Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

Abstrak :
Indonesia merupakan produsen minyak kelapa sawit terbesar di dunia sejak mendahului Malaysia di tahun 2008. Industri kelapa sawit memiliki kontribusi signifikan terhadap Produk Domestik Bruto Indonesia. Kebijakan Renewable Energy Directive II to the Delegated Act 2019 yang diberlakukan oleh Uni Eropa mengancam keberlanjutan industri kelapa sawit Indonesia dengan rencana untuk menghentikan penggunaan kelapa sawit per tahun 2030. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut, Indonesia berupaya mencari pasar baru untuk kelapa sawit dengan menjalin kerja sama dengan berbagai negara, salah satunya Persatuan Emirat Arab (“PEA”) sebagaimana tertuang dalam IUAE-CEPA. Penelitian ini menganalisis proses pembentukan IUAE-CEPA tersebut serta potensi peningkatan ekspor minyak sawit Indonesia dengan diberlakukannya IUAE-CEPA. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan gabungan metode doktrinal dan nondoktrinal. Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa pembentukan IUAE-CEPA dapat mendukung perdagangan antara Indonesia dan PEA serta membantuk Indonesia mengakses pasar baru, tidak hanya PEA, namun juga ke negara- negara Timur Tengah lainnya dengan PEA sebagai pintu masuk. ......Indonesia is the largest palm oil producer in the world since overtaking Malaysia in 2008. The palm oil industry has a significant contribution to Indonesia's Gross Domestic Product. The 2019 Renewable Energy Directive II to the Delegated Act policy implemented by the European Union threatens the sustainability of the Indonesian palm oil industry with plans to stop using palm oil by 2030. To overcome this, Indonesia is trying to find new markets for palm oil by collaborating with various countries, one of which is the United Arab Emirates (“UAE”) as stated in IUAE-CEPA. This research analyzes the process of establishing the IUAE-CEPA as well as the potential for increasing Indonesian palm oil exports with the implementation of the IUAE-CEPA. This research is normative juridical research using a combination of doctrinal and non-doctrinal methods. In this research, it was found that the formation of IUAE-CEPA could support trade between Indonesia and the UAE and help Indonesia access new markets, not only the UAE, but also other Middle Eastern countries with the PEA as an entry point.

Abstrak :
Diplomasi ekonomi di ranah industri kelapa sawit sebenarnya sudah menjadi perhatian di masa pemerintahan Presiden Joko Widodo. Diplomasi ini bisa dilakukan oleh aktor non-negara, seperti Serikat Petani Kelapa Sawit (SPKS). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji upaya diplomasi yang dilakukan aktor SPKS dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan petani sawit kecil dan menarik investasi untuk berbagai program peremajaan sawit. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus. Penelitian ini merupakan satu kasus implementasi diplomasi ekonomi oleh aktor non-negara. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan analisis induktif, yaitu berbagai data kecil dan khusus mengenai strategi lobi yang dilakukan SPKS melalui petisi online di change.org akan ditelaah dan diinterpretasikan, untuk kemudian ditarik gambaran yang lebih umum mengenai upaya diplomasi ekonomi oleh aktor non-negara. Sementara konsep yang digunakan adalah konsep petisi online. Hasilnya, petisi online yang dilakukan SPKS telah mampu menarik perhatian publik, namun masih perlu dukungan dari pemerintah. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah perlu ada sinergisitas antarkementerian di Indonesia dan pengusaha untuk mendukung petisi online yang dilakukan SPKS, seperti Kementerian Pertanian, Badan Pengelola Dana Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit (BPDPKS), Kementerian Perindustrian, Kementerian Keuangan, Bappenas, dan Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal (BKPM). Seluruh pihak tersebut berkolaborasi untuk meningkatkan kualitas sawit domestik, mengembangkan kompetensi, dan menyejahterakan petani sawit.

