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"Pengaruh pola aliran dari multi phase fluida yang terdiri dari gas, air, dan minyak bumi dengan kecepatan yang tinggi, perbedaan material antara dudukan gasket dan material master block dan adanya kandungan CO2 di dalam fluida dapat menjadi penyebab kerusakan pada peralatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa kerusakan pada sub sea tree SA-21. Kerusakan yang terjadi adalah kebocoran yang terjadi pada bagian keluaran dari master block."

"Injeksi gas panas terhadap aliran resirkulasi pada backward-facing step mempunyai efek yang signifikan terhadap medan distribusi temperatur di dalam aliran resirkulasi, khususnya dengan 3 variasi parameter, yaitu: temperatur injeksi, perbandingan momentum spesifik, dan letak injeksi. Eksperimen dalam penelitian ini memanfaatkan fungsi data logger dalam pengambilan data temperatur rata-rata dalam rentang waktu tertentu. Hasil penelitian menunjukan pada injeksi dekat sisi step (If= 2H) injeksi gas panas memberi kan efek penting terhadap kondisi upstream dan downstream meskipun tidak dengan persentase yang sama pada seluruh variasi parameter. Fenomena ini berbeda dengan yang teljadi pada injeksi dekat dengan reattachment point (If = 4H). Pada kondisi ini, sebagian besar panas yang dibawa oleh injeksi akan terdistribusi ke arah downstream karena pengaruh blowing effect terhadap aliran resirkulasi lebih kuat.

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Hot gas injection through the recirculation zone in a backward-facing step has a significant effect to the temperature distribution in recirculation flow, especially with three parameters variations, i.e. temperature, specific momentum ratio, and injection location. The present experimental work uses data logger for obtaining mean temperature in specific range of time. Investigation result shows that for injection location near the step (lf = 2H) hot gas injection gives a remarkable effect to the upstream and downstream condition, although not in equal percentage for all parameter variation. This phenomenon is quite different to that found in case of injection location near reattachment point (If = 4H). In this condition, most of the not gas contained in the injection will distribute to the clown stream due to stronger blowing effect of free stream to the recirculation flow."

