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"Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae atau pneumokokus) dapat menyebabkan Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD), seperti penumonia, meningitis, dan otitis media. Streptococcus pneumoniae memiliki lebih dari 90 serotipe yang berbeda sifat-sifat kepatogenannya. Saat ini, metode molekuler lebih banyak diterapkan dalam penentuan serotipe bakteri tersebut. Penelitian sebelumnya pada anak-anak sehat di Lombok, menemukan bahwa 73 dari 551 isolat merupakan untypeable S. pneumoniae karena tidak dapat ditentukan serotipenya berdasarkan metode PCR multipleks. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan identifikasi lebih mendalam dengan mendeteksi tiga gen yang lestari (conserved genes) pada bakteri S. pneumoniae yaitu, gen psaA, lytA, dan cpsA. Sebanyak 52 isolat (71.2%) terdeteksi dengan PCR mempunyai gen psaA. Sementara itu, gen lytA terdeteksi pada 69 isolat (90.4%) dan gen cpsA terdeteksi pada 37 isolat (50.7%). Berdasarkan hasil deteksi gen psaA, lytA, dan cpsA diperoleh 6 kelompok varian untypeable S. pneumoniae. Analisa sekuens gen recA dengan metode sekuensing, menunjukkan bahwa kelompok varian I (psaA+, lytA+, cpsA+), II (psaA+, lytA+, cpsA–) dan IV (psaA–, lytA+, cpsA+) merupakan bakteri S. pneumoniae. Sementara itu, kelompok varian VI (psaA–, lytA+, cpsA–) merupakan bakteri S. pseudopneumoniae dan kelompok varian VIII (psaA–, lytA–, cpsA–) merupakan bakteri S. infantis. Hasil tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa identifikasi bakteri S. pneumoniae tidak dapat dilakukan hanya dengan satu penanda gen. Hasil penelitian ini penting untuk meningkatkan sensitifitas dari deteksi S. pneumoniae dengan teknik biologi molekuler.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae or pneumococcus) can cause Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD), such as pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. Streptococcus pneumoniae has more than 90 serotypes which differentiated based on the level of pathogenicity. Currently, molecular methods were more widely applied to determine bacterial serotype. Previous studies of healthy children in Lombok, found that 73 of 551 isolates were untypeable S. pneumoniae, because the serotypes can not be determined by multiplex PCR method. This research used a deeper identification by detecting three conserved genes in S. pneumoniae, such as psaA, lytA, and cpsA. A total of 52 isolates (71.2%) were positive for psaA gene by PCR. Meanwhile, lytA gene was detected in 69 isolates (90.4%) and cpsA gene was detected in 37 isolates (50.7%).

Based on the result of psaA, lytA and cpsA gene detection, obtained 6 variants of untypeable S. pneumoniae. recA gene sequence analysis with sequencing method, showed that variant I, II and IV are S. pneumoniae. Meanwhile, variant VI is S. pseudopneumoniae and variant VIII is S. infantis. The results indicated that identification of the bacteria S. pneumoniae can not be done with just one marker gene. The results are important to increase the detection of S. pneumoniae with molecular biology techniques."

