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Abstrak :
Kabupaten Banyumas sedang mengalami permasalahanan persampahan pada tahun 2018 yang disebebkan adanya konflik dengan masyarakat sekitar Tempat Pembuangan Akhir Kabupaten Banyumas. Pemerintah Kabupaten Banyumas memiliki strategi untuk mengurangi sampah sebanyak 30% dan menanggulangi sampah sebanyak 70% pada tahun 2025 mendatang. Pada tahun 2018 Pemerintah Kabupaten Banyumas mulai membangun TPS 3R untuk menanggulangi permasalahan tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk 1) menganalisa penambahan lokasi TPS 3R di kecamatan Kota Purwokerto, 2) mengetahui persepsi lingkungan masyarakat Kota Purwokerto terhadap TPS 3R di lingkungannya, dan 3) menentukan lokasi alternatif TPS 3R di kecamatan yang membutuhkan penambahan lokasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan pendekatan spasial dengan menggunakan metode kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa Kecamatan Purwokerto Selatan diperlukan penambahan lokasi alternatif TPS 3R, masyarakat sekitar TPS 3R menghasilkan persepsi yang sangat baik terhadapat TPS 3R, dan lokasi alternatif TPS 3R dapat ditentukan dengan mengacu pada literatur dan peraturan terkait, sehingga lokasi berada di lahan yang memiliki luas > 200 m², jauh dari badan air dan memiliki akses yang mudah dilalui. ......Banyumas is experiencing waste problems in 2018 due to conflicts with the community around the Banyumas Final Disposal Site. The Banyumas Government has a strategy to reduce waste by 30% and manage waste by 70% by 2025. In 2018 the Government of Banyumas began building TPS 3R to overcome this problem. This study aims to 1) analyze the addition of TPS 3R locations in Kota Purwokerto sub-district, 2) determine the environmental perceptions of the Purwokerto City community towards TPS 3R in their environment, and 3) determine alternative TPS 3R locations in sub-districts that require additional locations. This research uses a quantitative approach and a spatial approach using quantitative methods. The results of this study indicate that Purwokerto Selatan District needs to add an alternative location for TPS 3R, the community around TPS 3R produces a very good perception of TPS 3R, and alternative locations for TPS 3R can be determined by referring to related literature and regulations, so that the location is on land that has area > 200 m², far from water bodies and has easy access.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
DSSuperDose v.1.0 merupakan sebuah in-house Treatment Planning System (TPS) yang dikembangkan oleh Laboratorium Fisika Medis dan Biofisika (LFMB) Universitas Indonesia sebagai suatu perangkat lunak perencanaan terapi pesawat teleterapi cobalt-60. Validasi in-house TPS menjadi parameter penting dalam prosedur jaminan kualitas suatu perangkat lunak perencanaan radioterapi. Verifikasi perhitungan manual, perbandingan dengan ISIS TPS, dan pengukuran dosis serap untuk berbagai kondisi berkas dilakukan terhadap tiga unit pesawat teleterapi cobalt-60. Pengukuran dosis serap dilakukan dengan teknik penyinaran SSD tetap, menggunakan detektor bilik ionisasi di titik pengukuran pada sumbu pusat berkas pada media fantom air. Pengolahan data dan evaluasi dilakukan berdasarkan rekomendasi IAEA dalam TRS 430. Performa in-house TPS optimal untuk memberikan perencanaan terapi teknik SSD tetap pada kondisi berkas terbuka dan penggunaan tray yaitu untuk kedalaman hingga 10 cm (≤ 10 cm), dan ukuran lapangan antara 5×5 hingga 20×20 cm2, sementara untuk penggunaan wedge adalah ukuran lapangan yang lebih kecil dari ukuran dimensi fisik wedge. Perhitungan waktu penyinaran oleh in-house TPS juga menunjukkan kesesuaian yang cukup baik terhadap perhitungan waktu penyinaran oleh ISIS TPS yaitu mencapai 96 %. Dengan demikian, in-house TPS ini sudah cukup akurat sebagai suatu perangkat lunak perencanaan terapi. Akurasi perhitungan in-house TPS dipengaruhi data masukan (input) berkas TPS yang digunakan sebagai basic beam data, dan algoritma perhitungan dalam TPS

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ABSTRACT
DSSuperDose v.1.0 is an in-house Treatment Planning System (TPS) developed by Medical Physics and Biophysics Laboratory (LFMB) University of Indonesia as a treatment planning software for cobalt-60 teletherapy unit. Performance validation of TPS calculation is an essensial part in quality assurance (QA) of computerized planning systems for radiotherapy. Verification through manual calculations, comparison to ISIS TPS, and measurements of absorbed dose for varied beam conditions was performed with three teletherapy units. Absorbed dose were measured at central beam axis with an ionization chamber in water phantom. Data evaluation based on IAEA recommendation in TRS 430. In-house TPS gives optimal planning for open and tray beam conditions with depth of isocenter less than 10 cm (≤ 10 cm), and field size 5×5 until 20×20 cm2, while for wedge beam conditions with field size less than the physical size of wedge. Comparison of in-house TPS and ISIS TPS demonstrated a good match of 96 %. From the results, it is concluded that in-house TPS is accurate for treatment planning software of radiotherapy. Accuration of in-house TPS affected by basic beam datas, and calculation algorithm

Abstrak :
This research investigated the role of inquiry and cooperative leraning strategy towards the increase of the cognitive achievent. Quasi experimental research of Pretest - postest nonequivalent control group design with factorial design 2x2x2 were implemented on the odd semester of 2006/2007 on X grade student of the state Senior High School in Metro City Lampung....

