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Abstrak :
Ester asam lemak kelapa sawit sukrosa dapat disintesis melalui reaksi esterifikasi enzimatis menggunakan lipase Candida rugosa. Pada penelitian ini, digunakan pelarut isoamil alkohol dan isobutanol. Reaksi esterifikasi menggunakan lipase Candida rugosa E.C.3.1.1.3 bebas maupun terimobilisasi pada nanopartikel Fe3O4-kitosan. Imobilisasi lipase Candida rugosa pada nanopartikel Fe3O4-kitosan menggunakan metode ikat silang dengan glutaraldehida sebagai agen pengikat silang. Terhadap hasil imobilisasi dilakukan uji aktivitas dan persen loading. Pada peggunaan enzim 200 ppm didapatkan persen loading imobilisasi lipase sebesar 31,4% dengan aktivitas hidrolisis lipase terimobilisasi sebesar 3,470 U/mL, aktivitas spesifik 0,991 U/mg, serta efisiensi imobilisasi sebesar 23,25 %. Sementara itu, pada penggunaan 350 ppm enzim didapatkan persen loading imobilisasi lipase sebesar 64,4 % dengan aktivitas hidrolisis lipase terimobilisasi sebesar 2,245 U/mL, aktivitas spesifik 0,64 U/mg, serta efisiensi imobilisasi sebesar 14,88%. Kondisi rasio substrat optimum diperoleh pada rasio 1 : 90 (sukrosa : asam lemak). Hasil uji emulsifer menunjukkan hasil positif. Pelarut terbaik untuk sintesis ester -sukrosa dengan lipase terimobilisasi adalah isobutanol.

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Palm oil fatty acid-sucrose can be synthesized via enzymatic esterification using Candida rugosa lipase. The solvents used in this study were isoamyl alcohol and isobutanol. Esterification reaction was carried out enzymatically using free lipase and immobilized Candida rugosa lipase E.C. 3.1.1.3 on Fe3O4-chitosan nanoparticles. The immobilized lipase were examined to determine the loading percentage and the hydrolytic activity. The loading percentage obtained while using 200 ppm lipase for immobilization was 31,4%, with hydrolytic activity of immobilized lipase was 3,47 U/mL, the specific activity of 0,99 U/mg and the immobilization efficiency of 23,25%. Meanwhile by using 350 ppm lipase the loading percentage obtained was 64,4% with hydrolytic activity of 2,25 U/mL, the specific activity of 0,64 U/mg and the immobilization efficiency of 14,8 %. From this optimization study of esterification, the highest conversion came from sugar and fatty acid ratio 1 : 90. The esterification product gave positive test on emulsifier test. The best solvent to synthesize ester-sucrose using immobilized lipase is isobutanol.

Abstrak :
The aim of this issue of modern aspects of electrochemistry is to review the latest developments of the surface treatments for biomedical applications in relation to electrochemical science and technology.

Abstrak :
In two volumes, this book elucidates the crucial mechanisms that control the dynamics of phosphoinositide conversion. Volume II extends into the role of phosphoinositides in membrane organization and vesicular traffic. Endocytosis and exocytosis are modulated by phosphoinositides, which determine the fate and activity of integral membrane proteins. Phosphatidylinositol(4,5)-bisphosphate is a prominent flag in the plasma membrane, while phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate decorates early endosomes. The Golgi apparatus is rich in phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, stressed cells increase phosphatidylinositol(3,5)-bisphosphate, and the nucleus has a phosphoinositide metabolism of its own. Phosphoinositide-dependent signaling cascades and the spatial organization of distinct phosphoinositide species are required in organelle function, fission and fusion, membrane channel regulation, cytoskeletal rearrangements, adhesion processes, and thus orchestrate complex cellular responses including growth, proliferation, differentiation, cell motility, and cell polarization.

Abstrak :
In two volumes, this book elucidates the crucial mechanisms that control the dynamics of phosphoinositide conversion. Starting out from phosphatidylinositol, a chain of lipid kinases collaborates to generate the oncogenic lipid phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)-trisphosphate. For every phosphate group added, there are specific lipid kinases – and phosphatases to remove it. Additionally, phospholipases can cleave off the inositol head group and generate poly-phosphoinositols, which act as soluble signals in the cytosol. Volume I untangles the web of these enzymes and their products, and relates them to function in health and disease. Phosphoinositide 3-kinases and 3-phosphatases have received a special focus in volume I, and recent therapeutic developments in human disease are presented along with a historical perspective illustrating the impressive progress in the field.

Abstrak :
This book presents an comprehensive reviews on the antimicrobial and antiviral properties of numerous recently reported phytochemicals, and their mechanisms of antimicrobial actions. Some of the chapters have critically discussed the beneficial and adverse effects of antibacterial, and stimulatory activities of dietary phytochemicals on rumen microbial populations, and gut microbial populations of humans and animals. Microbial adaptation and resistance of microbes to phytochemicals has also been highlighted. On the applied apects, the use of phytochemicals against drug resistance microbes, to treat microbial diseases, for food preservation, to inhibit methanogenic archaea in the rumen, and to modulate lipid biohydrogenating microbial populations to increase conjugated linoleic acids in animal-derived foods have been presented in different chapters.

Abstrak :
This reference book provides information on plant cytogenetics. Topics covered by international experts include classical cytogenetics of plant genomes, plant chromosome structure, functional, molecular cytology; and genome dynamics. In addition, chapters are included on several methods in plant cytogenetics, informatics, and even laboratory exercises for aspiring or practiced instructors. The book provides a unique combination of historical and modern subject matter, revealing the central role of plant cytogenetics in plant genetics and genomics as currently practiced.

Abstrak :
This volume covers various aspects of the regulation of sulfate uptake and assimilation in plants, from a cellular to a whole plant level, and additionally emphasizes interactions with other minerals. Moreover the significance of sulfur metabolism in biotic and abiotic stress responses, in food security and quality, and in relation to interactions with global change factors is discussed in detail.

Abstrak :
Mortalin biology : life, stress and death” is a remarkable compilation of the research outcomes on the stress protein mortalin, a member of heat shock 70 family of proteins. The book is unique as it describes mortalin playing essential role in life, stress response and death either from cancer, when it becomes hyperactive or from neuro-degeneration, when it becomes hypoactive. The book provides up-to-date knowledge on mortalin with respect to its discovery, structure, evolutionary conservation, function and signal transduction in different organisms in a simple, but most comprehensive way, that besides offering an enjoyable and in-depth reading, prompts the reader to ask further questions to explore this protein with new ideas, approaches and experiments. Twenty-one chapters by the world leaders on the specific areas of mortalin research throw light on its multi-functionality, potentials for biotechnology, diagnostics and therapeutic values. Avenues of mortalin biology, yet unexplored, hold immense promises for future, and reading this volume provides an easy, enthusiastic and energetic head-on start.