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Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan pemeriksaan profil hormon ovari pada tikus betina (Rattus norvegicus) menggunakan FTIR. Penelitian bertujuan memperoleh gambaran atau profil fluktuasi kadar hormon ovari sepanjang siklus estrus. Sampel darah dari sepuluh ekor tikus pada sepanjang siklus estrus yang ditentukan melalui ulas vagina dianalisis melalui FTIR. Diperoleh hasil 3 gugus fungsi spesifik dari progesteron pada masing-masing bilangan gelombangnya berturut-turut sebagai berikut keton (CO) pada 1726 cm-1, metil (CH3)1375 cm-1, dan metil keton (COCH3) 1350 cm-1. Nilai absorbansi gugus fungsi spesifik progesteron diperoleh dan dikonversi dengan nilai absorbansi asam karboksilat (COOH), gugus fungsi spesifik dari hemoglobin pada bilangan gelombang 1425 cm-1 yaitu 0,258 %. Selanjutnya, nilai absorbansinya dikonversi ke dalam konsentrasi (ng/ml) sehingga menghasilkan kadar yang berfluktuasi sepanjang siklus estrus berkisar antara berkisar antara 12,135?39,387 ng/ ml untuk keton; 7,995?35,702 ng/ml untuk metil; dan 7,542?39,249 ng/ml untuk metil keton. ......Research in determining progesterone concentration on female rat (Rattus norvegicus) using FTIR has been conducted. The aim of this research was to describe ovarian hormone profile is through rat?s estrous cycle. Blood samples from ten females which were taken as long as estrus cycle determined by vaginal smear, analyzed by FTIR . The results indicated three specific functional groups of progesterone in each successive wave numbers as follows: ketone (CO) at 1726 cm-1, methyl (CH3) at 1375 cm-1, dan methyl ketone (COCH3) at 1350 cm-1. Absorbance value of specific functional groups of progesterone are obtained and compared with absorbance values of carboksilate acid group (COOH), specific functional groups of hemoglobin in the wave number 1425 cm-1 which is 0.258%. Furthemore, converted into concentration (ng/ml) to generated levels of fluctuating group specifically ketones throughout the cycle ranged from 12,135 to 39,387 ng/ ml, whereas methyl ranged from 7,995 to 35,702 ng/ml and methyl ketones ranged from 7,542 to 39,249 ng/ml.

Abstrak :
Tujuan: menganalisis ekspresi protein sitoglobin (Cygb) pada hati tikus yang mengalami stres oksidatif akibat induksi CC4 dan yang diberi perlindungan dengan antioksidao N-asetil sistein (NAC). Hasil: stres oksidatif pada hati tikus yang diinduksi CC4 ditunjukkan oleb menurunnya aktivitas spesifik kstalase dan meningkatnya kadat senyawa dikarbonil. Titer Cygb menurun pada kelompok yang diberi CCl4. Tidak ada perbedaan betmalma antara titer Cygb pada tikus yang dilindungl NAC sebelum atau sesuadah CCl4. Kesimpulan: Titer Cygb menurun pada induksi CCl4 setelah dua hari dan mendukung hipotesis bahwa Cygb berperan mencegah stres oksidatif. Penurunan titer Cygb setara dengan kerusakan oksidatif. ......Aim: to analyze the expression of Cygb in rat liver under oxidative stress induced by carbon tetrochloride (CCI4) and protected by antioxidant N-acetyl cystein. Result: oxidate stress induced by CCI4 in rat liver decreases specific octivlty of catalase and increases the content of dicarbonyl. Titer of Cygb is decreased in groups induced by CCI4,. There is no significant difference in rats with NAC before and qfler CCI4. Conclusion: Titer of Cygb is decreased qfler 2 days oxidative stress and support the hypothesis that GYgb is play role against oxidative stress. The decrease of Cygb titer is equal with oxidative damage.