Abstrak :
In the palm oil refining processes, the free fatty acid content is reduced to an acceptable level by using steam-stripping that causes, also, the loss of nutraceuticals such as tocopherols and carotenoids. An alternative method, such as solvent extraction, to separate free fatty acids, especially palmitic acid as the major free fatty acid present in palm oil, will conserves not only the important nutraceuticals but, also, conserves energy because a steam requirement is eliminated. The objective of this research is to evaluate the performance of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES), each consisting of betaine as the hydrogen bonding acceptor and a polyalcohol as the hydrogen bonding donor, to extract palmitic acid from palm oil. The goal is to obtain a NADES that is able to extract palmitic acid from palm oil with the highest extraction yield. The viscosity of various studied NADES was 10-236 cSt while the polarity parameter, determined by using Nile red as the solvatochromic dye, was 48.9-50.8 kcal/mol. The obtained data shows that, for NADES having similar polarity to that of betaine, the extraction yields reduce with increasing viscosity of the NADES. The highest extraction yield of 60% (w/w), corresponding to a distribution coefficient value of 0.75, was obtained by using NADES consisting of betaine and 1,2-butanediol. The extraction yield and distribution coefficient values indicated the potential of NADES, prepared by friendly compounds of betaine and polyalcohols, as alternative green solvents in the solvent extraction process when separating free fatty acids from palm oil.

Abstrak :
The combination of baffled air flotation and a membrane system for the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) was studied. The POME was obtained from a palm oil factory in PTPN I Tanjong Seumantoh, Aceh, Indonesia. Operation variables and conditions, such as the hydraulic retention time and air flow rates, were varied to find the optimum process. The air flotation process is able to reduce the concentration of suspended solids and fats/ oils contained in the wastewater, which increases the performance of the membrane by reducing clogging. The results showed that this method was promising for POME treatment. The optimum organic removal efficiency of the air flotation pretreatment was obtained at HRT = 5 days and at an air flow rate of 11 L/min. The effluent was subsequently passed through an anaerobic membrane system to achieve the highest removal efficiency treatment. The removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS), and fats/oils after passing through the membrane system were 97%, 93.9%, 99.8%, 94.5%, 96.2%, and 99.9%, respectively. The results also showed that the pH could be neutralized to 6.18, while a dissolved oxygen (DO) level of 1.60 mg/L could be achieved. A high quality of effluent was obtained, which met the standards for POME effluent.

Abstrak :
The research aims to scale up a small-scale stirred batch reactor to a large-scale stirred batch reactor in order to degum crude palm oil for use as a raw material in biodiesel production. The scale-up is based on the similarity of fluid Reynolds numbers in the two differently sized reactors. To achieve this aim, computational fluid dynamic modeling and simulations of the two reactors were performed. A small-scale palm oil degumming process was carried out in a 250 cc autoclave reactor using a magnetic stirrer at 500 rpm. The simulation results of this small reactor yielded a fluid Reynolds number in the range of 5 to 3,482. The large-scale reactor proposed in this research is 1.25 m3 in volume and is equipped with two impellers: a pitched blade impeller and a Rushton turbine impeller. The pitched blade impeller is placed over the Rushton turbine impeller. They are rotated at 100 rpm. Under this setting and operation, the resulting fluid Reynolds number was in the range of 486 to 202,000. This result indicates that the large-scale reactor was able to reproduce the reaction performance obtained in the small-scale reactor.

Abstrak :
Indonesia, as the largest palm oil producer in the world, also produces palm oil mill effluent (POME). While the latter is a liquid waste that is hazardous for the environment, with proper processing, it can be a potential energy source. The objective of this study was to study the performance of biogas production from POME at various temperatures. The POME and sludge mixture was fermented, according to the treatment, at 27-28oC, 45oC, and 55oC, with the results showing that methane could thereby be produced by as much as 0,19 m3, 0,25 m3, and 0,28 m3 respectively. For each kilogram of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, with POME fermentation at room temperature, 45oC, and 55oC, biogas could be produced with methane content of 65.44%, 62.57%, and 59.15%, respectively.