"Streptococcus pneumoniaemerupakan bakteri Gram positif yang bersifat patogen pada manusia dan menjadi penyebab Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases (IPD)dengan tingkat kematian yang tinggi. Streptococcus pneumoniae merupakan salah satu flora normal yang terdapat pada saluran pernafasan atas dan nasofaring anak-anak. Kolonisasi merupakan langkah pertama bakteri tersebut melakukan infeksi ke dalam tubuh inang.Kolonisasi lebih dari satu serotipe (multi serotipe/co-colonization) meningkatkan kemungkinan terjadinya infeksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan serotipe dan multi kolonisasi bakteri S. pneumoniae dari kultur primer. Sebanyak 150 usapan nasofaring yang diperoleh dari anak-anak diseleksi dengan metode mikrobiologi dan diperoleh sebanyak 67 kultur primer yang diduga mengandung bakteri S. pneumoniae. Sebanyak 67 kultur primer tersebut kemudian diidentifikasi menggunakan pendekatan molekuler, yaitu dengan teknik Polymerase Chain Reaction. Penentuan serotipe dilakukan dengan teknik PCR multipleks. Bakteri S. pneumoniae berhasil diidentifikasi dari 57 kultur primer (38%). Serotipe bakteri S. pneumoniae yang berhasil diidentifikasi pada penelitian ini, yaitu 19F (9), 6A/B (9), 19A (5), 23F (4), 15B/C (3), 7F (3), sg18 (2), 11A (2), 9V (2), 12F (1), 35F (1), 3 (1), 15A (1), 17F (1), 34 (1), 7C (1), dan 11 sampel kultur primer tidak dapat ditentukan serotipenya. Hasil tersebut juga sama dengan serotipe yang dapat ditentukan dari kultur murni. Hanya ditemukan satu dari 67 kultur primer yang mengandung lebih dari satu serotipe bakteri S. pneumoniae. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah, penentuan serotipe dapat dilakukan langsung dari kultur primer tanpa menggunakan kultur murni dan metode PCR multipleks kurang sensitif dalam mendeteksi serotipe minor.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive bacteria that are pathogenic to humans and cause Invasive Penumococcal Diseases (IPD) with a high mortality rate. Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the normal flora found on the upper respiratory tract and nasopharynx of children. Bacterial colonization is the first step to carry out infection in the host’s body. Colonization more than one serotype (multi colonization/co-colonization) increases the likelihood of infection. This study aims to determine the serotype and multiple colonization of S. pneumoniae directly from the primary culture. A total of 150 nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained from children and selected by microbiological methods thus obtained 67 suspected primary cultures of S. pneumoniae. Primary cultures from those 67 samples were identified using molecular approaches, namely Polymerase Chain Reaction technique. Serotypes determination was done by using multiplex PCR. Streptococcus pneumoniae were identified from 57 (38%) primary cultures. Serotypes that were identified in this study, namely 19F (9), 6A/B (9), 19A (5), 23F (4), 15B/C (3), 7F (3), sg18 (2), 11A (2), 9V (2), 12F (1), 35F (1), 3 (1), 15A (1), 17F (1), 34 (1), 7C (1), and 11 primary culture samples were non serotypeable. These results are also similar to that were obtained from pure culture, so serotyping with multiplex PCR can be performed directly from primary culture without the use or pure culture. We could only found one of 67 primary cultures that contains more than one serotypes of S. pneumoniae, so we conclude that multiplex PCR method are less sensitive in detecting minor serotypes."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui konsentrasi antibodi imunoglobulin G (IgG) terhadap polisakarida dari bakteri Streptococcus pneumoniae serotipe 14 dan 19F dalam serum anak yang terinfeksi HIV. Perlakuan yang diberikan dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu sebelum divaksin dan setelah divaksin dengan vaksin PCV7. Kedua perlakuan terdiri atas 20 sampel serum sebelum divaksin (hari ke-0) dan 20 sampel serum setelah divaksin (bulan ke-6 setelah vaksinasi). Vaksinasi diberikan kepada anak-anak berusia 2--5 tahun. Hasil uji t (P < 0,05), menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan konsentrasi antibodi IgG yang signifikan setelah divaksinasi dengan vaksin PCV7 untuk serotipe 19F dan serotipe 14. Serum yang memiliki konsentrasi antibodi IgG > 0,2 µg/ml setelah divaksinasi sebanyak 100% untuk kedua serotipe. Penggunaan glikonanopertikel tidak memberikan hasil yang berbeda signifikan dibandingkan dengan penggunaan polisakarida dan sel sebagai antigen target pada metode indirect ELISA dalam deteksi antibodi anti-pneumokokus setelah divaksinasi dengan PCV7.

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The research to observe concentration of immunoglobulinG (IgG) to capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 14 and 19F in human serum has been done. Fourty samples were divided into 20 samples of pre-vaccination sample and 20 samples of post-vaccination with PCV7 vaccine. Vaccination was given to children 2--5 of age old. We investigated that there was significant (P < 0,05) difference of IgG concentration of serum sampel against capsular polysaccharide serotype 19F and serotype 14 between before and after PCV7 vaccination. Serum with IgG concentration above 0,2 µg/ml after vaccination are 100% for both serotype. We also investigated there was no significant difference between glyconanoparticle, polysaccharide, and bacterial cell as a coating material in indirect ELISA method to detect anti-pneumococcal antibody after PCV7 vaccination."