Abstrak :
Timbunan sampah di Pasar terus meningkat berasal dari aktivitas pengunjung di Pasar setiap harinya. Pasar Youtefa merupakan pasar tradisional yang berada di Kota Jayapura. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui potensi daur ulang dan alur perjalanan material sampah daur ulang serta upaya meningkatkan daur ulang sampah di TPS Pasar Youtefa. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan pemilahan sampah sesuai SNI 19-3964-1994, wawancara serta survey lapangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai potensi recycling rate sebesar 97,31 walaupun nilai recycling rate dari penjualan material daur ulang sebesar 0,08. Keuntungan ekonomi yang diperoleh setiap harinya adalah Rp 1.789.300,- dan setiap bulannya adalah Rp 53.679.000,- belum termasuk keuntungan kompos dan material lain yang berpotensi didaur ulang. Perjalanan material daur ulang sampah, dimulai dari TPS Pasar Youtefa, lapak kecil, lapak besar dan industri daur ulang. Residu sampah yang diperoleh di TPS Pasar Youtefa, terdiri dari tisu, tekstil, plastik kemasan, tisu, debu, kayu, dan spons. Sedangkan upaya peningkatan daur ulang adalah memaksimalkan pemilahan di sumber, perbaikan kinerja pelaku daur ulang di Kota Jayapura, serta dibangun industri plastik di Kota Jayapura untuk mempersingkat alur perjalanan material sampah daur ulang dan menghemat biaya. Nilai recycling rate eksisting menunjukkan pemanfaatan sampah dari TPS Pasar Youtefa belum maksimal mencapai nilai recycling rate yang seharusnya bisa diperoleh, sehingga pencapaian nilai ekonomi belum maksimum. Solid waste generation in market continues to increase as a result of the activity of visitors in the market every day. Youtefa market is a traditional market located in Jayapura City. This research was conducted to know the potential and the material flow of recycle waste and measures to increase recycling waste of Youtefas Market MRF.To obtained the data, can be done by sorting waste according to SNI 19 3964 1994, interview and surveying. From the research, MRFs Youtefa Market showed the potential of recycling rate is 97,31, only reach 0,08, while the economic value which is obtained every day is about Rp 1.789.300, and every month is about Rp 53.679.000, but excludes compost and other materials potential to recycling. Flow of material recycle waste from Youtefas Market MRF, small stalls, large stalls and recycling industries. The waste residue obtained at the Youtefa rsquo s Market MRF, consisting of tissue,textiles, plastic bag, wood,and sponge. While effort to increase recycling are to maximize the sorting at the source, improvment of performance of recycling actors, as well as constructed plastic industry in Jayapura City to shorten the flow of recycle waste material journey and save cost. Through the existing recycling rate, the Youtefas Market MRF is not yet maximum to reach the recycling rate that should be obtained, so that the economic value is also not maximized.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan evaluasi dosis titik pada kasus kanker payudara untuk teknik Enhanced Dynamic Wedge (EDW), Forward IMRT, dan Inverse IMRT. Evaluasi ini dilakukan dengan mempertimbangkan pergerakan seperti pergerakan pernafasan manusia. Penelitian ini menggunakan fantom Rando jenis fantom female pada saat TPS untuk mendapatkan nilai CT yang mendekati densitas jaringan tubuh manusia. Selain itu, penelitian ini menggunakan Slab fantom RW3berukuran 30 cm  30 cm  10 cm. Fantom ini akan digunakan utuk pengukuran yang dilakukan pada Linear Accelerator (Linac) dengan mensimulasikan couch dalam keadaan diam dan pergerakan secara translasi pada bidang Anterior Posterior (AP) untuk menirukan pergerakan akibat pernafasan manusia. Pengukuran yang diperoleh berupa dosis titik menggunakan dosimeter thermoluminescence TLD LiF-100. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan pada daerah target, yaitu breast atas dan breast bawah serta daerah Organ at Risk (OAR), persentase dosis terbesar dimiliki oleh teknik EDW pada keadaan dinamik dan persentase dosis terkecil dimiliki oleh teknik Inverse IMRT. Pergerakan anterior posterior memberikan konstribusi terhadap peningkatan persentase dosis pengukuran TLD dengan TPS untuk teknik EDW, Forward IMRT, dan Inverse IMRT berkisar antara 2% sampai 50%. ......This research aimed to evaluate point doses in breast cancer cases for the Enhanced Dynamic Wedge (EDW), Forward IMRT, and Inverse IMRT techniques. The evaluation was conducted considering motion, such as human respiratory motion. The study utilized a female Rando phantom during the Treatment Planning System (TPS) to obtain CT values approximating human tissue density. Furthermore, a 30 cm  30 cm  10 cm  Slab phantom RW3 was used in the research. The phantom was employed for measurements performed on the Linear Accelerator (Linac), simulating a stationary couch and translational motion in the Anterior-Posterior (AP) plane to mimic respiratory-induced motion. Point dose measurements were taken using the LiF-100 thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLD).  