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Abstrak :
Fisheries activity has increased significantly in number. As a result, we might se high investment in fisheries is due to the high demand for fish and fisheries products. Therefore, marine resources as well as other living resources are at risk in being harmed by excessive fisheries activities, for example: the use of trawl. Indonesia, as a Maritime State, need to impose sustainable fisheries because the principle of utilizing sustainable fisheries resources as adopted in the Law on Fisheries (Law No. 31 Year 2004 as amended by Law No. 45 Year 2009) to control fishery activities.Fishery activities are regulated not only by the Law on Fisheries but also international regulation adopted worldwide such as the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF). CCRF was prepared to include primary principles to elaborate the mechanism of fishery activities which is designated not to cost harmful damages in fisheries activities. CCRF is also accompanied by several technical guidelines that provide certain procedures to be applied to (1) fishing operations; (2) the precautionary approach as applied to capture fisheries and species introductions; (3) integrating fisheries into coastal area management; (4) fisheries management; (5) aquaculture development; and (6) inland fisheries. Consequently, CCRF is intended to cover any kind of fishery anywhere in the world not just marine capture fisheries, but also freshwater fisheries as well as aquaculture both marine and freshwater aquaculture. Excessive fishery activities would then not be harmful if Indonesia is willing to impose regulation which is significantly and effectively to manage these kind of fishery activities. Along with the fact that Indonesia is recognized as a Marine State, there is no reason to hold back in addressing this situation.

Abstrak :
Nanopartikel emas berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai nano medisin karena sifat nya yang mudah disintesa, mempunyai banyak kegunaan dan biokompatibel pada tubuh manusia. Dengan bantuan gom arab sebagai penstabil, vinkristin dikonjugasikan dengan nanopartikel emas. Penelitian ini berhasil mengembangkan sintesis dan karakterisasi nanopartikel emas berbasis gom arab terkonjugasi vinkristin dengan distribusi ukuran partikel rata rata dibawah 100 nm dengan menggunakan analisa ukuran partikel dan mikroskop transmisi elektron. Dilakukan uji sitotoksik dengan metode garam tetrazolium/ MTT [3-(4,5- dimethylthiazo-2-yl-)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] pada konjugat vinkristin-gom arab-nanopartikel emas menggunakan lini sel MCF-7 and CCRF. Hasil uji sitotoksisitas digambarkan dengan nilai IC50. Hasil uji pada 2 formula (vinkristin-gom arab-nanopartikel emas sebelum pemurnian dan sesudah pemurnian dengan kromatografi size exclusion) terhadap lini sel MCF-7 mempunyai IC50 berturut turut sebesar 3,59 and 3,10 μg/mL, sementara vinkristin murni sebagai pembanding menunjukkan IC50 yang lebih besar yaitu 125 μg/mL. Terhadap lini sel CCRF, konjugat sebelum pemurnian dan sesudah pemurnian nilai IC50 berturut turut adalah 1,026 μg/mL dan 2,607 ug/mL. Sementara berdasarkan data in vivo untuk melihat biodsitribusi konjugat pada hewan uji dan kemampuan sebagai agen pengontras pada Computed tomography (CT) termyata konjugat mampu terdistribusi di liver dan ginjal hewan uji dan dihasilkan nilai Haunsfield Unit (HU) pada uji dengan Computed tomography (CT) pada konjugat VCR-GA-AuNP lebih tinggi dibandingkan nilai HU pada Iodium sebagai pembanding. Dari hasil diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa konjugat (Vinkristin-Gom Arab-Nanopartikel emas) mempunyai kemampuan untuk diteliti lebih lanjut dan dikembangkan sebagai bahan baru terapi obat kanker terarah. ...... Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) are potentially developed as nano medicine because AuNP are easily synthesized, functionalized, and biocompatible. With gum arabic as stabilizer, vincristine was conjugated with gold nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) coated with conjugated gum arabic (GA) and vincristine (VCR) were successfully synthesized and characterized. The conjugation of GAVCR and AuNP displayed a narrow hydrodynamic particle size distribution with average size < 100 nm by TEM and particle size analyser. We investigated cytotoxic activity of conjugated vincristine-gum arabic-gold nanoparticle by tetrazolium salt assay (MTT) using cancer cell line MCF-7 and CCRF. Cytotoxic activity of conjugated VCR-GA-AuNP before and after purification by Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC), against leukemia cell line CCRF and breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was described by IC50 value. All formulation had a cytototoxic of activity with IC50 <20 μg/ml. The IC50 of the conjugate before and after purification againts MCF-7 cell line were 3.59 and 3.10 ug/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the IC50 of vincristine was considerable larger (>125 ug/mL). The IC50 of samples againts CCRF cell line were 1,026 μg/mL dan 2,607 ug/mL, respectively. Based on in vivo data to evaluate the biodistribution and their capacity for a contras agent, conjugate could distributed in the liver and kidneys with the resulting of Hounsfield Unit (HU) value of VCR-GA-AuNP is higher than the HU value of Iodine as a comparison. In conclusion, conjugated VCR-GA-AuNP had a good prospect for further investigation and could be developed as materials for new targeted cancer drug therapy.