"[Deteksi Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumokokus) dilakukan dengan metode biakan dan PCR. Tujuan penelitian menentukan batas kemampuan tehnik PCR gen psaA mendeteksi inokulum pneumokokus dalam media cair sebelum inkubasi dan setelah inkubasi 24 jam. Penelitian secara eksperimental menggunakan S.pneumoniae ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) 49619 yang ditumbuhkan pada media agar darah domba. Sepuluh mililiter suspensi bakteri dengan densitas 6x107/ml, 6x106/ml, 6x105/ml, 6x104/ml, 6x103/ml, 6x102/ml, 60/ml, 6/ml dimasukkan dalam media cair BD BACTEC™ Plus Aerobic/F Culture Vials. Masing-masing densitas diinokulasikan ke dalam 20 media cair tersebut. Selanjutnya, dari tiap media cair yang telah diinokulasi, sebelum inkubasi maupun setelah inkubasi 24 jam, dilakukan pewarnaan Gram, diinokulasikan pada media agar darah domba, serta uji PCR untuk mendeteksi gen psaA. Bila ditemukan pertumbuhan koloni pneumokokus pada media agar darah, dilanjutkan uji katalase dan sensitivitas optochin. Uji PCR psaA ”positif” bila ditemukan amplikon dengan berat molekul 838 pasang basa. Metode biakan dan PCR dinyatakan“mampu mendeteksi pneumokokus” bila > 60% dari 20 replicate memberikan hasil positif. Dari masing-masing 20 replicate dengan densitas bakteri dalam inokulum awal 6x107/ml, 6x106/ml, 6x105/ml, 6x104/ml, 6x103/ml, 6x102/ml, 60/ml, 6/ml sebelum inkubasi, jumlah replicate yang terdeteksi gen psaA berturut-turut adalah 9/20 replicate (45%), 9/20 (45%), 3/20 (15%), 1/20 (5%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%). Setelah inkubasi 24 jam berturut-turut adalah 20/20 replicate (100%), 18/20 (90%), 11/20 (55%), 8/20 (40%), 4/20 (20%), 2/20 (10%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%). Dari data kadar DNA ekstrak terlihat uji PCR psaA penelitian ini membutuhkan kadar DNA ≥ 84 ng/µL. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan diperlukan inkubasi 24 jam agar terdeteksi oleh uji PCR psaA dengan densitas pneumokokus dalam inokulum awal minimal 6x106/ml. Kelemahan penelitian adalah proses ekstraksi DNA tidak optimal sehingga kadar DNA ekstrak sangat bervariasi dan menyebabkan gen psaA tidak terdeteksi sebelum inkubasi.;Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal) detection can be done by culture and PCR methods. The purpose of this study was to determine the limits of psaA gene PCR in detecting pneumococcal inoculum prior to incubation and after 24 hours of incubation of liquid media. This experimental study used Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) 49619 which was grown on sheep blood agar. Ten mililiter of bacterial suspensions with initial density of 6x107/ml, 6x106/ml, 6x105/ml, 6x104/ml, 6x103/ml, 6x102/ml, 60/ml, 6/ml were inoculated into liquid media, BD BACTEC™ Plus Aerobic/F Culture Vials. Each bacterial density was inoculated into these 20 liquid medias. From each inoculated BD BACTEC™ Plus Aerobic/F Culture Vial, prior to incubation and after 24 hours of incubation, Gram staining, subculturing on sheep blood agar, and psaA gene PCR were done. When pneumococcal colonies were found on sheep blood agar, the colonies were tested for catalase and optochin sensitivity. PsaA gene were determined as “positive” when amplicons with molecular weight 838 pairs of bases were found. Culture and PCR methods were determined as able to detect pneumococcus when > 60% of 20 replicates yield positive results. The psaA PCR positive result rate of initial bacterial density of 6x107/ml, 6x106/ml, 6x105/ml, 6x104/ml, 6x103/ml, 6x102/ml, 60/ml, 6/ml prior to incubation were 9/20 replicate (45%), 9/20 (45%), 3/20 (15%), 1/20 (5%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%), respectively. After 24 hours of incubations were 20/20 replicate (100%), 18/20 (90%), 11/20 (55%), 8/20 (40%), 4/20 (20%), 2/20 (10%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%), respectively. From the DNA extract data, it could be determined that this PCR method required a DNA concentration of ≥ 84 ng/µL. Results showed a 24-hours incubation was needed in order to detect psaA by PCR and with the initial bacteria density of 6x106 organisms/ml in the inoculum. The weakness of study was DNA extraction process not optimal, shown by the variability of DNA concentration in the extracts which affected the ability of PCR to detect psaA gene prior to incubation., Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal) detection can be done by culture and PCR methods. The purpose of this study was to determine the limits of psaA gene PCR in detecting pneumococcal inoculum prior to incubation and after 24 hours of incubation of liquid media. This experimental study used Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) 49619 which was grown on sheep blood agar. Ten mililiter of bacterial suspensions with initial density of 6x107/ml, 6x106/ml, 6x105/ml, 6x104/ml, 6x103/ml, 6x102/ml, 60/ml, 6/ml were inoculated into liquid media, BD BACTEC™ Plus Aerobic/F Culture Vials. Each bacterial density was inoculated into these 20 liquid medias. From each inoculated BD BACTEC™ Plus Aerobic/F Culture Vial, prior to incubation and after 24 hours of incubation, Gram staining, subculturing on sheep blood agar, and psaA gene PCR were done. When pneumococcal colonies were found on sheep blood agar, the colonies were tested for catalase and optochin sensitivity. PsaA gene were determined as “positive” when amplicons with molecular weight 838 pairs of bases were found. Culture and PCR methods were determined as able to detect pneumococcus when > 60% of 20 replicates yield positive results. The psaA PCR positive result rate of initial bacterial density of 6x107/ml, 6x106/ml, 6x105/ml, 6x104/ml, 6x103/ml, 6x102/ml, 60/ml, 6/ml prior to incubation were 9/20 replicate (45%), 9/20 (45%), 3/20 (15%), 1/20 (5%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%), respectively. After 24 hours of incubations were 20/20 replicate (100%), 18/20 (90%), 11/20 (55%), 8/20 (40%), 4/20 (20%), 2/20 (10%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%), respectively. From the DNA extract data, it could be determined that this PCR method required a DNA concentration of ≥ 84 ng/µL. Results showed a 24-hours incubation was needed in order to detect psaA by PCR and with the initial bacteria density of 6x106 organisms/ml in the inoculum. The weakness of study was DNA extraction process not optimal, shown by the variability of DNA concentration in the extracts which affected the ability of PCR to detect psaA gene prior to incubation.]"

