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Hasil Pencarian

Ditemukan 4 dokumen yang sesuai dengan query
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Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 1991
S35369
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Ratih Langenati
"Hydroxyapatite atau Hap adalah material keramik yang digunakan sebagai biomatrial dan mempunyai ketangguhan yang rendah.. Dalam rangka meningkatkan ketangguhannya, serbuk logam platinum ditambahkan untuk memperkuat Hap. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk me ngetahui pengaruh penambahan Pt pada komposit Hap. Material yang digunakan adalah serbuk Hap dan serbuk ammonium chioroplatinate kemudian diproses untuk menghasilkan pelet sinter komposit Hap Pt. Pada proses tersebut tekanan pengonzpakan dan .suhu sinter divariasi, produk akhir yaitu pelet sinter dikarakterisasi menggunakan SEM, XRD dan pengujian kekerasan.
Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa densitas relatif komposit Hap pada variasi tekanan pengompakan lebih rendah dibanding dengan Hap murnipada tekanan yang sama, hal yang sama terjadi pada variusi suhu sinter. Hasil pengujian kekerasan pun mentherikan kecenderungan yang saina pula, hal sebaliknya terjadi prosentase porositas. Meningkatnya tekanan kompaksi dan suhu sinter berpengaruh pada kekerasan, kekerasan komposit Hap Pt lebih rendah daripada Hap murni. Hal ini terjadi karena adanya Pt meningkatkan duktilitas komposit Hap Pt dan darl pola djfraksi sinar X menunjukkan tidak ada reaksi antara Pt dengan Hap akan tetapi pada suhu tinggi sebagian kecil Hap terdekomposisi mEnjadi whitlockite.

Hap is a ceramic material, which is used as a biomaterial and has a low toughness. In order to improve the toughness, platinum metal powder was added to reinforced Hap. This research has been conducted, to identify the influence of Pt in Hap. The raw materials used in this research were flap and ammonium chloroplatinate and they were treated to produce flap Pt composites. During the treatment of the material, it was found that the compression load and sintering were varied. After finalising the treatment, the sintered pellet was characterised using SEM, XRD and micro-hardness test.
Hence, the result showed that the relative density of Hap composites at various: compression load was lower than pure Hap in a similar condition and the same goes for various sintering temperature. The trend of hardness is similar to the relative density. However, the percentage porosity is opposite. For increasing load compression and sintering temperature, the hardness of Hap composites is lower than pure Hap. Those caseshappened due to the present of Pt, which has increased the ductility and did not play the role in sintering process. However, in the (-ray diffraction pattern, there was no reaction between Hap and Pt but some of Hap .decomposed :to whitloclilte and chloroapatite.
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Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 1999
T39443
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Slamet
"Modifications of the TiO2 P25 photocatalyst with metals: Platinum (Pt), Copper (Cu) and non-metal: Nitrogen (N) doping to produce Hydrogen (H2) from a glycerol-water mixture have been investigated. The metals (Pt and Cu) were loaded into Titanium Dioxide (TiO2 ) surface by employing an impregnation and Photo-Assisted Deposition (PAD) method, respectively. As prepared the metal doped TiO2 photocatalyst was then dispersed into an ammonia solution to obtain N-doped photocatalysts. The modified photocatalysts were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Ultraviolet-Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS). XRD patterns indicated that the modified TiO2 photocatalysts have a nano-size crystallite range of 16-23 nm, while the DRS analysis showed that the doping of both metal and non-metal into TiO2 photocatalysts could effectively shift photon absorption to the visible light region. The optimum Cu loading of Cu-N-TiO2 was found to be 5%, resulting in a 10 times higher H2 production improvement level when compared to unloaded TiO2, even though this is still considered to be inferior compared to that of a 1% Pt loading, which results in a 34 times higher level than an unmodified TiO2photocatalyst. The effect of glycerol concentrations on hydrogen production has also been studied. This method offers a promising technology to find renewable and clean energy by using cheap materials and a simple technology."