"[ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas tentang keekonomian pengembangan sumur-sumur tuaminyak bumi dan manfaat pengusahaan sumur tua terhadap perekonomianmasyarakat sekitar sumur tua di Cepu. Sesuai Peraturan Menteri Energi danSumber Daya Mineral Nomor 001 Tahun 2008 tentang Pedoman PengusahaanPertambangan Minyak Bumi Pada Sumur Tua, yang diberikan izin untukmelakukan pengusahaan sumur-sumur tua minyak tersebut adalah Koperasi UnitDesa (KUD) dan Badan Usaha Milik Daerah (BUMD). Untuk mengusahakansumur tua KUD dan BUMD membutuhkan investasi untuk pembersihan sumurtua dan pemroduksiannya. Penelitian ini menghitung keekonomian pengusahaansumur tua dengan menggunakan skenario asumsi harga jual minyak Rp 4.160,-/Ldan Rp 3.698,-/L dan variasi jumlah sumur tua yang diproduksikan. Penghitungandilakukan pada keekonomian produksi sumur tua di setiap KUD dan BUMD sertakeekonomian pengusahaan sumur tua secara umum. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa tidak semua KUD dan BUMD menghasilkan keuntunganyang cukup untuk mengembalikan investasi yang telah dikeluarkan. Denganasumsi harga jual minyak Rp 4.160,-/L maka produksi minimal per sumur tuayang dapat memberikan keuntungan adalah sebesar ± 2 bbl/hari, sedangkanmenggunakan asumsi harga jual minyak Rp 3.698,-/L maka produksi minimal persumur tua yang dapat memberikan keuntungan adalah sebesar ± 3,5 bbl/hari.Manfaat pengusahaan sumur tua bagi masyarakat adalah terbukanya lapangankerja dan usaha serta peningkatan pendapatan. Dalam pemroduksian sumur tuadirekomendasikan untuk menggunakan metode timba, dikarenakan metodetersebut dapat membuka lapangan kerja dan usaha yang cukup banyak dimanasesuai dengan semangat pengelolaan sumur tua yaitu memberdayakan masyarakatsekitar.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the economic development of old oil wells and benefitconcessions old oil wells on the economy of the community around the in Cepu.According to the Regulation of Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No.001 of 2008 on Guidelines for Oil Mining Concessions In Old Oil Wells, who wasgiven permission to do the exploitation of old oil wells is the Village UnitCooperatives (cooperatives) and the Regional Owned Enterprises (enterprises). Tocommercialize old wells, cooperatives and enterprises requires investment forcleaning old oil wells and producing oil. This study calculates the economicexploitation of old oil wells using a scenario assuming oil prices of Rp 4,160,-/Land Rp 3,698,-/L and the variation of the number of old oil wells that produced.Calculations performed on the economics of production of old oil wells in eachcooperatives and enterprises as well as the economic exploitation of the old wellin general. The results showed that not all cooperatives and enterprises generateenough profit to return the investments made. Assuming oil selling price of Rp4,160,-/L, the minimum oil production per well who can provide benefits is equalto ± 2 bbl/day, while using the assumption of oil selling price of Rp 3.698,-/ L, theminimum oil production per well who can provide benefits is equal to ± 3.5bbl/day . Benefits for the community concession old well is work opportunitiesand businesses as well as increased revenue. In producing old oil wells isrecommended to use the bucket method, because the method can create jobs andbusiness in accordance with the spirit in which the management of old oil wellsthat empower local communities.;This thesis discusses the economic development of old oil wells and benefitconcessions old oil wells on the economy of the community around the in Cepu.According to the Regulation of Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No.001 of 2008 on Guidelines for Oil Mining Concessions In Old Oil Wells, who wasgiven permission to do the exploitation of old oil wells is the Village UnitCooperatives (cooperatives) and the Regional Owned Enterprises (enterprises). Tocommercialize old wells, cooperatives and enterprises requires investment forcleaning old oil wells and producing oil. This study calculates the economicexploitation of old oil wells using a scenario assuming oil prices of Rp 4,160,-/Land Rp 3,698,-/L and the variation of the number of old oil wells that produced.Calculations performed on the economics of production of old oil wells in eachcooperatives and enterprises as well as the economic exploitation of the old wellin general. The results showed that not all cooperatives and enterprises generateenough profit to return the investments made. Assuming oil selling price of Rp4,160,-/L, the minimum oil production per well who can provide benefits is equalto ± 2 bbl/day, while using the assumption of oil selling price of Rp 3.698,-/ L, theminimum oil production per well who can provide benefits is equal to ± 3.5bbl/day . Benefits for the community concession old well is work opportunitiesand businesses as well as increased revenue. In producing old oil wells isrecommended to use the bucket method, because the method can create jobs andbusiness in accordance with the spirit in which the management of old oil wellsthat empower local communities.;This thesis discusses the economic development of old oil wells and benefitconcessions old oil wells on the economy of the community around the in Cepu.According to the Regulation of Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No.001 of 2008 on Guidelines for Oil Mining Concessions In Old Oil Wells, who wasgiven permission to do the exploitation of old oil wells is the Village UnitCooperatives (cooperatives) and the Regional Owned Enterprises (enterprises). Tocommercialize old wells, cooperatives and enterprises requires investment forcleaning old oil wells and producing oil. This study calculates the economicexploitation of old oil wells using a scenario assuming oil prices of Rp 4,160,-/Land Rp 3,698,-/L and the variation of the number of old oil wells that produced.Calculations performed on the economics of production of old oil wells in eachcooperatives and enterprises as well as the economic exploitation of the old wellin general. The results showed that not all cooperatives and enterprises generateenough profit to return the investments made. Assuming oil selling price of Rp4,160,-/L, the minimum oil production per well who can provide benefits is equalto ± 2 bbl/day, while using the assumption of oil selling price of Rp 3.698,-/ L, theminimum oil production per well who can provide benefits is equal to ± 3.5bbl/day . Benefits for the community concession old well is work opportunitiesand businesses as well as increased revenue. In producing old oil wells isrecommended to use the bucket method, because the method can create jobs andbusiness in accordance with the spirit in which the management of old oil wellsthat empower local communities., This thesis discusses the economic development of old oil wells and benefitconcessions old oil wells on the economy of the community around the in Cepu.According to the Regulation of Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No.001 of 2008 on Guidelines for Oil Mining Concessions In Old Oil Wells, who wasgiven permission to do the exploitation of old oil wells is the Village UnitCooperatives (cooperatives) and the Regional Owned Enterprises (enterprises). Tocommercialize old wells, cooperatives and enterprises requires investment forcleaning old oil wells and producing oil. This study calculates the economicexploitation of old oil wells using a scenario assuming oil prices of Rp 4,160,-/Land Rp 3,698,-/L and the variation of the number of old oil wells that produced.Calculations performed on the economics of production of old oil wells in eachcooperatives and enterprises as well as the economic exploitation of the old wellin general. The results showed that not all cooperatives and enterprises generateenough profit to return the investments made. Assuming oil selling price of Rp4,160,-/L, the minimum oil production per well who can provide benefits is equalto ± 2 bbl/day, while using the assumption of oil selling price of Rp 3.698,-/ L, theminimum oil production per well who can provide benefits is equal to ± 3.5bbl/day . Benefits for the community concession old well is work opportunitiesand businesses as well as increased revenue. In producing old oil wells isrecommended to use the bucket method, because the method can create jobs andbusiness in accordance with the spirit in which the management of old oil wellsthat empower local communities.]"