"[Streptococcus pneumoniae merupakan bakteri utama penyebab pneumonia pada anak dan kelompok usia lanjut. Sputum merupakan spesimen paling banyak diteliti untuk diagnosis pneumonia. Uji Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) untuk deteksi Streptococcus pneumoniae dapat menggunakan gen pneumococcal surface adhesin A (psaA) dengan primernya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai kemampuan primer P1 gen psaA dalam mendeteksi Streptococcus pneumoniae pada isolat dari biakan sputum. Dilakukan uji PCR terhadap 32 isolat dengan morfologi khas Streptococcus pneumoniae. Empat belas dari 32 isolat adalah Streptococcus pneumoniae. Hasil yang didapatkan sama dengan hasil metoda biakan. Kemampuan deteksi primer untuk gen psaA adalah baik dengan sensitivitas dan spesifisitas 100%., Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of pneumonia in children and the elderly. Sputum is the most frequently studied specimen for the diagnosis of pneumonia. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conducted to diagnose Streptococcus pneumoniae can use pneumococcal surface adhesin A (psaA) gene with its primer. This study aimed to evaluate the P1 primer for psaA gene ability in detecting Streptococcus pneumoniae from sputum isolates. PCR was conducted on 32 Streptococcus pneumoniae look-alike isolates. Fourteen isolates were identified as Streptococcus pneumoniae. The result was unanimous with the culture. The ability of primer for psaA was good with 100 % sensitivity and specificity.]"

