government. Surabaya was chosen as the location for the gezaghebber’s official residence, the seat of government, and the place for the inauguration of the regents in the vicinity."