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"This articles examines the position of Chinese photographers in the visual colonial landscapes. The Chinese toekang potret were involed in both commissioned photographs and the production of commercial imgaes, but the latter was lesswidespread. Contratry to the image that Chinese photographers client wew from the lower strata of society, this article shosw the they were commissioned by the European, Chinese and Javanese elite. The image materiality of the portrats reveals the visual traces of circulation and exchange. Hence, the Chinese photographers were indirectly involved in these elite networks as well."

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang perdagangan mobil di Hindia Belanda pada awal abad ke-20 hingga akhir masa depresi ekonomi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tentang perdagangan mobil di Hindia Belanda mulai dari awal abad ke-20 hingga saat terjadinya penurunan perdagangan mobil di Hindia Belanda pada masa depresi ekonomi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian sejarah yaitu heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa perdagangan mobil di Hindia Belanda mempunyai dampak yang cukup besar terhadap kondisi sosial-ekonomi masyarakat Hindia Belanda. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari awal kemunculan mobil hingga saat terjadi penurunan penjualan mobil pada tahun 1930-an di Hindia Belanda.

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This objective research is about cars traiding in Netherland Indies at the early of 20 century until the end of economic depression time. The purpose of this research is to know about car traiding in Nethrland Indies from the early of 20 century until when case decreasing of car traiding in Netherland Indies at economic depression. This research uses historical method (heuristic, critic interpretation, and historiography). The conclusion is about car traiding in Netherland Indies that has a massive impact for Netherland Indies society social-economic condition. We can see this impact from the very beginning of car invention until the decreasing of car selling in 1930_s in Netherland Indies."