Abstrak :
Kelapa sawit merupakan salah satu produk yang penting bagi perekonomian Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa performan ekspor Indonesia untuk CPO, Produk-Produk Turunan dari CPO, dan Crude Palm Kernel Oil ke China dan untuk mencari pengaruh dari variable-variable independen seperti: real exchange rate, harga komoditi ekspor di pasar dunia, penetapan tarif export yang diberlakukan untuk komoditi ekspor, dan kebijakan penetapan tarif impor yang diterapkan oleh negara tujuan ekspor sebagai variabel dummy. Kami menguji penelitian ini dengan menggunakan regresi data panel. Interval waktu yang kami gunakan yaitu mulai tahun 2002 sampai 2008 dengan data quarter. Sebagai hasilnya kami mendapatkan hasil bahwa eksportir CPO dan CPKO terbesar di dunia adalah Indonesia. Sedangkan di pasar China, Indonesia menempati urutan ke dua setelah Malaysia sebagai eksportir CPO dan produkproduk turunannya. Namun demikian ekspor Indonesia untuk CPKO ke China bahkan ke pasar dunia menempati nomor satu. Untuk itu Indonesia akan untung jika melakukan spesialisasi ekspor CPKO ke China maupun ke pasar internasional. Sebagai hasil pengujian data panel dengan ekonometri didapatkan bahwa variable real exchange rate mempengaruhi ekspor Indonesia secara signifikan. Variable tarif juga memberikan pengaruh signifikan terhadap jumlah ekspor Indonesia ke China. Sedangkan harga komoditi di pasar dunia juga memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap jumlah ekspor Indonesia ke China. Tetapi berhubungan positif, hal ini disebabkan karena komoditi ini digunakan untuk spekulasi bisnis. Sehingga fluktuasi harganya mengikuti pergerakan harga minyak mentah di pasar dunia. Variabel CEPT5 juga berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap ekspor Indonesia ke China.

---

Palm oil commodity is the one product that is important to the Indonesia's economy. The aim of this research are to analyze export performance of Indonesian exports of crude palm oil (CPO), its derivative products and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) to China and to find out the effects of such as: real exchange rate, prices of commodities in the world market, Indonesian export duty of commodities, and dummy CEPT5 toward Indonesian export volume of those commodities to China. We examine this research using panel data regression. The data periods for this research were quoted from 2002 to 2008 quarterly. As a result of this research we obtain the biggest exporter of crude palm oil and crude palm kernel oil in the world is Indonesia while Malaysia possesses more comparative advantage than Indonesian in regards of the export of other palm oil products. However, in China`s market, Indonesian market share of CPO and its derivative products is lower than Malaysia. Nevertheless, in China, Indonesia has export volume of CPKO larger than Malaysia. Consequently Indonesia will benefit to do specialization CPKO export to the world especially to China. In addition, the result of econometric regression shows that real exchange rate variable significantly influence to Indonesian exports of those commodities. Also, tariff export variable give significant influence on those Indonesian exports of those commodities. Meanwhile the relation between price variable and export demand is significant but the expected sign for this variable is not appropriate with the hypotheses. We expect the price sign is negative but the result of estimation we obtain positive price sign. We state that in the world market price of CPO is used for business speculation. Finally, dummy-CEPT5 is affectively influence to Indonesian exports of those commodities.