Abstrak :
Background: The purpose of this study was to provide a reference of chronic diabetes complications by investigating the prolonged hyperglycemia effects on hematological, biochemical and histopathological changes (liver, kidney, spleen, cardiac muscle, adrenal gland, and endocrine pancreas) in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin. Methods: Ten adult female Sprague-Dawley of uniform age were divided into two Groups. Group 1 was made diabetic by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg/bw) whereas Group 2 served as control. After six months, the rats were anesthetized using pentobarbital. Cardiac puncture was performed to get 3 ml of the blood sample; following 12 hours of an overnight fast. Serum chemistry test and complete blood analysis for lipid profile and blood glucose test; liver and renal functions were performed. Tissue specimens of liver, kidney, spleen, cardiac muscle, adrenal gland, and endocrine pancreas were fixed in 10% formal saline and processed for histological study. Results: There were severe histopathological changes in the affected organs; and the presence of a significant abnormality of lipid profile, liver, and renal functions. Conclusions: The presence of histopathological changes with abnormal biochemical changes is related to the chronic absence of insulin production in the destroyed β –cells which reflect the diabetic complications in a human being.

Abstrak :
The purpose of this study was to provide a reference of chronic diabetes complications by investigating the prolonged hyperglycemia effects on hematological, biochemical and histopathological changes (liver, kidney, spleen, cardiac muscle, adrenal gland, and endocrine pancreas) in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin. Methods: Ten adult female Sprague-Dawley of uniform age were divided into two Groups. Group 1 was made diabetic by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg/bw) whereas Group 2 served as control. After six months, the rats were anesthetized using pentobarbital. Cardiac puncture was performed to get 3 ml of the blood sample; following 12 hours of an overnight fast. Serum chemistry test and complete blood analysis for lipid profile and blood glucose test; liver and renal functions were performed. Tissue specimens of liver, kidney, spleen, cardiac muscle, adrenal gland, and endocrine pancreas were fixed in 10% formal saline and processed for histological study. Results: There were severe histopathological changes in the affected organs; and the presence of a significant abnormality of lipid profile, liver, and renal functions. Conclusions: The presence of histopathological changes with abnormal biochemical changes is related to the chronic absence of insulin production in the destroyed β ?cells which reflect the diabetic complications in a human being.

Abstrak :
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan keamanan dan efek toksik vegeta yang di berikan secara oral selama 90 hari pada tikus.

Abstrak :
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan keamanan dan efek toksik Vegeta yang diberikan secam oral selama 90 hari pada tikus. Delapan puluh tikus strain Spragite-Dawley dibagi secara acak menjadi 4 kelompok. Titip kelompok lerdiii dari 20 tikus, 10 jantan dan 10 betina. Tiap kelompok masing-masing mendapat Vegeta 0,25 g/kg BB; 0,50 g/kg BB; 1,00 g/kg BB (dilantlkan daiam akuades). dan kelompok kontrol mendapat 5,00 ml/ kg BB akuades secara oral memahii xoude lambung selama 90 hari. Berat badan dan tingkah laku tikus tiap hari dievaluasi. Pada hari ke 90 hcwan coba didekapitasi, sampel da rah diambil untuk dinilai kadar hemoglobin, lekosit, SGPT, SCOT, kreatinin, dan ureitrn. Organ daiam juga diambil, dilimbang dan diperiksa secara mikroskopis. Hasil meniinjukkan bahwa Vegeta dosis 0,25 g/kg BB; 0,50 g/kg BB; dan 1,00 g/kg BB tidak inempengarulii berat badan, fungsi luiti dan fungsi ginja! dtbandingkun kelompok kontmi Dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol, tidak didapaikan perbedaan bennakna dalam nilai hemoglobin, tefapi hilling lekosit meningkat pada kelompok yang mendapat 1,00 g/kg BB Vegeta, yang kemungkinan disebabkan oleh infeksi. Berat ofak dan limpa tikus jantan, dan berat paru dan jantung tikus betina pada kelompok Vegeta berbeda dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Tetapi karena perbedaan berat tidak dose related dan tidak didapatkan kelainan mikroskopis yang spexifik dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. ini meniinjukkan bukan merupakan efek toksik Vegeta. Nilai No observed effect level (NOEL) Vegeta 90 hart pemberian secant oral pada tikus jantan dan betina strain Sprague-Dawley adalah 1,00 g/kg BB. (Med J Indones 2006; 15:223-8).