Depok: Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, 2015
UI-IJTECH 6:4 (2015)
Artikel Jurnal  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Abdul Hamid Budiman
"ABSTRAK
Katalis komersial tidak selalu mempunyai properti yang baik. Katalis ini masih memerlukan perlakuan sehingga dapat memberikan kinerja yang tinggi ketika diaplikasikan pada fuel cell. Metode yang sering digunakan untuk sintesa katalis PtCo/C adalah impregnasi logam pada Platina yang disangga Karbon diikuti proses paduan/alloying pada suhu tinggi. Perlakuan pada suhu tinggi akan menyebabkan aglomerasi sehingga katalis menjadi lebih besar ukurannya, akibatnya terjadi penurunan aktifitas.
Struktur core shell terdiri atas kulit/shell dari suatu atom yang mengelilingi inti/core dari jenis atom yang lain. Struktur ini dapat dicapai melalui proses aneling suhu tinggi, chemical leaching ataupun teknik deposisi elektrokimia. Namun demikian, semua metode tersebut mempunyai kelemahan antara lain berkurangnya luas aktif area, pembentukan shell logam nobel yang tidak lengkap dan memerlukan kontrol potensial selama preparasinya.
Distribusi atom dan alloying extent dari bimetal nanopartikel dapat mempengaruhi aktifitas katalis. Akhir-akhir ini aplikasi x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) banyak digunakan pada bimetal nanopartikel. Namun demikian studi tentang distribusi atom ataupun alloying extent masih terbatas. Pemahaman teori tentang distribusi atom dan alloying extent masih sangat diperlukan.
Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk mempelajari peningkatan aktifitas dan stabilitas katalis komersial PtCo/C dengan perlakuan Nitrogen dan Karbon Monoksida untuk mempelajari efek ukuran partikel dan struktur katalis terhadap aktifitas dan stabilitasnya.
Metodologi yang digunakan meliputi perlakuan katalis komersial PtCo/C, karakterisasi fisik, karakterisasi kimia serta pengujian kinerja sel tunggal. Katalis dilakukan perlakuan dengan Nitrogen pada berbagai macam suhu untuk mengetahui efek ukuran partikel terhadap aktifitas dan stabilitasnya, serta perlakuan dengan Karbon Monoksida pada berbagai macam waktu untuk mengetahui efek struktur katalis terhadap aktifitas dan stabilitasnya. Karakterisasi fisik yang dilakukan adalah x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) dan XAS. Sedangkan karakterisiasi kimia yang dilakukan adalah cyclic voltammetry (CV) dan linear sweep voltammetry (LSV).
Analisa XRD yang dilakukan pada katalis PtCo/C dengan perlakuan Nitrogen menunjukkan bahwa ukuran partikel menjadi lebih besar dengan bertambahnya suhu perlakuan. Analisa TEM menggambarkan distribusi partikel yang merata dan sesuai dengan hasil XRD. Sedangkan, analisa elektrokimia menunjukkan kurva voltammogram yang bentuknya seperti kurva voltammogram Pt.
Untuk katalis PtCo/C dengan perlakuan Karbon Monoksida, analisa XRD menunjukkan bahwa adanya puncak Kobal untuk katalis dengan perlakuan selama 5, 7, 10 dan 15 jam. Hal ini mengindikasikan adanya segregasi ke permukaan katalis. Analisa XAS memberikan hasil struktur Pt rich in core Co rich in shell untuk katalis dengan perlakuan selama 1, 3 dan 5 jam. Sebaliknya perlakuan selama 7, 10 dan 15 jam menghasilkan struktur Pt rich in shell Co rich in core. Dari analisa elektrokimia yang dilakukan, dihasilkan tidak adanya perubahan CV untuk katalis dengan perlakuan selama 1-5 jam, mengindikasikan adanya peningkatan aktifitas. Sebaliknya perlakuan selama 7-15 jam menunjukkan katalis bersifat kurang aktif. Pengujian stabilitas menunjukkan katalis dengan perlakuan 1-5 jam bersifat tidak stabil. Hal ini dikarenakan Pt yang terletak di core tidak mampu untuk melindungi Co yang berada di shell dari disolusi. Sebaliknya katalis dengan perlakuan selama 7-15 jam bersifat stabil, karena Pt yang terletak di shell mampu melindungi Co yang berada di core dari proses disolusi.
