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"Penelitian ini membahas dinamika kehidupan sosial-ekonomi tenaga kerja PAUD pada PAUD Calistung waralaba sebelum dan saat pandemi COVID-19 berlangsung. Para pengajar PAUD waralaba terikat pada situasi kerja yang fleksibel dan tidak aman, sehingga mereka menghadapi pilihan untuk bertahan setiap harinya. Di tengah kesadaran akan kondisi prekariat (prekaritas) dan kondisi ekonomi yang diambang cukup, pengajar memilih untuk bertahan dengan mengembangkan strategi kreatif melalui tindakan sehari-hari, kerahasiaan, negosiasi, dan pembatasan sosial. Pada kasus pengajar PAUD waralaba, penelitian ini menyelaraskan konsep prekariat dan resistensi. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa pengajar PAUD waralaba mampu bertahan dalam kondisi prekaritas yang dialami sebelum dan saat pandemi COVID-19 dengan melakukan tindakan menentang peraturan yang bertujuan melangsungkan kehidupan. Kajian ini dilakukan dengan metode etnografi meliputi observasi dan wawancara mendalam. Penelitian ini melibatkan enam informan, yakni; satu orang Kepala Unit (KU) PAUD, satu orang asisten KU sekaligus pengajar PAUD, dan empat pengajar PAUD Calistung Cawang. Bentuk pengoperasian waralaba PAUD menciptakan lingkungan kerja yang penuh akan ketidakamanan dan ketidakpastian. Tindakan perlawanan dalam bentuk strategi bertahan bukannya untuk mengubah suatu keadaan tertentu, melainkan untuk menciptakan ‘keamanan’ versi kelompok pengajar PAUD dan melanggengkan sistem sosial yang sudah ada.

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This study will discuss about the dynamics of the socio-economic life of PAUD workers at franchised PAUD Calistung at the time before and during COVID-19 pandemic. Franchise early childhood educators are tied with flexible and insecure work situations, so every day they faced choices to survive. In conscious of precariat conditions (precarity), an adequately economic condition, which teacher choose to survive by developing creative strategies through daily actions, secrecy, negotiation, and social restrictions. In the case of franchised PAUD teachers, this study harmonizes the concepts of precariat and resistance. The results of this study reveals that franchised PAUD teachers are able to survive in the precarious conditions before and during pandemic COVID-19 by taking actions against regulations to living life. This research was conducted using ethnographic methods including observation and in-depth interviews. This study involved six informants involving one PAUD owners called The Head of Unit (KU), One KU assistant who is also a teacher, and four regular PAUD teachers. The form of operation of the franchise PAUD creates a insecurity and flexibility work environment. The action of resistance in the form of a survival strategy is supposed not to change a certain circumstance, but to create a version of ‘security’ for the groups of PAUD teachers and to perpetuate the social system."

"Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) bertujuan mengentaskan kemiskinan, dan keberhasilannya diukur melalui jumlah graduasi Keluarga Penerima Manfaat (KPM). Sejak tahun 2007, jumlah graduasi KPM fluktuatif dan sering tidak mencapai target tahunan, sehingga peran pendamping sosial yang efektif sangat penting untuk mempercepat graduasi, terutama graduasi mandiri saat KPM PKH sudah berdaya dan memilih keluar dari program. Pendampingan PKH menghadapi berbagai masalah, seperti penilaian sosial ekonomi yang belum sepenuhnya terealisasi dan subjektivitas dalam pengambilan keputusan graduasi sehingga tidak tepat sasaran. Selain itu, sering terjadi penyalahgunaan etika, seperti pendamping yang memegang Kartu Keluarga Sejahtera (KKS) milik KPM karena 'gagap teknologi' dan minimnya pengetahuan KPM, yang dapat menimbulkan risiko pungutan liar dan risiko lainnya. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pendampingan masih belum menerapkan hal-hal yang dapat mendorong keberdayaan dan kemandirian KPM PKH. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi unsur strength perspective serta faktor pendorong dan penghambat dalam proses pendampingan sosial PKH dalam upaya mendorong graduasi sejahtera mandiri KPM PKH. Metode penulisan ini menggunakan literatur review dengan menghimpun penelitian-penelitian mengenai pendampingan dan graduasi PKH yang dipublikasi pada tahun 2018-2023. Pemilihan lima literatur sebagai bahan rujukan utama berdasarkan kriteria rangkaian hasil penelitian tersedia secara utuh, minimal membahas dua dari ketiga konsep PKH, pendampingan PKH, atau graduasi KPM PKH, memiliki perbedaan metode dan lokus penelitian, serta memiliki pembahasan yang dapat menjawab pertanyaan penulisan dalam studi ini. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan context review, penulis meninjau literatur utama yang membahas proses pendampingan PKH dalam upaya mendorong graduasi mandiri dan mengaitkannya dengan konteks strength perpsective untuk mendeskripsikan bagaimana proses pendampingan PKH jika menerapkan perspektif tersebut. Hasil tinjauan proses pendampingan menunjukkan adanya unsur strength perspective, yang melihat KPM PKH mampu belajar, bertumbuh, dan berubah menjadi keluarga yang lebih sejahtera. Partisipasi aktif dari KPM PKH sangat diharapkan, dengan strategi kolaborasi dan kemitraan antara pendamping, KPM, serta pihak luar untuk mencapai tujuan pendampingan. Faktor pendorong dipengaruhi oleh kompetensi pendamping, partisipasi KPM, serta dukungan institusional dan kebijakan pemerintah, yang membantu KPM PKH mencapai graduasi mandiri. Faktor penghambat berasal dari ketidakstabilan ekonomi dan sosial, rendahnya kepercayaan diri KPM, minimnya akses ke pendidikan dan peluang kerja, ketidakseimbangan rasio pendamping dan KPM, beban kerja pendamping yang tinggi, proses validasi data yang tidak sesuai, kurangnya sumber daya, serta ketidakcocokan jadwal pendampingan dengan jam kerja KPM.