"ABSTRAKKompartemen reservoar Lapangan Tamiang, Cekungan Sumatera Utara telah ditentukan berdasarkan analisis sekatan patahan. Lapangan Tamiang adalah lapangan tua yang menerapkan Oil Recovery Enhanced (EOR). EOR merupakan teknik untuk meningkatkan produksi dengan salah satu tekniknya adalah injeksi waterflooding. Analisis sekatan patahan menjadi informasi yang penting untuk melakukan injeksi waterflooding. Tujuan dari tesis ini adalah untuk menyelidiki karakteristik tiap patahan dalam hal sekatan tertutup atau terbuka dengan throw, shale gouge ratio (SGR), weight SGR, dan juxtaposisi. Tahapan analisis yang dilakukan adalah normalisasi gamma ray untuk mendapatkan volume shale, kemudian menganalisis sifat patahan dengan menggunakan Allan Diagram, lalu melakukan transmisibilitas multiplier, dan menambahkan parameter bulk modulus. Analisis kemudian divalidasi dengan sumur produksi dan injeksi. Patahan yang dianalisis berjumlah 23 patahan dengan dua perbedaan dipping, salah satu dipping ke barat laut dan yang lainnya ke arah tenggara. Kemudian, hasil dari arah patahan adalah sinistral dengan arah dari barat laut ke tenggara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lima kompartemen telah diidentifikasi, yang dibatasi oleh empat struktur utama. Sekatan patahan tertutup dan terbuka berbeda tiap layer zone. Pada zona 400 dan 560 patahan umumnya merupakan sekatan patahan tertutup. Untuk zona 600, 770 dan 800, patahan lebih dominan sekatan patahan terbuka. Zona 400, 560 dan 600, bulk modulus, zona patahan terbuka berada di barat daya. Sedangkan zona 770 dan 800 berada di timur laut. Adanya oblique patahan dan throw yang membuat perbedaan patahan tertutup dan patahan terbuka tiap layer berbeda. Hubungan antara karakter patahan (SGR, WSGR, throw, juxtaposisi), bulk modulus dan transmisibilitas menunjukkan adanya hubungan saling terintegrasi.

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ABSTRACTThe reservoir compartments of Tamiang field, North Sumatra Basin has been properly determined based on the Sekatan fault analysis. Tamiang field is a mature field and have been stage of secondary recovery. Therefore, Tamiang field needs strategy to enhance production by applying Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). One of the EOR techniques is waterflooding, which is intended to mantain reservoir pressure and increase the oil recovery. Thus, the fault seal analysis become significant information in performing water flooding. The objective paper is to investigate the characteristic of fault in term of fault sealing or fault leaking by analyzing the throw, shale gouge ratio (SGR), weigth SGR, and juxtaposition. All these parameters are associated with fault sealing and non fault sealing zone, which is used as basis to determine water flooding, and making reservoir compartement. Phase of analysis are normalization gamma ray to estimate shale volume, then using Allan diagram to analyze behavior of faults, transmissibility multiplier and the next adding parameter of bulk modulus. Then the analysis is validated with production and injection wells. Taming field has 23 faults with two difference dipping, one dipping to northwest and the other to south east. Thus, the fault direction is sinistral with direction from northwest to south east. The result shows that four compartments have been identified, which is bounded by three main structure. Fault sealing and fault leaking are different from each layer zone. In zones of 400 and 560, faults are generally fault sealing. For zones 600, 770 and 800, more dominant fault leaking. Zones 400, 560 and 600, bulk modulus of fault sealing zones are in the southwest. While zones 770 and 800 are in the northeast. The existence of oblique faults and throws that make the difference fault sealing and fault leaking each layer differently. The relationship between the fault properties (SGR, WSGR, throw, juxtaposition), bulk modulus and transmissibility indicate an integrated relationship."