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The objective of this study was to determine the safety and toxic effect of Vegeta giving orally for a period of 90 days in rats. Eighty rats ofSpragtie-Dawley strain were randomly devided into 4 groups. Each group consists of 20 rats, 10 male and 10 female rats. Each group received 0.25 g/kgBW; 0.50 g /kgBW; 1.00 g /kgBW Vegeta (in ac/uades! solution) respectively, and the control group received 5 niL/kgBW aquadest , given orally by gastric tube for 90 days. The rat's body weight and behavior were daily evaluated. On the 901'1 day, the rats were decapitated and the blood samples were withdrawn for evaluation of Hemoglobin, leucocyte, SGPT, SCOT, creatinine, and ureum concentration. Visceral organs were also removed, being weighted and were examined microscopically. The results showed that Vegeta with dose of 0.25 g / kgBW; 0.50 g / kgBW, and ].00 g / kgBW did not affect body weight, liver and renal function compared to control group. There was no significant difference for hemoglobin value compared to control group, but the number of leucocyte increased in 1.00 g / kgBW Vegeta dose group, which was possibly caused by infection. In Vegeta group, there was different spleen and brain weight in male rals, and different lung and heart weight in female rats compared to the control group. However, since it was not dose-related and there was no specific abnormality in microscopic examination compared to the control group, it was not indicated as Vegeta toxic effect. The No observed effect level (NOEL) value of Vegeta for 90 day oral administration in male and female rats of Sprague-Dawley strain was 1.00 g/kgBW. (Med J Indones 2006; 15:223-8).

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Ruang lingkup dan cara penelitian: Kurkumin adalah salah satu zat aktif dari tanaman kurkuma yang banyak terdapat di Indonesia dan sudah lama digunakan sebagai obat, diantaranya untuk penyakit hati. Penelitian kurkumin sebagai hepatoprotektor sudah banyak dilakukan, namun mekanismenya belum diketahui dengan jelas. Beberapa hasil penelitian in vivo pada tikus dan mencit maupun in vitro dengan menggunakan mikrosom hati dan hepatosit tikus, menunjukkan bahwa kurkumin efektif sebagai antioksidan, menghambat enzim sitokrom P450, siklooksigenase dan lipooksigenase serta menghambat proses peroksidasi lipid. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang mekanisme kerja kurkumin sebagai hepatoprotektor, dengan mempelajari efek kurkumin pada mitokondria hati tikus (galur Wistar) terisolasi, menggunakan t-BuOOH sebagai model untuk menimbulkan cedera oksidatif. Isolasi mitokondria dilakukan dengan cara sentrifugasi bertingkat. Fraksi mitokondria yang diperoleh dibagi 4 bagian, masing-masing untuk pengukuran aktivitas enzim suksinat dehidrogenase (SDH) dan sitokrom c oksidase (CCO), kadar glutation (GSH) dan malondialdehid (MDA). Tiap bagian dibagi 9 kelompok. Dalam pengukuran tersebut mitokondria diinkubasi pada suhu 37° C selama 30 menit, dengan atau tanpa penambahan t-BuOOH, dan dengan atau tanpa pemberian kurkumin. Pengukuran ke empat parameter dilakukan secara spektrofotometri pada panjang gelombang 600 nm (untuk SDH), 550 nm (untuk CCO), 412 nm (untuk GSH), dan 530 nm (untuk MDA). Hasil dan kesimpulan: Mitokondria diisolasi cukup baik (RSA untuk SDH = 32.59 dan untuk CCO = 72.18). Penambahan t-BuOOH pada mitokondria terisolasi mengakibatkan deplesi GSH (78 %) yang diikuti oleh peningkatan kadar MDA (125 %), penurunan aktivitas SDH (20 %), dan CCO (22 %). Perubahan ini dapat dihambat oleh kurkumin pada dosis berbeda. Pada dosis 500 RM, kurkumin dapat meningkatkan kadar GSH (50 %) disertai dengan penurunan kadar MDA (45 %), namun tidak diikuti oleh peningkatan aktivitas SDH dan CCO, mungkin dosis ini merupakan dosis toksik untuk enzim SDH dan CCO. Peningkatan aktivitas SDH (23 %) dan CCO (20 %) terlihat pada dosis 5 RM. inkubasi mitokondria mengakibatkan penurunan aktivitas SDH dan CCO dan peningkatan kadar GSH dan MDA, dimana kurkumin tidak mampu melindungi perubahan tersebut, kecuali untuk MDA. Meskipun GSH tidak terlibat langsung pada kegiatan respirasi mitokondria, namun GSH sangat berperan dalam mengontrol ststus redoks di mitokondria serta memelihara integritas membran melalui perlindungan gugus SH protein di membran. Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa kurkumin dapat mencegah kerusakanl gangguan fungsi mitokondria pada rentang dosis 5 - 500 W.