Abstrak :
Mahkota Dewa as a traditional plant has been commonly used as traditional cancer medication. However, the mechanism of usage is not yet clear. The objective of this study was to know the mechanism of the protection effect of Mahkota Dewa on Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) induced cytotoxicity in CCRF-CEM cell line. The result showed BaP induced cell death with in CCRF-CEM cell line was dose-dependent but not based on time-course. Exposure of this cell for 24 h with variation of dose between 5-20 μM increased the percentage of apoptosis to about 15%. On the other hand, Mahkota Dewa itself has dose-dependently induced cytotoxicity and has no effect in the inhibition of BaP exposure. Phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in both BaP and Mahkota Dewa induced cytotoxicity has been seen but the involvement of oxidative stress is unclear. However, in other cancer cell line SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, the inhibition efffect of Mahkota Dewa in BaP exposure has been seen and no cytotoxicity effect appeared in this cell line. In conclusion, Mahkota Dewa has induced apoptosis in CCRF-CEM cancer cell line but not in SH-SY5Y cell line, so it has a potential anticancer effect; Mahkota Dewa, however, requires more researches on DNA level using other type of cancer to observe the mechanism.

Efek Penghambatan Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) pada Sitotoksisitas CCRF-CEM Cell Lines yang Terpajan oleh Benzo(a)pyrene. Mahkota Dewa adalah tumbuhan tradisional yang umumnya digunakan sebagai obat kanker tradisional. Namun belum terdapat kejelasan mengenai mekanisme penggunaannya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui mekanisme efek proteksi Mahkota Dewa pada sitotoksisitas CCRF-CEM cell line yang terpajan oleh Benzo(a)pyrene. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kematian sel dalam CCRF-CEM cell line yang diinduksi oleh BaP terjadi secara dependen terhadap dosis, tetapi bukan didasari oleh jangka waktunya. Paparan sel ini dibiarkan selama 24 jam dengan dosis bervariasi antara 5-20 μM dan mengakibatkan peningkatan persentase apoptosis sampai sekitar 15%. Di lain pihak, Mahkota Dewa itu sendiri telah menginduksi sitotoksisitas secara dependen terhadap dosis, dan tidak ditemukan efek terhadap penghambatan paparan BaP. Fosforilasi p38 MAPK baik dalam BaP dan sitotoksisitas yang terpajan oleh Mahkota Dewa telah terlihat. Akan tetapi keterlibatan stress oksidatif tidak jelas terlihat. Meskipun demikian, dalam cell line kanker lainnya seperti SH-SY5Y sel neuroblastoma manusia, efek penghambatan Mahkota Dewa dalam paparan BaP telah terlihat dan tidak terdapat adanya efek sitotoksisitas yang muncul di cell line ini. Sebagai kesimpulan, Mahkota Dewa telah menginduksi apoptosis pada cell line kanker CCRF-CEM. Namun apoptosis tidak diinduksi pada SH-SY5Y cell line sehingga tumbuhan ini berpotensi memiliki efek antikanker. Meskipun demikian, perlu lebih banyak penelitian mengenai Mahkota Dewa pada level DNA dengan menggunakan jenis kanker lainnya agar mekanismenya dapat diobservasi.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Mahkota Dewa as a traditional plant has been commonly used as traditional cancer medication. However, the mechanism of usage is not yet clear. The objective of this study was to know the mechanism of the protection effect of Mahkota Dewa on Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) induced cytotoxicity in CCRF-CEM cell line. The result showed BaP induced cell death with in CCRF-CEM cell line was dose-dependent but not based on time-course. Exposure of this cell for 24 h with variation of dose between 5-20 μM increased the percentage of apoptosis to about 15%. On the other hand, Mahkota Dewa itself has dose-dependently induced cytotoxicity and has no effect in the inhibition of BaP exposure. Phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in both BaP and Mahkota Dewa induced cytotoxicity has been seen but the involvement of oxidative stress is unclear. However, in other cancer cell line SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, the inhibition efffect of Mahkota Dewa in BaP exposure has been seen and no cytotoxicity effect appeared in this cell line. In conclusion, Mahkota Dewa has induced apoptosis in CCRF-CEM cancer cell line but not in SH-SY5Y cell line, so it has a potential anticancer effect; Mahkota Dewa, however, requires more researches on DNA level using other type of cancer to observe the mechanism.