"Meningkatnya kebutuhan energi nasional masih menjadi permasalahan dengan didominasi oleh energi fosil sebesar 90,7%. Lapangan AP merupakan lapangan minyak dan Gas yang berada di Utara Jawa Barat. Sejak tahun 2016 tidak memiliki kegiatan pengeboran sumur baru sehingga produksi terus menurun. Optimasi dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan lean gas pengolahan gas bumi sebagai pengumpan pada 5 sumur sembur buatan tipe gas lift. Simulasi kelayakan ekonomi menggunakan 4 alternatif skenario yaitu, skenario 1, Gas lift menggunakan kompresor kepemilikan dengan gas terproduksi yang disirkulasikan kembali di unit pengolahan gas; skenario 2, Gas lift menggunakan kompresor secara kepemilikan dengan gas terproduksi langsung yang dialirkan ke konsumen; skenario 3, Gas lift dengan menggunakan kompresor secara sewa dengan gas terproduksi yang di sirkulasikan kembali ke unit pengolahan gas; skenario 4, Gas lift menggunakan kompresor secara sewa dengan gas terproduksi langsung dialirkan ke konsumen. Evaluasi teknis dilakukan dengan menggunakan simulasi perangkat lunak antara lain PIPESIM 2021 dan UNISIM R390.1, sedangkan analisa kelayakan ekonomi dilakukan dengan metode Levelized Cost. Skenario terbaik berdasarkan pertimbangan nilai Cummulative Cash Flow serta NPV, IRR dan Payback Period adalah Skenario 4 yang memberikan Cummulative Cash Flow sebesar IDR 519.117.184.085, NPV IDR 249.981.597.550, IRR 109,54% dan Payback Period selama satu tahun empat bulan.

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The increase in national energy demand is still a problem, with fossil energy being dominated by 90.7%. The AP field is an oil and gas field in North West Java. Since 2016 there have been no new well-drilling activities, so production has declined. Optimization is done by utilizing natural gas processing lean gas as a feeder for five gas lift-type artificial wells. The economic feasibility simulation uses four alternative scenarios. Namely, in Scenario 1, Gas lift uses a proprietary compressor with produced gas which is recirculated in the gas processing unit; in Scenario 2, Gas Lift uses a proprietary compressor with produced gas delivered directly to consumers; Scenario 3, Gas lift uses a compressor on a lease basis with produced gas recirculated to the gas processing unit; Scenario 4 Gas Lift uses a compressor on a lease basis with produced gas flowing directly to consumers. Technical evaluation is carried out using software simulations, including PIPESIM 2021 and UNISIM R390.1, while an economic feasibility analysis is carried out using the Levelized Cost method. The best scenario based on cumulative cash flow and NPV, IRR and payback period is Scenario 4, which gives a cumulative cash flow of IDR 519,117,184,085, NPV of IDR 249,981,597,550, IRR of 109.54% and a payback period of 1 year and four months."

"Transformator merupakan suatu mesin listrik yang memiliki fungsi untuk menaikkan atau menurunkan tenaga listrik yang dihasilkan dari pembangkit dan kemudian ditransmisi ke gardu induk. Komponen isolasi yang digunakan pada transformator adalah minyak dan kertas kraft. Kertas kraft merupakan material isolasi yang berfungsi melindungi belitan yang terendam pada minyak transformator. Kertas kraft terbuat dari bahan yang mengandung selulosa, sehingga ketika mengalami panas maka akan mengalami degradasi yang menyebabkan terkontaminasinya minyak dengan seyawa furan. Dengan metode pengujian furan dapat melihat kandungan furan yang terdiri dari 5H2F (5-hydroxymethyl-2 furaldehyde), 2FOL (2-furfurol), 2FAL (2-furaldehyde), 2ACF (2-acetylfuran), dan 5M2F (5-methyl-2-furaldehyde). Dengan mengacu kepada standard IEC-61198, metode pengujian ini dapat membantu menganalisis sisa umur kertas dan juga sisa umur dari transformator.

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Transformer is an electric machine that has the function of increasing or decreasing the electric power generated from the generator and then transmitted to the substation. The single components used in transformers are oil and kraft paper. Kraft paper is an insulating material that functions to protect windings submerged in transformer oil. Kraft paper is made from a material containing cellulose, so when it is heated it will degrade which causes oil contamination with furan compounds. With the furan testing method, it can be seen that the furan content consists of 5H2F (5-hydroxymethyl-2 furaldehyde), 2FOL (2-furfurol), 2FAL (2-furaldehyde), 2ACF (2-acetylfuran), and 5M2F (5-methyl-2). -furaldehyde). With reference to the IEC-61198 standard, this test method can analyze the remaining life of the paper insulation and the remaining life of the transformer."

"Sand control issues in wells can result from improper completion or changes in reservoir properties. Covering all aspects of the topic, this volume shows how methods such as reducing drag forces and mechanical sand bridging can reduce the problems that arise. "