"Temulawak diharapkan mampu mencegah pembentukkan biofilm S.mutans dan A.actinomycetemcomitans penyebab karies dan penyakit periodontal. Tujuan: menganalisis perbandingan massa single dan dual species biofilm S.mutans dan A.actinomycetemcomitans setelah pemaparan ekstrak etanol temulawak. Metode: Suspensi bakteri S.mutans dan A.actinomycetemcomitans dalam media BHI yang diperkaya sukrosa 0,2% dipaparkan ekstrak etanol temulawak, diinkubasi selama 18 jam dan dianalisis menggunakan uji crystal violet. Hasil: Ekstrak tersebut mampu mencegah pembentukkan massa biofilm single species S.mutans dan dual species S.mutans dan A.actinomycetemcomitans, jika dibandingkan dengan single species biofilm A.actinomycetemcomitans. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak etanol temulawak lebih efektif mencegah pembentukkan massa biofilm single species S.mutans dan dual species S.mutans dan A.actinomycetemcomitans.

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Curcuma xanthorrhiza is expected to prevent biofilm formation of S.mutans and A.actinomycetemcomitans that cause caries and periodontal disease.

Aim: to analyze the mass ratio of single and dual-species S.mutans and A.actinomycetemcomitans biofilm after being exposured to Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanol extract (Xan).

Methods: Bacteria suspension in BHI medium enriched with 0,2% of succrose was exposed to the Xan, incubated for 18 hours and analyzed using Crystal Violet assay.

Result: The Xan is able to prevent biofilm formation of single-species S.mutans and dual-species S.mutans and A.actinomycetemcomitans, compared to single-species A.actinomycetemcomitans.

Conclusion: Xan is more effective preventing biofilm formation of single-species S.mutans and dual-species S.mutans and A.actinomycetemcomitans."

"Streptococcus pneumonia>e, bakteri patogen yang banyak menyebabkan infeksi sehingga menjadi penyakit pneumokokal yang memiliki morbiditas dan mortalitas tinggi. Antibiotik makrolid seperti eritromisin dan azitromisin merupakan pilihan terapi namun menunjukkan adanya peningkatan resistensi. Terdapat dua mekanisme utama timbulnya resistensi terhadap makrolid, yaitu metilasi ribosom yang diperankan oleh gen erm>(B) dan pompa efluks yang diperankan oleh gen mef>(A). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan gen erm>(B) dan mef>(A) pada isolat Streptococcus pneumoniae> yang resisten terhadap eritromisin dan azitromisin.Sebanyak 60 isolat Streptococcus pneumoniae> diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini. Uji kepekaan terhadap eritromisin dan azitromisin dilakukan dengan metode difusi cakram. Dari 60 isolat tersebut  didapatkan 33 (55 %) isolat sensitif sedangkan 27 (45 %) isolat resisten terhadap eritromisin dan azitromisin. Selanjutnya keberadaan gen erm>(B) dan mef>(A) dideteksi menggunakan PCR. Di antara 27 isolat Streptococcus pneumoniae> yang resisten terhadap eritromisin dan azitromisin, 7 (25,9 %) isolat memiliki gen erm>(B), 6 (22,2 %) isolat memiliki gen mef>(A), serta 14 (51,9 %) isolat memiliki kedua gen erm>(B) dan mef>(A). Dari 27 isolat tersebut, 11 ( 40,7 %) isolat merupakan serotipe 19 F, dan 9 ( 81,8 % ) isolat di antaranya memiliki kedua gen erm>(B) dan mef>(A). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan proporsi cukup besar baik dari gen erm>(B) atau mef>(A) saja maupun kedua gen secara bersamaan pada isolat Streptococcus pneumoniae> yang resisten terhadap eritromisin dan azitromisin. Sedangkan dari 15 isolat Streptococcus pneumoniae> yang peka terhadap eritromisin dan azitromisin tidak ditemukan gen erm>(B) dan mef>(A).