Abstrak :
Oleic acid, one of the major components of palm oil, has attracted much interest in modern oleochemistry. The internal olefin group in oleic acid is a useful functional group in the transformation of a fatty acid to other functional chemicals and materials. In this paper, we discuss the application of the olefin metathesis reaction by preparing a long-chain dicarboxylic acid and alkene from the ester of oleic acid. The internal olefin metathesis reaction of methyl oleate produced dimethyl 9-oktadecendioate and 9-octadecene in the presence of a ruthenium Grubbs II (second generation) catalyst with a 51% yield. We also found that there was a higher amount of the E isomer products than the Z isomer products.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi aspek dan faktor apa saja yang menyebabkan minyak sawit menjadi hambatan dalam negosiasi kerjasama I-EFTA CEPA serta menganalisa alasan kedua entitas tersebut mempertahankan kerjasama perdagangan ditengah persoalan isu sawit. Bagi Indonesia dan EFTA kerjsama ekonomi I-EFTA CEPA diharapkan dapat meningkatkan perekonomian serta mengurangi hambatan perdagangan. Namun pada prosesnya, kerjasama tersebut mengalami negosiasi yang panjang untuk mencapai kesepakatan dan belum mencapai ratifikasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif serta menggunakan teori Sekuritisasi dan konsep Fair Trade. Temuan penelitian ini ialah isu minyak sawit berhasil disekuritisasi oleh organisasi yang berpengaruh kepada kebijakan-kebijakan negara EFTA sebagai ancaman dan mempengaruhi negosiasi kerjasama perdagangan I-EFTA CEPA. Adapun isu-isu yang berhasil menjadi masalah adalah dampak minyak sawit terhadap berbagai isu yaitu, lingkungan, HAM, kesehatan, dan juga upaya perlindungan minyak nabati lokal. Sebagai implikasi proses tersebut, negara- negara EFTA membuat ketentuan syarat perdagangan yang ketat terkait perdagangan minyak sawit pada perjanjian perdagangan tersebut menggunakan konsep fair trade. ......This study aims to identify what aspects and factors caused palm oil to become an obstacle in negotiating of I-EFTA CEPA cooperation and analyze the reasons for the two entities to maintain trade cooperation amidst the issue of palm oil. For Indonesia and EFTA, the I-EFTA CEPA economic cooperation is expected to improve the economy and reduce trade barriers. However, in the process, this cooperation has undergone a long negotiation to reach an agreement and has not yet reached ratification. This research uses qualitative methods and use securitization theory and the Fair Trade concept. The findings of this study are that the issue of palm oil has been successfully securitized by organizations that influence EFTA country.

Abstrak :
Aktivitas produksi dan ekspor komoditas kelapa sawit terus mengalami ekspansi dan peningkatan. Indonesia memiliki perkebunan kelapa sawit dengan luas mencapai 12.761.586 Hektar. menjadikan Indonesia sebagai salah satu penghasil CPO (Crude Palm Oil) terbesar di dunia. Keberhasilan produksi dari kelapa sawit tidak terlepas dari kegiatan perencanaan dan pengawasan sehingga diperlukan pemantauan secara cepat dan efektif. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik dan pola persebaran umur kelapa sawit berdasarkan nilai backscatter pada citra radar Sentinel-1. Data berupa citra radar Sentinel-1 digunakakan untuk dapat melakukan estimasi terhadap umur kelapa sawit berdasarkan nilai backscatter menggunakan pendekatan machine learning. Hasil pemodelan menunjukan bahwa tren nilai backscatter terhadap umur kelapa sawit memiliki karakter berbanding lurus dengan umur kelapa sawit. Estimasi umur kelapa sawit berdasarkan nilai backscatter pada Sentinel-1 GRD menghasilkan 3 kelas umur kelapa sawit dengan tingkat overall accuracy sebesar 93.3% pada anlisis yang dilakukan secara Single Time, sedangkan pada analisis time series diperoleh nilai overall accuracy sebesar 94.5% Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kelas umur dewasa memiliki nilai z score sebesar - 4.190963 dengan pola persebaran clustered (mengelompok), kelas umur taruna dengan z score -8.388942 berpola clustered (mengelompok), dan kelas umur remaja dengan perolehan nilai z score 7.801667 dengan pola persebaran dispersed (seragam). ......Production and export activities of palm oil commodities continue to expand and increase. Indonesia has oil palm plantations with an area of 12,761,586 hectares. making Indonesia one of the largest CPO (Crude Palm Oil) producers in the world. The success of production from oil palm cannot be separated from planning and monitoring activities so that it is necessary to monitor quickly and effectively. This study was conducted with the aim of knowing the characteristics and patterns of age distribution of oil palms based on the backscatter value on Sentinel-1 radar images. Data in the form of Sentinel-1 radar images are used to estimate the age of oil palms based on the backscatter value using a machine learning approach. The modeling results show that the trend of the backscatter value of the age of the oil palm has a character that is directly proportional to the age of the oil palm. Oil palm age estimation based on the backscatter value on Sentinel-1 GRD resulted in 3 oil palm age classes with an overall accuracy rate of 93.3% in the Single Time analysis, while the time series analysis obtained an overall accuracy value of 94.5%. adults have a z score of -4.190963 with a clustered distribution pattern, the cadet age class with a z score of -8.388942 with a clustered pattern, and the adolescent age class with a z score of 7.801667 with a dispersed distribution pattern (uniform).