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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Perkembangan teknologi yang sangat cepat telah memungkinkan berbagai aplikasi spektrum yang baru. Kemampuan dari setiap negara untuk memanfaatkan sepenuhnya sumber daya alam spektrum sangat tergantung kepada kemampuan pengelola spektrum di dalam mempermudah implementasi sistem. Penerapan biaya hak penggunaan (BHP) spektrum frekuensi radio dengan tujuan menutupi biaya sistem manajemen spektrum merupakan suatu metoda untuk mendistribusikan biaya manajemen spektrum kepada pihak yang sebenarnya menerima manfaat dari penggunaan spektrum. Saat ini di Indonesia struktur pentarifan spektrum harus segera diperbaharui, mengingat begini banyaknya jasa komunikasi radio baru berdatangan di Indonesia Struktur tarif spektrum yang lama tidak memadai, proporsional dan rasional, dan tidak mencakup teknoiogi baru. Oleh karena itu studi pentarifan BHP spektrum frekuensi radio di Indonesia ini sangat bermanfaat baik bagi regulator, operator, maupun pengguna spektrum. Tesis ini bertujuan untuk memberikan alternatif sistem pentarifan spektrum di Indonesia. Gagasan dasar dari sistem pentarifan spektrum ini ialah menghubungkan antara potensi ekonomi spektrum dengan biaya manajemen spektrum. Walaupun demikian, tidak tertutup kemungkinan untuk menyisihkan sebagian hasil penarikan tarif spektrum sebagai pendapatan negara bukan pajak yang dibutuhkan di dalam proses pembangunan. Sistem pentarifan spektrum yang dibahas di dalam tesis ini dibatasi untuk servis-servis komersial saja, seperti Fixed Services, Mobile Services, Satellite Services dan Broadcasting Services. Selain itu juga akan dilakukan perbandingan antara struktur tarif spektrum alternatif dengan struktur tarif spektrum yang lama.

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ABSTRACT The ongoing technological developments have opened the door to a variety of new spectrum applications. The ability of each nation to take full advantage of the spectrum resource depends heavily on spectrum managers facilitating the implementation of radio systems, and ensuring their compatible operation. The use of license fees for the purpose of covering the costs of the spectrum management system is a potentially more appropriate method of distributing the costs of spectrum management to those who actually receive benefits. Currently in Indonesia the spectrum license fees regimes need to be reviewed urgently, since many new radio communication services will be implemented here. The existing frequency license fees regime is not sufficient, proportional, rational, and unable to cover the new technology. This study of frequency license fees structure in Indonesia will contribute a great benefit for regulator, operator, and spectrum user in Indonesia. This thesis is intended to develop spectrum license fees structure, which is most suitable in Indonesia. The basic idea is to relate the economic value of radio frequency spectrum and the spectrum management cost. Instead of that, there is a possibility to distribute a part of the spectrum revenues as a non-tax state income, which is heavily needed in the national development process. The spectrum license fees discussed in this thesis is limited for the commercial services, such as Fixed Services, Mobile Services, Satellite Services and Broadcasting Services. Furthermore, there will be a comparative analysis between the alternative spectrum license fee structure and the existing license fee.

Abstrak :
Have been made an instrument to dissipate mosquito by using ultrasonic frequency. Instrument dissipation of mosquito represents solution to overcome negative impact which generated from usage of chemicals. This matter can be conducted by given the yielded frequency and frequency daunted by mosquito. Result of perception indicates that frequency daunted to reside in above frequency able to be heard by human being (ultrasonic frequency). This instrument consist of receiver and transmitter both controlled by microcontroller. Functioning microcontroller to read frequency yielded by mosquito then release daunted frequency. From result of perception obtained that mosquito start to react at frequency above 33 kHz.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Kista periapikal atau dapat disebut juga dengan kista radikular atau kista periodontal apikal merupakan lesi yang umum ditemui pada praktik kedokteran gigi. Kista periapikal merupakan kista odontogenik yang terjadi akibat adanya inflamasi, dengan dinding lesi yang berasal dari residu epitel odontogenik rests of Malassez pada ligamen periodontal. Tingginya prevalensi kista periapikal dibandingkan dengan kista odontogenik lainnya dan belum adanya penelitian terbaru mengenai distribusi dan frekuensi kista periapikal berdasarkan usia, jenis kelamin, elemen gigi, posisi, kondisi gigi, dan perawatannya di Rumah Sakit Khusus Gigi dan Mulut Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia melatar belakangi penelitian ini. Tujuan: Mengetahui distribusi dan frekuensi kista periapikal di Rumah Sakit Khusus Gigi dan Mulut Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia periode Januari 2018 – Desember 2019. Metode: Penelitian yang dilakukan merupakan penelitian deskriptif restrospektif menggunakan data sekunder rekam medik. Hasil: Dari 4.163 rekam medik pasien bedah mulut di RSKGM FKG UI periode 2018-2019, terdapat 23 pasien dengan kista periapikal. Kesimpulan: Frekuensi distribusi kista periapikal terbanyak adalah pada kelompok usia 21-30 tahun (39,1%), lebih banyak ditemukan pada pasien perempuan (69,6%), gigi insisif lateral rahang atas adalah gigi terlibat dengan frekuensi distribusi terbanyak (33,3%), lokasi paling banyak adalah pada apikal gigi terlibat (77,8%), kondisi gigi terlibat yang paling sering ditemukan adalah nekrosis pulpa (63,0%), dan perawatan saluran akar adalah perawatan yang paling sering dilakukan (22,2%). ......Background: Periapical cyst or often known as radicular cyst or apical periodontal cyst is a lesion often found in dental practice. Periapical cyst is an odontogenic cyst of inflammatory origin with an epithelial wall originating from the epithelial rests of Malassez found in the periodontal ligament. Its high prevalence compared to other types of odontogenic cyst and the absence of recent study of its distribution and frecuency based on age, gender, tooth element, position, condition of involved teeth, and treatment of choice render the need of further study about it. Objective: This study aims to determine the distribution and frecuency of periapical cyst in Rumah Sakit Khusus Gigi dan Mulut Faculty of Dentistry University of Indonesia 2018-2019 period. Methods: Retrospective descriptive study is done using the secondary data found in the patient’s medical record. Results: 23 patients with periapical cysts were found from the total of 4,163 medical records of patients receiving treatments at the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department at RSKGM FKG UI in 2018-2019 period. Conclusion: The frequency and distribution of periapical cyst is mostly found in the third decade of life (39,1%), found more in female patients (69,6%), more often involved maxillary lateral incisive (33,3%), position of the cysts are mostly found at the apical of involved teeth (77,8%), the involved teeth condition are more often pulp necrosis (63,0%), and endodontic treatment is the more chosen treatment (22,2%).