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Field and methodology : Curcumin is an active substances of Curcuma, a plant which is abundantly found in Indonesia. and has traditionally been used as herbal medicine, for instance for liver diseases. There have been many studies carried out on cm-cumin as a hepatoprotective agent. However, the mechanism underlying the protective effects are not known. Some in vivo studies on rate and mice as well as in vitro studies using rat liver microsomes and hepatocytes, showed that cu-cumin is an effective antioxidant, that it causes inhibition of cytochrom P450, cyclooxygenase and lipooxygenase activities and lipid peroxidation . The present study was performed to find out some information on the mechanism of action of curcumin as a hepatoprotective agent, using isolated mitochondria from rat (Wistar) liver as a model and t BuOOH as an oxidative inducing --- agent. The liver mitochondria were isolated using differential cenirifiugatien_.On the isolated mitochondria. was determine the activities of succinate dihydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome a oxidase (CCO) and the contens of reduced glutatione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). In each determination mitochondria) fractions were incubated at 37°C for 30 min, in the presence and absence of t-BuOOH, and with or without cm-cumin. The biochemical parameters were determined spectrophtometrically at 600 nm (SDH), 550 um (CC 0), 412 nm (GSH), 530 um (MDA). Results and conclusion : The mitochondria was purified to high degree (RSA for SDH and CCO, respectively were 33 and 72). The protein yield was 43 mgfg liver wet weight. The addition of t-BuOOH on isolated mitochondria caused GSH depletion (78 %) and increase MDA (125 %) and decrease activites of SDH (20 %) and CCO (22 %). The biochemical alteration could be inhibited by cm-cumin at various concentrations. At 500p.M, cm-cumin could increase GSH level (50 %) and decrease MDA (45 %), but could not increase the activities of SDH and CCO; it appeared that at the concentration cm-cumin was toxic for SDH and CCO. Increase activity of SDH (23 %) and CCO (20 %) was found at the concentration of 51A.M of curcumin. Incubation of mitochondria alone cause decrease activities of SDH and CCO and increase of level GSH and MDA, whereas cm-cumin had no protection, except on MDA level. Although GSH is not directly involved in the activity of mitochondria! respiration, this peptide play a significant role in controlling the redox status of the mitochondria and preserving the membrane integrity through maintaining the thiol contents in the membrane protein. This study demonstrates the protective effects of curcurnin wind oxidative damage of the liver mitochondria in the range of 5 - 500 µM

Abstrak :

Latar belakang:Penyebab utama kematian pasien penyakit ginjal kronis (PGK) adalah penyakit kardiovaskular. Stres oksidatif merupakan mediator dalam patogenesis sindrom kardiorenal. Terapi kombinasi penghambat reseptor angiotensin dan statin dapat dipertimbangkan dalam manajemen pasien PGK karena pendekatannya berbeda dalam menekan stres oksidatif.

Tujuan:Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek irbesartan dan simvastatin terhadap penurunan stres oksidatif melalui pengamatan kadar malondialdehid (MDA) jantung dan serum tikus PGK.

