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"Dalam sastera Minangkabau tidak timbul sastera sakral dan sastera profan. Sastera Minangkabau adalah sastra duniawi. Dan itu termaktub dalam fahaman bahwa berkesenian adalah badunia (berdunia). Pergi menghadiri pertunjukan sastera lisan adalah badunia. Itu sebabnya ukuran keduniawian lebih besar dibanding ukuran ukhrawi dalam kesenian Minangkabau. Mungkin ini juga terjadi di dunia Melayu yang lain..."

"Hikayat Malim Deman sebagai peninggalan kesustraan Melayu Klasik amatlah berharga. Melalui pendekatan diktatis yang ditekankan pada aspek estetik yang terdapat di dalam narasi, didapati bahwa hikayat ini tedak sekadar bermanfaat sebagai pelipur lara. Nilai yang diperoleh dari hasil pembacaan secara tekstual maupun kontekstual dari hikayat ini menunjukkan bahwa ajaran kebijaksanaan, kesetiaan, ketakziman, kesadaran dan kerja keras merupakan nilai yang mempu memperkaya kehidupan rohani pembaca."

"Western education that followed by womenhood gives influence to their life because the contradiction of traditional and modern thought in Minangkabau society, such as contained in Sitti Nurbaya (Marah Rusli), Ka/au Tak Untung (Selasih), and Pertemoen II (A.St. Pamoentjak). The educated women figure in the novels have experience in their life because of education. The purpose of the study is to describe educated Minangkabau women and their conflict in the society. The study uses sociology of literature approach because of relating to the situation of Minangkabau society at the beginning of period Western education coming to Minangkabau. The result of the study describes educated women whom have thought, view, wishing, attitude, and action which influenced by education. The consequence of the education produces infraction, conflict, or contradiction in their life. It's caused by their thought, view, wishing, attitude, and action don't jibe with norm and custom in the society. The educated women don't have strength to face conflict or contradiction which happened. They surrender to the conflict which happened in their life. The surrendering result suffering to the women figures. Sitti Nurbaya and Muslina are the figures whom don't receive the surrendering fully, so that they do resistance to the conflict. The resistance doesn't give result. On the contrary, they have worse suffering. The educated women have "defeat" in facing the conflict bacause the tradition of the society which's still strong."

"This research wants to find out the character and function of mamak (the maternal uncle) and ninik mamak (the adat chiefs) and also the background their depiction in Sitti Nurbaya and Anak dan Kemenakan by Marah Rusli. The theoretical framework which is applied in the research is sociology literature approach. The application of this theory in this research based on the point of view that literature is a social and cultural product that could be able to analysis with the social and cultural approach. Literary work, then, cannot be fully understood apart from the milieu or culture in which it was produced. It must be studied in the widest possible context. Every literary work is the result of a complex interaction of social an cultural factors.The conclusion of this research states that the depiction of mamak and ninik mamak of Sitti Nurbaya and Anak dan Kemenakan are different from the concept of them according to Minangkabau's custom. Mamak and Ninik mamak are two important elements in whole Minangkabau social structure. They have responsibility in daily life of their own matrilineal kinship group. They also have to respected to the adat regulation. In Sitti Nurbaya and Anak dan Kemenakan, mamak dan ninik mamak are depicted in the atmosphere conflict between those who wishes and disires to keep the tradition and those who wishes an improvement in apply of adat.The depiction of the character and the function of them is influenced by several factors. Firstly, the background of the writer. Marah Rusli came from the coastal lowland of Minangkabau (Rantau) which it has differentiation in social culture from the interior highland (Darat). Secondly, Sitti Nurbaya and Anak dan Kemanakan are published by Balai Pustaka which it had several clafication and wisdom in publishing literary work. Thirdly, the social history influences. The education aspect has a stimulating effect on awakening Indonesia young generation's consciousness in their life. Marah Rusli, one of the Indonesia young writer, was influenced by the time and his education and wishes an improvement in application of adat system in society."