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Streptococcus pneumoniae>, the leading pathogen of bacterial infection, is responsible for for pneumococcal diseases with severe morbidity and mortality. Macrolides ( e.g erythromycin and azithromycin ) has become drug of choice for pneumococcal diseases, but the prevalence of macrolides-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae >have been rising in recent years. There are two major mechanisms mediating resistance to macrolides, >ribosomal methylation by >erm>(B) gene, and efflux pump by mef>(A) gene. The aims of this study is to detect erm>(B) and mef>(A) genes in erithromycin and azithromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae> isolates.

A total of 60 Streptococcus pneumoniae> isolates were analyzed using antimicrobial suscepbility test ( disk diffusion method ) to determine their drug resistance to erythromycin and azithromycin. Among 60 isolates, 33 (55 %) isolates were susceptible, and 27 (45 %) isolates were resistant to erythromycin and azithromycin. The presence of erm>(B) and mef>(A) was determined by PCR. Among of 27 erythromycin and azithromycin Streptococcus pneumonia>-resistant isolates, 7 (25,9 %) isolates carried erm>(B) gene, 6 (22,2 %) isolates carried mef>(A) genes, and 14 (51,9 %) isolates carried both erm>(B) and mef>(A) genes. Of these 27 isolates, 11 ( 40,7 %) isolates belongs to serotype 19 F, with 9 ( 81,8 %) isolates carried both erm>(B) and mef>(A) genes. In conclusion, there was a high proportion of either erm>(B) and mef>(A) genes alone or both of these genes in erythromycin and azithromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae> isolates. Of 15 erythromycin and azithromycin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae> isolates, no erm>(B) and mef>(A) genes were found."

"Latar Belakang: Kebiasaan bernapas melalui mulut umum memengaruhi anak-anak dandapat mengakibatkan perubahan kondisi cairan dalam rongga mulut sehinggamemengaruhi kebersihan mulut dan memicu terjadinya bau mulut. Keadaan ini dapat pulamengakibatkan kondisi mikroorganisme seperti Streptococcus mutans serotype e danCandida albicans pada mulut mengalami perubahan. Tujuan: Menganalisis kadarStreptococcus mutans serotype e dan Candida albicans terhadap kondisi bau mulut danOHI-S pada sampel saliva dan usap lidah. Metode: Sampel saliva dan usap lidah darisubjek di uji dengan menggunakan ELISA-indirect dan dibaca nilai absorbansinyadengan ELISA reader pada panjang gelombang 450nm. Nilai absorbansi dijadikansebagai nilai kadar antigen mikroorganisme pada subjek dan dibandingkan terhadap hasilpemeriksaan organoleptik dan OHI-S. Hasil: Jumlah anak bernapas melalui mulutditemukan lebih sedikit pada SD Tugu Ibu 1, Depok. Kondisi bau mulut tidak berkaitandengan kebersihan mulut subjek. Kadar antigen Streptococcus mutans serotype e danCandida albicans yang terisolasi pada sampel saliva maupun usap lidah lebih banyakditemukan pada anak bau mulut. Kadar antigen Streptococcus mutans serotype e yangterisolasi pada sampel saliva dan usap lidah tidak memiliki tendensi pada salah satukategori OHI-S. Sedangkan kadar antigen Candida albicans memiliki tendensi lebihbanyak pada kategori OHI-S sedang pada kedua sampel dan subjek kecuali pada sampelusap lidah anak bernapas melalui hidung, lebih banyak ditemukan pada kategori baik.Kesimpulan: Kondisi bau mulut tidak berhubungan dengan status kebersihan mulut.Banyaknya kadar antigen Streptococcus mutans serotype e dan Candida albicans tidakberpengaruh dengan kondisi kebiasaan bernapas anak dan tidak dapat menentukan baumulut serta status kebersihan mulut pada subjek anak bernapas melalui hidung maupunmelalui mulut

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Background: Mouth breathing is common affects children and can cause changes in fluid

conditions in the oral cavity that affect oral hygiene and trigger bad breath. This situation

can change the condition of microorganisms such as Streptococcus mutans serotype e and

Candida albicans in the mouth. Objective: To analyze the level of Streptococcus mutans

serotype e and Candida albicans on the condition of bad breath and oral hygiene status

in bad breath and oral hygiene condition in subjects. Methods: Saliva and tongue swabs

samples were tested using indirect ELISA, and the absorbance values read with an ELISA

reader at a wavelength of 450nm. Absorbance value is used as the value of microorganism

antigen levels in the subject and compared to the results of organoleptic examination and