Metode:Penelitian ini menggunakan jantung dan serum tersimpan dari tikus jantan galur Sprague-Dawley yang telah diberikan perlakuan pada penelitian sebelumnya. Terdapat 3 kelompok yakni kontrol normal (sham; n=4), nefrektomi 5/6 (Nx; n=4), dan nefrektomi 5/6 + terapi irbesartan 20mg/kgBB/hari dan simvastatin 10mg/kgBB/hari selama 4 minggu (Nx + Ir-Si; n=4). Kadar MDA sampel jantung dan serum tersimpan diukur dengan metode TBARS. Data dianalisis dengan SPSS menggunakan uji One-Way Anova. Nilai p ≤0.05 dianggap bermakna secara statistik.

Hasil:Pemberian irbesartan 20mg/kgBB/hari dan simvastatin 10mg/kgBB/hari selama 4 minggu menyebabkan kadar MDA yang cenderung meningkat namun tidak bermakna pada organ jantung (p=0,069) dan serum (p=0,091) tikus PGK.

Simpulan:Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara kelompok tikus PGK yang diberi terapi kombinasi irbesartan dan simvastatin dengan kelompok tikus PGK tanpa terapi terhadap hasil rerata kadar MDA jantung dan serum tikus.

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Background:Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of mortality in chronic kidney disease(CKD). Oxidative stress is one of the mediators in cardiorenal syndrome. Combined angiotensin-receptor blockers and statins can be considered in CKDmanagement. 

Purpose:This study aims to determine the effect of irbesartan-simvastatin on reducing oxidative stress by observing malondialdehyde (MDA)levels in the heart and serum of CKD rats model.

Methods:This study uses stored heart tissue and serum from male Sprague-Dawley rats, those had been given treatment in previous study. There are 3 groups which are normal control (sham; n=4), untreated 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx; n=4), and 5/6 nephrectomy + irbesartan 20mg/kgBW/day and simvastatin 10mg/kgBW/day (Nx + Ir-Si; n=4).MDAlevels were measured using TBARS methods. Data were analyzed with SPSSusing One-Way Anova test. p value ≤0.05 is considered statistically significant.

Results:Combined therapy of irbesartan 20mg/kgBW/day and simvastatin 10mg/kgBW/day for 4 weeks caused a tendency in malondialdehyde levels to increase but not statistically significant in heart (p=0.069) and serum (p=0.091)of CKD rats model.

Conclusion:There were no significant differences between group of CKD rats with combined therapy of irbesartan-simvastatin and group of CKD rats without therapy on the MDA levels in heart and serum.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Pendahuluan: Cengkih (Syzygium aromaticum) mengandung eugenol dipercaya memiliki efek antioksidan untuk menangkal paparan radikal bebas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan efek antioksidan cengkih terhadap kerusakan fungsi hati tikus Wistar yang diinduksi oleh CCl4 dengan melihat kadar Malondialdehida (MDA) hati sebagai hasil peroksidasi lipid. Metode: Tiga puluh enam tikus Wistar yang berusia 12 minggu dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok, yaitu kontrol negatif (CCl4), kontrol positif (CCl4 + α-tokoferol), dan 4 kelompok dengan pemberian CCl4 dan cengkih selama 1 hari, 3 hari, 5 hari, dan 7 hari. Hasil: Digunakan uji One-way ANOVA dengan uji perbandingan post hoc LSD. Didapatkan rerata kadar MDA (nmol/mg protein) kontrol positif (0.0140), kontrol negatif (0.0098), 1 hari (0.0370), 3 hari (0.0660), 5 hari (0.0849) dan 7 hari (0.0968). Terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p <0.05) antar kelompok pada uji One-way ANOVA. Berdasarkan uji post hoc LSD, peningkatan kadar MDA dibandingkan kontrol negatif signifikan (p<0.05) pada cengkih 1 hari, 3 hari, 5 hari, dan 7 hari. Kesimpulan: Peningkatan kadar MDA menandakan adanya peningkatan stress oksidatif pada kelompok yang diberikan cengkih. Dengan demikian, cengkih bersifat hepatotoksik karena menyebabkan kerusakan membran lipid.