Pengujian kinerja sel tunggal menunjukkan bahwa katalis dengan perlakuan Karbon Monoksida selama 3 jam merupakan katalis yang mempunyai kinerja terbaik. Hal ini sesuai dengan aktifitas masa dan luas permukaan spesifik dari katalis dengan perlakuan Karbon Monoksida selama 3 jam, di mana katalis ini mempunyai aktifitas paling baik terhadap reaksi reduksi oksigen. Terlihat bahwa terjadi peningkatan power densitas sebesar 20,49 %, di mana katalis PtCo/C komersial mempunyai power density 88,33 mW/cm2 dan katalis PtCo/C dengan perlakuan Karbon Monoksida selama 3 jam mempunyai power density 108,82 mW/cm2.

ABSTRACT
The synthesis procedure on a commercial catalyst still needs to be improved in order to get a better catalyst performance for application on fuel cell. There is no guarantee that the commercial catalyst has a good property. The commonly used method to prepare PtCo/C electrocatalyst is through impregnation of the second metal on platinum supported carbon (Pt/C) followed by alloying at high temperature in an inert gas. This high temperature heat treatment facilitates the growing of the alloy nanoparticles (NPs) due to sintering, which is undesirable because it may result in reduction of the Pt mass activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).
Core shell NPs consist of a shell of one type of atom surrounding a core of another type of atom. This structure can be achieved by high temperature annealing, chemical leaching of the non noble material or electrochemical deposition technique.
Nevertheless, all of these methods exhibit significant disadvantages such as losses in active surface area and material, formation of an incomplete noble metal shell, and necessity for potential control during preparation.
It is important to understand the atomic distribution and alloying extent of participating elements in individual bimetallic NPs, as these factors also influence the intrinsic catalytic activity. In recent years, x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) studies have been well explored on bimetallic NPs. However, XAS studies focusing on estimation of atomic distributions or alloying extent in the NPs are limited. Therefore, we propose a methodology to estimate the structural characteristics such as alloying extent or atomic distribution in bimetallic NPs, by deriving the structural parameters from XAS analysis and to demonstrate the results on commercially available carbon supported PtCo NPs.
The overall objective of this study is to enhance the activity and stability of commercial PtCo/C electrocatalyst through treatment with nitrogen (N2) and carbon monoxide (CO). In this work, a commercial PtCo/C catalyst was treated using two different strategies to study the effect of particle size and structure on its activity and stability The research methodology consists of PtCo/C catalyst treatment, physical characterization, electrochemical characterization and single cell proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell performance test. The catalysts were treated with nitrogen at various temperatures in order to study the effect of the particle size on its activity and stability, and also treated with carbon monoxide at various times in order to study the effect of the structure on its activity and stability. Physical characterizations were done through x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and XAS. The electrochemical characterizations were done using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linier sweep voltammetry (LSV).
For the PtCo/C that is subjected to N2 treatment, XRD result shows the particle size is increased with increasing temperature of treatment. TEM result shows that all the PtCo NPs are well dispersed on the surface of carbon and it is in accordance with the XRD result. The electrochemical characterization shows that the base voltamogram becomes more Pt-like, which is indicative of leaching Co from the surface. While for PtCo/C that is subjected to CO treatment, the XRD result shows that treatmnet for 5, 7, 10 and 15 hours leads to surface segregation, at which the peak of Co-related species is clearly observed. The alloying extent and coordination number of the catalysts were investigated with XAS, show that treatments for 1, 3 and 5 hours resulted in Pt rich in core Co rich in shell. On the contrary, treatments for 7, 10 and 15 hours resulted in Pt rich in shell Co rich in core.
It is clearly demonstrated that the PtCo/C subjected to CO treatment for 1-5 hours shows the enhanced ORR activity, but the catalyst is unstable due to the dissolution of Co, while samples treated for 7-15 hours display poor activities. However, the catalyst is stable, which is likely due to the fact that Pt in the surface protects Co from dissolution.
The single cell PEM fuel cell performance test shows that PtCo/C subjected to CO treatment for 3 hours shows the best performance. This result is in accordance with the specific surface area and mass activity of PtCo/C that is subjected to CO treatment for 3 hours, which has a better activity toward ORR. Catalyst treatment would increase the fuel cell performance by 20.49 % (Power density of commercial PtCo/C electrocatalyst: 88.33 mW/cm2, PtCo/C electrocatalyst subjected to CO treatment for 3 hours: 108.82 mW/cm2)"
Depok: 2011
D1285
UI - Disertasi Open  Universitas Indonesia Library