OHI-S. Result: The number of mouth breather children is fewer than normal in SD Tugu

Ibu 1, Depok. Bad breath is not related to the subject's oral hygiene. Antigen levels

of Streptococcus mutans serotype e and Candida albicans used in saliva samples or

tongue swabs are more common in children with bad breath. Antigen level of

Streptococcus mutans serotype e isolated in saliva samples and tongue swabs didnt have

a tendency to any of the OHI-S categories. While antigen levels of Candida albicans had

more tendency in the OHI-S category while in both the sample and the subject except for

the nose breather childs tongue swabbing samples, more were found in the good category.

Conclusion: The condition of bad breath is not related to oral hygiene status. The large

number of Streptococcus mutans serotype e and Candida albicans antigens does not

affect the childs breathing habits and cannot determine bad breath and oral hygiene status

in nose breathing and mouth breathing children"

"Temulawak memiliki efek antibakteri. S. mutans dan A. actinomycetemcomitans merupakan bakteri penyebab karies dan penyakit periodontal. Tujuan: Membandingkan efek ekstrak etanol temulawak terhadap viabilitas biofilm S. mutans dan A actinomycetemcomitans single dan dual species dalam berbagai fase pembentukan. Metode: Model biofilm diinkubasi selama 4 jam, 12 jam, dan 24 jam, kemudian dipapar ekstrak etanol temulawak 0,5%-25%. Hasil: Viabilitas biofilm single species S. mutans lebih rendah (p<0,05) dibanding kelompok biofilm lain. Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna (p>0,05) antara viabilitas biofilm single species A. actinomycetemcomitans dan biofilm dual species. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak etanol temulawak lebih efektif menurunkan viabilitas biofilm single species S. mutans.

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Curcuma xanthorrhiza has antibacterial property. S. mutans and A. actinomycetemcomitans cause caries and periodontal disease. Aim: Comparing Curcuma xanthrorrhiza ethanol extract?s to the viability of S. mutans and single and dual-species A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm in different formation phases. Methods: Biofilm models were incubated for 4, 12, and 24 hours, then exposed to 0.5%-25% Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract. Result: Single species S. mutans biofilm?s viability was significantly lower than other biofilm groups (p<0.05). Viability of single-species and dual-species A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm showed no significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanol extract is more effective in decreasing the single-species S. mutans biofilm?s viability."

"Latar Belakang: Prevalensi denture stomatitis pada pengguna gigi tiruan dengan basis cukup tinggi. Tujuan: Mengamati pengaruh kekasaran bahan basis gigi tiruan terhadap jumlah koloni Streptococcus mutans. Metode: Kekasaran spesimen diukur menggunakan surface roughness tester. Spesimen dicelupkan ke dalam eppendorf tube modifikasi berisi Streptococcus mutans dengan durasi inkubasi 12 jam dan 24 jam. Data dianalisis dengan Korelasi Bivariat (Pearson). Hasil: Terdapat hubungan kuat positif antara pemolesan bahan basis gigi tiruan dengan jumlah koloni Streptococcus mutans. Kesimpulan: Penurunan nilai kekasaran permukaan setelah dilakukan pemolesan pada bahan basis gigi tiruan metal, resin akrilik, dan valplast, akan diikuti dengan penurunan jumlah koloni Streptococcus mutans.

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Introduction: The prevalence of denture stomatitis is high in denture wearers.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to observe the effect of surface roughness of denture base materials to the amount of Streptococcus mutans.

Methods: Surface roughness was measured by using surface roughness tester. Specimens were dipped into the eppendorf tube containing Streptococcus mutans and incubated for 12 and 24 hours. Statistical analysis was conducted by Bivariate Correlation (Pearson).

Results: There is a strong positive correlation between polishing denture base material with the amount of Streptococcus mutans.

Conclusion: The decrease in the value of surface roughness after polishing the denture base metal, acrylic resin, and valplast is followed by the decrease in amount of Streptococcus mutans."