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"Sejumlah literatur menunjukan bahwa kepemilikan kredit mikro memiliki dampak positif bagi kesejahteraan keluarga. Dalam demografi, perubahan kesejahteraan terutama pendapatan rumah tangga memiliki pengaruhnya terhadap keputusan terkait dengan fertilitas. Namun apakah hubungan antara tingkat fertilitas dengan kepemilikan kredit mikro pada perempuan lebih disebabkan karena adanya penurunan permintaan rumah tangga terhadap anak atau adanya perubahan pada pola preferensi individu, tidaklah terlalu jelas. Studi ini bermaksud untuk mengkaji permasalahan tersebut. Dengan menggunakan model regresi 2SLS (Intrument Variable) pada data panel IFLS tahun 2007-2014 dengan responden 1.212 perempuan kawin, terlihat bahwa responden dengan kepemilikan kredit cenderung memiliki tingkat fertilitas yang lebih rendah -0,0143 poin, dibandingkan mereka yang tidak memiliki pinjaman mikro. Temuan ini secara tidak langsung dapat mendukung hipotesis bahwa kepemilikan kredit mikro dapat diasosiasikan dengan penurunan pada tingkat fertilitas perempuan.

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A number of literatures show that micro credit ownership has a positive impact on family welfare. In demographics, changes in welfare, especially household income, have an effect on decisions related to fertility. However, whether the relationship between fertility rates and microcredit ownership among women is due more to a decrease in household demand for children or a change in individual preference patterns isn’t very vivid. This study intends to examine these problems. By using the 2SLS (Intrument Variable) regression model on the IFLS panel data for 2007-2014 with 1,212 married women respondents, it seen that respondents with credit ownership tend to have a lower fertility rate of -0,0143 point, compared to those who do not have micro loans. This finding clearly supports the hypothesis that owning a microcredit can be associated with a decrease in the fertility rate of women."

"The objective of this research is to identify and analyze the distribution and stability of family income in connection to agroecosystem. This research was carried out in three provinces; these are Central Java, Lampung and South Sulawesi. In every province the study selected 4 villages that is classified based agroecosystems, i.e. wet land and dry land villages. The study interviewed 50-60 households who were the Patanas research household sample. The study employs descriptive analysis. Result of the research showed that income from agricultural sector has a dominant contribution, generally. Nevertheless, this domination tends to shifts gradually where the proportion of non-agricultural income increases significantly. Household income distribution in the village falls into high skewed criteria, especially in wet land villages. Household income in wet land villages fluctuates more than those of in dry land villages. Contribution of agricultural income is dominant in wet land villages, but it is a seasonal income. Farmers in dry land has more non-agricultural activity than those of in wet land villages."

"We investigate the extent to which household heads' earnings volatility is translated into household consumption volatility, and, in the process, identify measures of smoothing idiosyncratic earnings variation ..."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara tingkat pendidikan dengan pendapatan non-tenaga kerja (non-labor income) di Indonesia berdasarkan jenisnya, yang meliputi pendapatan dari aset dan investasi (DIR), pendapatan dari pensiun (ARP), serta pendapatan dari bantuan pihak lain (HRP). Dengan menggunakan kerangka teori modal manusia (human capital theory) dan merujuk pada studi terdahulu yang menunjukkan hubungan positif antara pendidikan dan DIR namun negatif terhadap ARP dan HRP, penelitian ini menggunakan data Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) 5 tahun 2015 dan metode regresi Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan memiliki hubungan yang positif dan signifikan terhadap total pendapatan non-tenaga kerja (NLI), serta terhadap ARP dan HRP, sementara pada DIR hubungan yang terbentuk bersifat positif namun tidak signifikan secara statistik. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan tetap memainkan peran penting dalam memperluas akses individu terhadap sumber-sumber pendapatan non-tenaga kerja, meskipun pengaruhnya terhadap pendapatan dari aset dan investasi tidak signifikan secara langsung namun pendidikan berhubungan positif dengan pendapatan dari aset dan investasi (DIR) secara tidak langsung melalui perantara pendapatan tenaga kerja (labor income).

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This study aims to analyze the relationship between education and non-labor income in Indonesia based on its types, which include income from assets and investments (DIR), pension income (ARP), and income from private transfers or assistance from others (HRP). Utilizing the framework of human capital theory and referring to previous studies that found a positive relationship between education and DIR but negative relationships with ARP and HRP, this study employs data from the 2015 Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS 5) and the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression method. The results indicate that education has a positive and statistically significant relationship with total non-labor income (NLI), as well as with ARP and HRP, while its relationship with DIR is positive but not statistically significant. These findings suggest that education continues to play an important role in enhancing individuals' access to various sources of non-labor income. Although the effect of education on income from assets and investments is not directly significant, the positive relationship may occur indirectly through its influence on labor income as a mediating factor."