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ABSTRACT
Introduction: Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) contains eugenol as its main compound known for its antioxidant effect against free radicals. This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant effect of Clove against CCl4-induced Wistar rats hepatotoxicity by measuring liver Malondialdehyde (MDA) level as one of occuring products of lipid peroxidation. Methods: Thirty–six Wistar rats at the age of 12– weeks were divided into six groups: positive control (given CCl4 and α-tocopherol), negative group (CCl4 only), and 4 groups were given CCl4 and clove extract for 1 day, 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days each. Results: One-way ANOVA with post hoc comparisons (LSD) were performed across all groups. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in mean MDA level (nmol/mg protein) between positive control (0.0140), negative control (0.0098), 1 day of clove (0.0370), 3 days clove (0.0660), 5 days clove (0.0849) and 7 days clove (0.0968). The mean MDA levels are significantly higher (p<0.05) in groups that were given 1, 3, 5, and 7 days of clove extract respectively than the negative control group. Conclusions: Higher MDA levels in clove-given groups indicated increased oxidative stress caused by clove. Therefore, clove has hepatotoxic effects in Wistar rats instead of antioxidant effects

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Pendahuluan: Cengkih (Syzygium aromaticum) adalah tanaman yang memiliki banyak manfaat dan umum dibudidayakan di Indonesia. Salah satu kandungan cengkih, eugenol, dikatakan memiliki efek antioksidan, disamping efek-efek menguntungkan lainnya. Penelitian ini menginvestigasi efektivitas ekstrak cengkih sebagai antioksidan pada kerusakan hati tikus karena CCl4, yang dilihat dari aktivitas spesifik enzim katalase. Metode: Tiga puluh enam tikus Wistar dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok dengan perlakuan berbeda, yaitu CCl4 saja (kontrol negatif), CCL4 dan alpha tokoferol (kontrol positif), serta CCl4 dan ekstrak cengkih selama 1 hari, 3 hari, 5 hari, dan 7 hari. Hasil: Dari uji One-way ANOVA dengan post hoc LSD didapatkan aktivitas spesifik enzim katalase yang lebih tinggi pada keempat kelompok yang diberikan ekstrak cengkih dibandingkan kelompok kontrol positif dan kontrol negatif, walaupun secara statistik tidak ditemukan perbedaan yang bermakna. Perbedaan aktivitas spesifik katalase antara kontrol positif (0.0153 U/ml/gr protein) dan kelompok perlakuan 1 hari (0.0271 U/ml/gr protein) mendekati kebermaknaan (p = 0.079). Hasil ini menunjukkan adanya efek hepatotoksik ekstrak cengkih terhadap sel hati tikus Wistar. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak cengkih tidak bermanfaat sebagai antioksidan dalam memperbaiki kerusakan hati tikus Wistar karena CCl4 dilihat dari aktivitas spesifik enzim katalase. ABSTRACT
Introduction: Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is a spice of many purposes, commonly used in many aspects of life in Indonesia. One of the major compounds found in cloves is eugenol, which is recognized for being an antioxidant. This research investigates the efficacy of clove's extract as an antioxidant in CCl4-induced liver damage in Wistar rats, indicated by catalase's specific activity. Methods: Thirty-six Wistar rats was categorized into six groups, which were given only CCl4 (negative control), CCl4 and alpha tocopherol (positive control), CCl4 and clove extract for 1 day, 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days respectively. Results: One-way ANOVA with LSD post hoc comparisons were performed. Catalase specific activity in the four groups that were given clove extracts were higher compared to the negative control and positive control groups, although the difference wasn't statistically significant. The discrepancy between catalase specific activity in the positive control group (0.0153 U/ml/gr protein) and the group which was given one day of clove extract (0.0271 U/ml/gr protein) was close to being statistically significant (p = 0.079). Thus, clove extract is assumed to have a hepatotoxic effect to Wistar rats liver cells. Conclusion: Clove extract has no benefits as an antioxidant in repairing CCl4-induced liver damage in Wistar rats, as indicated by catalase specific activity