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The Family Hope Program (PKH) aims to alleviate poverty, and its success is measured by the number of beneficiary family graduations. Since 2007, the number of KPM graduations has fluctuated and often does not reach the annual target, so the role of effective social assistants is very important to accelerate graduation, especially independent graduation when KPM PKH is empowered and chooses to leave the program. PKH mentoring faces various problems, such as socio-economic assessments that have not been fully realized and subjectivity in making graduation decisions so that they are not on target. In addition, ethical abuses often occur, such as assistants holding KPM's Prosperous Family Card (KKS) due to 'technology stuttering' and KPM's lack of knowledge, which can lead to the risk of illegal levies and other risks. This shows that the mentoring has not yet implemented things that can encourage the empowerment and independence of KPM PKH. This study aims to identify the elements of strength perspective as well as the driving and inhibiting factors in the PKH social assistance process in an effort to encourage independent prosperous graduation of KPM PKH. This writing method uses a literature review by collecting research on PKH assistance and graduation published in 2018-2023. The selection of five literatures as the main reference material is based on the criteria that the series of research results are available in full, at least discuss two of the three concepts of PKH, PKH assistance, or KPM PKH graduation, have differences in research methods and locus, and have discussions that can answer the writing questions in this study. Using a context review approach, the author reviews the main literature that discusses the PKH mentoring process in an effort to encourage independent graduation and relates it to the context strength perspective to describe how the PKH mentoring process would look if it applied this perspective. The review of the mentoring process shows an element of strength perspective, which sees KPM PKH able to learn, grow, and change into a more prosperous family. Active participation from KPM PKH is expected, with collaboration and partnership strategies between facilitators, KPM, and external parties to achieve mentoring goals. The driving factors are influenced by facilitators' competence, KPM participation, as well as institutional support and government policies, which help KPM PKH achieve independent graduation. The inhibiting factors stem from economic and social instability, low KPM self-confidence, lack of access to education and employment opportunities, imbalance in the ratio of facilitators to KPM, high facilitator workload, inappropriate data validation process, lack of resources, and incompatibility of the facilitation schedule with KPM working hours."

"Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) bertujuan mengentaskan kemiskinan, dan keberhasilannya diukur melalui jumlah graduasi Keluarga Penerima Manfaat (KPM). Sejak tahun 2007, jumlah graduasi KPM fluktuatif dan sering tidak mencapai target tahunan, sehingga peran pendamping sosial yang efektif sangat penting untuk mempercepat graduasi, terutama graduasi mandiri saat KPM PKH sudah berdaya dan memilih keluar dari program. Pendampingan PKH menghadapi berbagai masalah, seperti penilaian sosial ekonomi yang belum sepenuhnya terealisasi dan subjektivitas dalam pengambilan keputusan graduasi sehingga tidak tepat sasaran. Selain itu, sering terjadi penyalahgunaan etika, seperti pendamping yang memegang Kartu Keluarga Sejahtera (KKS) milik KPM karena 'gagap teknologi' dan minimnya pengetahuan KPM, yang dapat menimbulkan risiko pungutan liar dan risiko lainnya. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pendampingan masih belum menerapkan hal-hal yang dapat mendorong keberdayaan dan kemandirian KPM PKH. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi unsur strength perspective serta faktor pendorong dan penghambat dalam proses pendampingan sosial PKH dalam upaya mendorong graduasi sejahtera mandiri KPM PKH. Metode penulisan ini menggunakan literatur review dengan menghimpun penelitian-penelitian mengenai pendampingan dan graduasi PKH yang dipublikasi pada tahun 2018-2023. Pemilihan lima literatur sebagai bahan rujukan utama berdasarkan kriteria rangkaian hasil penelitian tersedia secara utuh, minimal membahas dua dari ketiga konsep PKH, pendampingan PKH, atau graduasi KPM PKH, memiliki perbedaan metode dan lokus penelitian, serta memiliki pembahasan yang dapat menjawab pertanyaan penulisan dalam studi ini. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan context review, penulis meninjau literatur utama yang membahas proses pendampingan PKH dalam upaya mendorong graduasi mandiri dan mengaitkannya dengan konteks strength perpsective untuk mendeskripsikan bagaimana proses pendampingan PKH jika menerapkan perspektif tersebut. Hasil tinjauan proses pendampingan menunjukkan adanya unsur strength perspective, yang melihat KPM PKH mampu belajar, bertumbuh, dan berubah menjadi keluarga yang lebih sejahtera. Partisipasi aktif dari KPM PKH sangat diharapkan, dengan strategi kolaborasi dan kemitraan antara pendamping, KPM, serta pihak luar untuk mencapai tujuan pendampingan. Faktor pendorong dipengaruhi oleh kompetensi pendamping, partisipasi KPM, serta dukungan institusional dan kebijakan pemerintah, yang membantu KPM PKH mencapai graduasi mandiri. Faktor penghambat berasal dari ketidakstabilan ekonomi dan sosial, rendahnya kepercayaan diri KPM, minimnya akses ke pendidikan dan peluang kerja, ketidakseimbangan rasio pendamping dan KPM, beban kerja pendamping yang tinggi, proses validasi data yang tidak sesuai, kurangnya sumber daya, serta ketidakcocokan jadwal pendampingan dengan jam kerja KPM.

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The Family Hope Program (PKH) aims to alleviate poverty, and its success is measured by the number of beneficiary family graduations. Since 2007, the number of KPM graduations has fluctuated and often does not reach the annual target, so the role of effective social assistants is very important to accelerate graduation, especially independent graduation when KPM PKH is empowered and chooses to leave the program. PKH mentoring faces various problems, such as socio-economic assessments that have not been fully realized and subjectivity in making graduation decisions so that they are not on target. In addition, ethical abuses often occur, such as assistants holding KPM's Prosperous Family Card (KKS) due to 'technology stuttering' and KPM's lack of knowledge, which can lead to the risk of illegal levies and other risks. This shows that the mentoring has not yet implemented things that can encourage the empowerment and independence of KPM PKH. This study aims to identify the elements of strength perspective as well as the driving and inhibiting factors in the PKH social assistance process in an effort to encourage independent prosperous graduation of KPM PKH. This writing method uses a literature review by collecting research on PKH assistance and graduation published in 2018-2023. The selection of five literatures as the main reference material is based on the criteria that the series of research results are available in full, at least discuss two of the three concepts of PKH, PKH assistance, or KPM PKH graduation, have differences in research methods and locus, and have discussions that can answer the writing questions in this study. Using a context review approach, the author reviews the main literature that discusses the PKH mentoring process in an effort to encourage independent graduation and relates it to the context strength perspective to describe how the PKH mentoring process would look if it applied this perspective. The review of the mentoring process shows an element of strength perspective, which sees KPM PKH able to learn, grow, and change into a more prosperous family. Active participation from KPM PKH is expected, with collaboration and partnership strategies between facilitators, KPM, and external parties to achieve mentoring goals. The driving factors are influenced by facilitators' competence, KPM participation, as well as institutional support and government policies, which help KPM PKH achieve independent graduation. The inhibiting factors stem from economic and social instability, low KPM self-confidence, lack of access to education and employment opportunities, imbalance in the ratio of facilitators to KPM, high facilitator workload, inappropriate data validation process, lack of resources, and incompatibility of the facilitation schedule with KPM working hours."

"This study investigates the relationship between the level ofsocioeconomic development and fertility in India. The perspective of thisstudy is based on the "Theory of Demographic Transition" which statesthat as socioeconomic development in a country increases, high fertilityand mortality rates are replaced by low fertility and mortality rates,leading to population stability. This study tests the following majorhypothesis: The higher the level of socioeconomic development, the lowerthe fertility rates among the states of india. The study applies correlationand multiple regression analysis on the l 992-1993 indian National FamilyHealth Survey (NFHS) data using four major categories (education,modernization, health, and family planning ) of socioeconomic developmentto predict two measures (crude birth rate and the total fertility rate) offertility. The findings support the theory cf demographic transition in largemeasure revealing that the overall level of socioeconomic development isinversely related to fertility among the states of india. Finally. the studysuggests that higher levels of female literacy and acceptance ofcontraceptives lead to fertility decline."