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Abstrak :
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji pemikiran Slavoj Žižek tentang subyek kuasa dan hubungannya dengan struktur kekuasaan. Subyek kuasa adalah manusia yang melakukan tindak kuasa melalui imajinasi yang politis dan melalui dialektika pengakuan dengan yang lain. Struktur kekuasaan adalah struktur simbolis yang menjadi media bagi subyek untuk melangsungkan tindakan politiknya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan studi kepustakaan melalui analisa terhadap karya-karya Slavoj Žižek, komentator tentangnya, serta kaitan dengan realitas politik kontemporer. Sebagai hasil dari penelitian adalah subyek kuasa menurut Žižek merupakan subyek kosong, yang memiliki kekurangan identitas dalam membentuk tindakan politiknya. Tapi ia menjadi kondisi positif untuk membentuk dan mempengaruhi struktur kekuasaan secara bebas. Kemudian, struktur kekuasaan pun tidak sempurna. Ia tidak mampu menginterpelasi subyek kuasa ke dalamnya. Dalam terang ketidaksempurnaan ini, ia menyediakan kebebasan bagi subyek kuasa untuk mentransmutasi struktur simbolis kekuasaan serta mengeserkan diri pada yang lain. ......The aim of this research was studied Slavoj Žižek’s thought on subject of power and its relation to structure of power. Subject of power was man who act his power through political imaginary and dialectics of acknowledgement with others. The structure of power was a symbolic structure which became a medium for subject to act his political action. This research was done by library research through Žižek’s works analyse, his commentators, and relied on contemporary political reality. The result was showed that Žižek’s subject of power was the empty subject, whose a lack identity in creating his political acts. But it was a positively condition produced and influenced the structure of power freely. Thus, the structure of power was also incomplete. It was not able interpellated the subject of power into it. In this incompleteness, it gave a freedom to subject of power transmuted the symbolic structure of power and displaced him to the other.

Abstrak :
Kajian dari Jean Francois Lyotard mengenai postmodern menjelaskan bahwa fungsi narasi memiliki relasi yang kuat dengan legitimasi pengetahuan pada diskursus kontemporer. Meta- narasi yang telah mendominasi pengetahuan kita selama ini berangsur-angsur mulai tergantikan melalui pengetahuan yang bersifat lokal. Epistemologi dari kondisi politik dalam pendekatan postmodern tersebut dapat dilihat sebagai hasil perpaduan antara bentuk penerapan language game dan narrative pattern dalam merumuskan bagaimana beragamnya penilaian yang dapat dihasilkan dari pergeseran paradigma menuju postmodern. Perspektif publik dalam kondisi tersebut tidak lagi dilihat sebagai sebuah kesatuan melainkan adanya kebebasan terhadap variasi dalam menentukan sikap dan pilihan termasuk ke dalam ranah politik. Sehingga, kondisi tersebut memungkinkan untuk menciptakan citra politik melalui narasi seperti halnya dapat ditemukan kandidat politik yang berusaha untuk mendapatkan elektabilitas akan bersaing pula dalam membentuk kampanye politik dengan narasi yang membangun citra politik yang baik atau dengan kata lain membangun reputasi. Melalui tulisan ini, penulis berupaya menjelaskan bagaimana reputasi sebagai perpanjangan dari political image yang dibangun sebagai kerangka dari keadaan postmodern dan bekerja sebagai variabel yang memiliki relasi kuasa yang kuat dalam aspek politik terutama pada era demokrasi kontemporer. ......Lyotard's analysis of the postmodern puts the function of narrative in a strong relationship with the legitimization of knowledge in contemporary discourse. Meta-narratives that have dominated our knowledge so far have gradually begun to be replaced through knowledge that is locality. The epistemology of political conditions in the postmodern approach can be seen as the result of a combination of the application of language games and narrative patterns in formulating how diverse assessments can result from a paradigm shift towards the postmodern. The public perspective in these conditions is no longer seen as a unity but rather the freedom of variation in determining attitudes and choices including in the political realm. Thus, these conditions make it possible to create a political image through narratives, just as political candidates who are trying to gain electability will also compete in shaping political campaigns with narratives that build a good political image or in other words, build a reputation. Through this paper, the author seeks to explain how reputation as an extension of political image is built as a framework of the postmodern state and works as a variable that has strong power relations in political aspects, especially in the era of contemporary democracy.

Abstrak :
[The contributions in this book address the question of how to develop and foster democratic competences. This may take place via school curricula, resource materials and teaching/learning methods ; in workplaces by means of formalised arrangements that encourage self-direction and through the informal processes engendered by expansive working environments; and in personal and community life, including in the course of incidental learning in social networks. The studies and analyses are somewhat nonconformist in its thematic spread and its boundary-crossing between disciplines and perspectives that conventionally live separate lives., The contributions in this book address the question of how to develop and foster democratic competences. This may take place via school curricula, resource materials and teaching/learning methods ; in workplaces by means of formalised arrangements that encourage self-direction and through the informal processes engendered by expansive working environments; and in personal and community life, including in the course of incidental learning in social networks. The studies and analyses are somewhat nonconformist in its thematic spread and its boundary-crossing between disciplines and perspectives that conventionally live separate lives.]

Abstrak :
Pada dasarnya negara selalu bertujuan untuk mensejahterakan warganya. Cara dan bentuk untuk mencapai tujuannya berbagai macam. Demokrasi yang ditopang oleh liberalisme adalah salah satunya. Gagasan tersebut dianggap oleh Francis Fukuyama sebagai sebuah akhir dari sejarah atau Finalitas dari bentuk politik. Kesejahteraan dalam demokrasi liberal didapat melalui kehadiran kapitalisme. Tetapi kapitalisme masih dicurigai memiliki potensi yang justru menghancurkan sistem demokrasi liberal. Untuk itulah diperlukan pemahaman yang lebih lanjut akan keberadaan kapitalisme dalam sistem politik liberal. Libertarian menawarkan penjelasan yang mendalam akan kehadiran kapitalisme. Robert Nozick melalui minimal state memaparkan bagaimana negara yang hadir dengan sistem kapital yang tak menciderai hak-hak individu sekaligus menjaga batas wewenang yang dimiliki negara terhadap warganya. ...... Basically, the state has always aimed for the welfare of its citizens. various kinds of way and form to achieve that goal. Democracy supported by liberalism is one of them. The idea was considered by Francis Fukuyama as an end of history or the finality of the political form. Welfare in a liberal democracy obtained through the presence of capitalism. But capitalism suspected that it still has the potential to destroy the liberal democratic system. For that needed further understanding of the existence of capitalism in a liberal political system. Libertarian offers in-depth explanation of the presence of capitalism. Robert Nozick through minimal state described how present state with the capital system which does not damage the rights of individuals while keeping limits the authority of the state to its citizens.