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"The concept of religious freedom is the modern human rights concept, with which the modern world hopes to tackle the phenomenon of religious pluralism, as our modern existence in an electronically shrinking globe comes to be increasingly characterised by this phenomenon. To begin with, the concept of religious freedom, as embodied in Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, seems self-evident in nature. It is the claim of this book, however, that although emblematic on the one hand, the concept is also problematic on the other, and the implications of the concept of religious freedom are far from self-evident, despite the ready acceptance the term receives as embodying a worthwhile goal. This book therefore problematizes the concept along legal, constitutional, ethical and theological lines, and especially from the perspective of religious studies, so that religious freedom in the world could be enlarged in a way which promotes human flourishing."

"ABSTRAKMalaysia is a common law country, and as such the decisions of its courts have a binding and law-making force. This means that the Malaysian judiciary is highly influential in setting the tenor of governance. In this article I examine and analyze some key decisions that had an influence on divisiveness and dissent in the country. I point out that the courts have been poor in ensuring that the legal system protects the nation from divisive elements, and the legal system does not do enough to guarantee the fundamental rights and democratic principles that were envisioned by the founding fathers for the citizenry. The article closes with an attempt to understand why this is the case."

"The areas of conflict relating to the freedom of religion and women’s rights do not affect the majority of Muslims who practice their religion in Germany and, in the process, they do not clash with the constitutional state. This is also not a matter having to do with those theologians who take their justification for comprehensive religious freedom and equal rights for women from the Koran and, respectively, other normative sources of Islam. Rather, it has to do with those influential scholars who interpret the norms and commands of Islam in such a way that conflicts arise with the laws of a secular constitutional state. These scholars defend the view that the laws of the Sharia are prior to the norms of the secular constitutional state and are obligatory for all Muslims. At the present moment, the question of freedom of religion could be virtually understood as a topic which, in largely secularized Europe and for the religiously neutral state, possesses little relevance. To what extent do inner-Islamic standpoints interest the constitutional state on the question of religious freedom? For the constitutional state, it does not concern itself with the question of evaluating a religion and its doctrinal content. This also applies with respect to Islam. There, however, where actions are justified by religious convictions, or where they follow from them or are declared to be mandatory by influential religious opinion leaders, and where these actions infringe upon established law or limit the basic rights of individuals, the state and its representatives have to concern themselves with these convictions, independent of whether these convictions are of a religious, political, or of a religious and political nature."

"Kerangka hukum nasional telah menjamin hak atas kebebasan beragama dan berkeyakinan (KBB) di Indonesia. Untuk menguatkan visi perlindungan hak sipil politik, terutama KBB, Indonesia juga telah meratifikasi norma HAM internasional, yaitu International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) pada tahun 2005. Namun, berbagai pelanggaran hak atas KBB terus terjadi. Dengan menggunakan konsep domestic salience on international norms, tesis ini berusaha untuk melihat masalah-masalah dalam implementasi norma KBB internasional di Indonesia, terutama pasca proses ratifikasi ICCPR. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu studi kasus tunggal dengan pendekatan interpretivis dan konstruksionis. Tesis ini memiliki tiga argumen penting untuk menjelaskan masalah dalam implementasi norma KBB internasional di Indonesia. Pertama, implementasi sebuah norma HAM internasional di sebuah negara sangat dipengaruhi oleh konteks historiografi dan demografi politik Kedua, peran Indonesia sebagai aktor penyebar norma KBB di Indonesia dapat dikatakan lemah. Hal ini didasari pada proses institusionalisasi dan sosialisasi norma KBB yang memiliki masalah kompleks, terutama dalam penyesuaian nilai universal ke dalam konteks domestik. Ketiga, masalah dalam implementasi norma KBB internasional di Indonesia dipengaruhi oleh peningkatan aktifitas aktor politik agama konsevatif. Untuk menguatkan argumen tersebut, penulis mengambil studi kasus terkait pelanggaran hak atas KBB Komunitas Syiah di Kabupaten Sampang, Madura, Jawa Timur.

