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"Industrial process identification and control design is devoted to advanced identification and control methods for the operation of continuous-time processes both with and without time delay, in industrial and chemical engineering practice. The simple and practical step- or relay-feedback test is employed when applying the proposed identification techniques, which are classified in terms of common industrial process type : open-loop stable, integrating; and unstable, respectively. Correspondingly, control system design and tuning models that follow are presented for single-input-single-output processes. Furthermore, new two-degree-of-freedom control strategies and cascade control system design methods are explored with reference to independently-improving, set-point tracking and load disturbance rejection. Decoupling, multi-loop, and decentralized control techniques for the operation of multiple-input-multiple-output processes are also detailed. Perfect tracking of a desire output trajectory is realized using iterative learning control in uncertain industrial batch processes. All the proposed methods are presented in an easy-to-follow style, illustrated by examples and practical applications. "

"Coupled-tank system merupakan salah satu model plant yang umum digunakan dalam industri untuk pengendalian sistem multivariabel. Meskipun metode PID banyak digunakan dalam industri, pendekatan ini memiliki keterbatasan saat diterapkan pada sistem nonlinear seperti coupled-tank MIMO system. Oleh karena itu, metode RL DDPG hadir sebagai pendekatan inovatif untuk sistem kendali. Algoritma DDPG dipilih karena kemampuannya menangani state dan action yang kontinu seperti coupled-tank MIMO system tanpa memerlukan model matematis eksplisit. Perancangan dan pengujian dilakukan menggunakan software MATLAB dan Simulink. Kinerja metode RL DDPG dibandingkan dengan metode PID berdasarkan parameter performa sistem kendali, yaitu overshoot, rise time, settling time, dan steady-state error. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode RL DDPG memberikan performa pengendalian yang lebih baik. Rata-rata overshoot yang dihasilkan adalah 1,48% untuk tangki 1 dan 0,58% untuk tangki 2, jauh lebih rendah dibandingkan metode PID yang mencapai 20,86% dan 21,73%. RL DDPG juga menunjukkan rata-rata settling time yang lebih cepat, yaitu 119,23 detik untuk tangki 1 dan 111,66 detik untuk tangki 2, dibandingkan PID yang mencapai 196,79 detik (tangki 1) dan 177,54 detik (tangki 2). Parameter rise time dan steady-state error juga menunjukkan performa yang baik pada metode RL, masing-masing sebesar 35,64 detik dan 35,18 detik untuk rise time, serta 0,18% dan 0,25% untuk steady-state error. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, metode RL DDPG cukup efektif sebagai solusi alternatif, terutama dalam hal kestabilan sistem.

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The coupled-tank system is a widely used plant model in industry for multivariable control applications. Although the PID method is commonly applied due to its simplicity and effectiveness, it has limitations when applied to nonlinear systems such as the coupled-tank MIMO system. Therefore, the Reinforcement Learning (RL) method with the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm is introduced as an innovative control approach. The DDPG algorithm was chosen for its ability to handle continuous state and action spaces, such as those in the coupled-tank MIMO system, without requiring an explicit mathematical model. The system was designed and tested using MATLAB and Simulink software. The performance of the RL-DDPG method was compared with the PID method based on standard control performance parameters: overshoot, rise time, settling time, and steady-state error. The results show that the RL-DDPG method provided better control performance. The average overshoot was 1.48% for tank 1 and 0.58% for tank 2, significantly lower than the PID method, which reached 20.86% and 21.73%, respectively. The RL-DDPG method also achieved faster average settling times, at 119.23 seconds for tank 1 and 111.66 seconds for tank 2, compared to 196.79 seconds (tank 1) and 177.54 seconds (tank 2) with the PID method. The rise time and steady-state error parameters also indicated strong performance with the RL-DDPG method, at 35.64 and 35.18 seconds for rise time, and 0.18% and 0.25% for steady-state error. Based on these findings, the RL-DDPG method is considered an effective alternative solution, particularly in terms of system stability."

"Energi listrik merupakan sumber energi yang penting bagi kehidupan manusia. Hampir semua sektor kehidupan membutuhkan energi listrik. Saat ini permintaan tenaga listrik terus meningkat disaat yang sama juga masalah baru muncul, yaitu perluasan pembangkit tenaga listrik dan pembangunan saluran transmisi yang sangat terbatas. Oleh karena itu, terjadi pola pembebanan yang dipaksakan pada pembangkit tenaga listrik dan transmisi yang terlampau berat. Pada sistem tegangan yang jauh dari pembangkit cenderung akan mengalami jatuh tegangan yang paling besar. Pada skripsi ini lokasi studi kasusnya di daerah Serpong - Lengkong dikarenakan jarak Transmisi 150 kV ke beban dari pembangkit yang cukup jauh sehingga mengakibatkan jatuh tegangan yang cukup besar. Oleh karenanya, untuk mengatasi jatuh tegangan pada sistem transmisi, dipasang teknologi Flexible AC Transmission System berupa Static Synchronous Compenstor (STATCOM). Ketika dipasang STATCOM di serpong dan lengkong (kapasitas masing-masing peralatan 50 MVA) dengan nilai injeksi sebesar 5 Mvar. Tegangan sistem dari yang sebelumnya 133.18 kV dan 133.98 kV naik menjadi 142.25 kV dan 142.59 kV.

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Electric power is an important energy source for human life. Almost all sectors of life need electrical energy. The current demand for electricity continues to increase while the same issue recently emerged, namely the expansion of power plants and transmission line construction are very limited. Therefore, there is a pattern of loading imposed on power plants and transmission of outrageously heavy. On the system voltage away from the plant are likely to be experiencing the greatest voltage falls.

In this thesis the location study his case in the area of Serpong-Lengkong due to the distance to the 150 kV Transmission load from plants far enough so that the resulting fall in voltage. Therefore, to cope with the falling voltage on the transmission system, installed the technology of Flexible AC Transmission System in the form of Static Synchronous Compenstor (STATCOM). When installed in serpong STATCOM and lengkong (capacity of each piece of equipment 50 MVA) with a value of 5 Mvar injection. Voltage system from the previous 133.18 kV and 133.98 kV up to 142.25 kV and 142.59 kV."