From this study, it was found that in the target areas, namely the upper and lower breast regions, as well as the Organ at Risk (OAR) areas, the EDW technique exhibited the highest percentage of dose in dynamic conditions, while the Inverse IMRT technique had the lowest percentage of dose. The anterior-posterior motion contributed to an increase in the percentage of dose measurement differences between TLD and TPS for the EDW, Forward IMRT, and Inverse IMRT techniques, ranging from 2% to 50%.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi distribusi dosis radioterapi pada kasus kanker payudara dengan Teknik EDW menggunakan simulasi monte carlo. Menggunakan fantom Rando female sebagai objek untuk mendapatkan nilai CT dengan pendekatan jaringan tubuh manusia. Penelitian dilakukan dengan 2 tahap. Tahap 1 commissioning Monte Carlo pada lapangan 10 × 10 dengan sudut wedge 25. Tahap 2 simulasi Monte Carlo menyesuaikan perencanaan pada TPS untuk kasus kanker payudara pada fantom rando. Evaluasi pada dosis titik dilakukan dengan membandingkan nilai dosis pada simulasi Monte Carlo dengan TPS dan pengukuran TLD. Hasil dari commissioning menunjukkan seluruh nilai profile pada kedalaman 10 cm berada dalam batas toleransi IAEA TRS 430. Hasil perbandingan pada fantom rando dengan pengukuran TPS dan TLD untuk organ Breast atas berturut-turut adalah 2,08% dan 5,45% sedangkan untuk Breast bawah adalah 4,59% dan 5,98%, untuk jantung adalah 12,76% dan 13,68%, dan untuk paru-paru adalah 12,76% dan 13,68%. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut hasil simulasi memiliki akurasi data yang cukup baik jika dibandingkan dengan pengukuran pada TPS dan pengukuran yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan TLD. ......The research was conducted to evaluate the radiation dose distribution in breast cancer cases using the Electron Dynamic Wedge (EDW) technique through Monte Carlo simulations. The research comprised two phases: Phase 1 involved commissioning Monte Carlo for 10 x 10 field with a 25-degree wedge angle, while phase 2 entailed Monte Carlo simulations to adapt planning on the Treatment Planning System (TPS) for breast cancer cases in the Rando phantom. Point dose evaluation involved comparing dose values in Monte Carlo simulations with those in the TPS and Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLD) measurements. Commissioning results demonstrated that all profile values at a depth of 10 cm fell within the tolerance limits of IAEA TRS 430. Comparisons on the Rando phantom between TPS and TLD measurements for the upper breast organ yielded percentages of 2.08% and 5.45%, respectively. For the lower breast, the percentages were 4.59% and 5.98%. Comparisons for the heart resulted in percentages of 12.76% and 13.68%, while for the lungs, they were 12.76% and 13.68%. Based on these findings, the simulation results indicated reasonably good accuracy when compared to both TPS measurements and measurements conducted using TLD.

Abstrak :
Evaluasi persamaan matematik perpotongan dua garis untuk rekonstruksi koordinat dua citra proyeksi sinar-X telah dilakukan. Tujuan evaluasi adalah untuk menentukan angka kesalahan dalam proses rekonstruksi dan karakteristik praktis-nya ketika persamaan rekonstruksi tersebut digunakan oleh perangkat rekonstruksi koordinat sistem brakitherapi. Faktor kesalahan manusia diantisipasi akan masuk melalui variabel data yang digunakan dalam persamaan tersebut, karena data tersebut berasal dari dua citra proyeksi sinar-X semi-orthogonal yang ditentukan secara manual menggunakan perangkat lunak penampil citra. Evaluasi dilakukan dengan cara membandingkan hasil titik rekonstruksi dengan titik yang telah diketahui koordinatnya, serta menghitung deviasi hasil rekonstruksi terhadap beberapa titik lain yang diambil dengan orientasi proyeksi yang berbeda. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa proses rekonstruksi koordinat menggunakan teknik titik potong dua garis lurus ini mempunyai kesalahan 0,1 cm menggunakan resolusi citra proyeksi 80 pixel per cm. Proses rekonstruksi berpotensi gagal jika resolusi citra yang digunakan dibawah angka tersebut.