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The national legal framework guarantee Indonesian have a right to freedom of religion or belief (FoRB). To strengthen the vision of protecting civil and political rights, in 2005, Indonesia has ratified international human rights norms, the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). However, violations of FoRB remain occur with a dynamic number of violations. This thesis analyzed this issue using the concept of domestic salience on international norms to examine the problems in the implementation of FoRB norms in Indonesia, especially after the ICCPR ratification process. The research method used in this research is a single case study with an interpretivist and constructionist approach. This thesis has three important arguments to explain this issue. First, the implementation of an international human rights norm in a country is strongly influenced by the context of historiography and political demography. Second, Indonesia's role as an actor disseminating FoRB norms in Indonesia can be considered weak. That statement based on the process of institutionalization and socialization of FoRB norms which have complex problems in the adjustment of universal values into the domestic context. Third, problems in implementing international FoRB norms in Indonesia are influenced by the increased activity of conservative religious political actors. To strengthen this argument, the author took a case study related to the violation of the right to FoRB experienced by the Shia Community in Sampang Regency, Madura, East Java. "

" ABSTRAK Penelitian ini membahas mengenai hak kebebasan beragama dan berkepercayaan pada masyarakat penghayat Kepercayaan Sunda Wiwitan. Melalui UU No. 1 Tahun 1965 tentang Pencegahan Penyalahgunaan dan/atau Penodaan Agama negara telah melakukan diskriminasi terhadap penghayat kepercayaan, karena hanya enam agama saja yang diakui oleh negara. Pada saat melakukan observasi di Cigugur, Jawa Barat, ditemukan dampak negatif atas pengaturan tersebut yang dialami oleh para penghayat Kepercayaan Sunda Wiwitan. Mereka kesulitan mengakses hak-hak sipilnya, seperti hak untuk memeluk agama dan melaksanakannya, hak atas pendidikan, hak atas pekerjaan, hak atas pelayanan publik akta perkawinan, akta anak serta identitas hukum berupa KTP , dan hak atas bantuan hukum. Akibatnya timbul konflik vertikal antara penghayat kepercayaan dengan pemerintah serta konflik horizontal antara sesama masyarakat. Penelitian ini juga melihat langkah penyelesaian sengketa yang dipilih oleh penghayat keperacayaan untuk menyelesaian konflik/sengketa yang dialaminya. Maka saran dari penelitian ini adalah, negara tidak perlu membedakan antara pemeluk agama resmi dan penghayat kepercayaan. Hal ini sebagai bentuk kewajiban negara untuk menghormati, memenuhi dan melindungi hak warga negaranya. Tanpa pembedaan maka penghayat Kepercayaan Sunda Wiwitan dapat mengakses hak-hak sipilnya.

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ABSTRACT This research aims to discuss the right to freedom in religion and belief in Sunda Wiwitan community. According to UU No.1 of 1965 about Prevention of Misuse and or Blasphemy, the country has undertaken a discrimination towards the instiller of faith, due to the fact that only six religions are recognized by the country. In the process of observing in Cigugur, West Java, it was founded several negative impacts toward that regulation which is experienced by Sunda Wiwitan community. They face some difficulties in accessing their civil rights as the freedom of religion, education, employment, public service marriage certificate, birth certificate and legal identity in the form of KTP , and the right to legal aids. As a result, several vertical conflicts between the instiller of faith and government and horizontal conflicts between the instiller of faith and the other communities arise. The study also observed the solutions taken by the instiller of faith to solve the conflicts dispute. Accordingly, the suggestion of this study is the country should distinguish between the official religion and the instiller of faith. It is a form of country rsquo s obligation to respect, fulfill and protect the rights of its community. Without any discrimination, the instiller of faith in Sunda Wiwitan will be able to access their civil rights. "