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An evaluation of two lines crossing mathematical equations for coordinate reconstruction of two X-ray projection images has been done. The purpose of the evaluation is to define its error value and its practical characteristics when the equations are used during reconstruction process to determine the coordinate on a brachytherapy system. Human error will be involved through the data variable used by the equations as these data are obtained from two images of semi orthogonal X-ray projections detremined manually using an image viewer software. The evaluation is implemented by comparing the point as the result of the reconstruction with those that have been known their coordinate values and computing their reconstruction deviation toward some fix points that were taken their images from different projection orientation. The test results showed that the reconstruction coordinat process using a point of two straight lines intersection method has an error of 0.1 cm using a projection image resolution of 80 pixels per cm. The reconstruction process is potentially fail if the resolution image used below the number.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Pertumbuhan penduduk, pertumbuhan ekonomi dan urbanisasi di kota- kota besar di negara berkembang seperti Jakarta menyebabkan timbulan/generasi sampah semakin meningkat. Sementara itu kapasitas TPA semakin menurun. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut diperlukan upaya pengurangan sampah sejak dari sumbernya. TPS 3R dapat mengurangi volume sampah yang diangkut dan dibuang ke TPA melalui pengomposan dan daur ulang pada skala kawasan. Namun demikian TPS 3R sangat mengandalkan peran serta masyarakat dalam bentuk retribusi sampah dan pemilahan sampah sejak dari sumbernya. Metode Choice Modeling (CM) dan Contingent Valuation (CV) digunakan untuk mengetahui WTP masyarakat atas beragam pilihan layanan sampah berbasis 3R. CM digunakan untuk mengestimasi harga implisit tiap atribut layanan seperti aroma TPS, pemilahan dan frekuensi pengumpulan sampah. Hasil CM menunjukkan pemilahan sampah dari sumber masih merupakan beban bagi rumah tangga sedangkan aroma TPS yang semakin tidak bau dan pemilahan sampah di TPS menambah utilitas rumah tangga. Secara keseluruhan rumah tangga ternyata memberikan penilaian yang cukup tinggi pada layanan manajemen sampah berbasis 3R. Dengan membandingkan potensi pendapatan dengan biaya layanan manajemen sampah tiap skenario, ditemukan bahwa tingkat cost recovery layanan manajemen sampah ramah lingkungan/TPS 3R lebih tinggi dibandingkan layanan konvensional. Dengan adanya tingkat cost recovery yang lebih tinggi dan sejumlah eksternalitas positif yang dapat diperoleh, tidak ada alasan bagi pemda untuk tidak mendukung layanan manajemen sampah berbasis 3R.

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ABSTRACT
Population,economic growth and urbanization in big cities in developing countries like Jakarta cause proliferating growth in solid waste generation. Meanwhile landfill capacity is diminishing. To overcome this problem, efforts to reduce waste from the source are needed. Solid waste intermediate treatment facilities based on 3R principles (TPS 3R) can reduce waste which must be transported and disposed through communal composting and recycling. However TPS 3R relies on community participation in the form of waste retribution and at-source-wastesorting. Choice Modelling (CM) and Contingent Valuation (CV) are used to elicit consumers? willingness to pay (WTP) for different service options. The CM especially aims to estimate the implicit price for each service attribute such as the TPS odour, at source waste sorting and collection frequency. CM results indicate at-source-waste-sorting is still a burden for households while the diminishing bad odour and waste sorting in TPS add household utilities. Overall household turned out to give a fairly high valuation on 3R-based solid waste management services. By comparing the potential service fee revenue with its operational cost in each scenario, it was found that the cost recovery rate of ecological solid waste management service/TPS 3R is higher than the conventional one. With higher cost recovery rate and a number of positive externalities that can be obtained, there is no reason for the government not to support 3R-based solid waste management service/TPS 3R.;Population,economic growth and urbanization in big cities in developing countries like Jakarta cause proliferating growth in solid waste generation. Meanwhile landfill capacity is diminishing. To overcome this problem, efforts to reduce waste from the source are needed. Solid waste intermediate treatment facilities based on 3R principles (TPS 3R) can reduce waste which must be transported and disposed through communal composting and recycling. However TPS 3R relies on community participation in the form of waste retribution and at-source-wastesorting. Choice Modelling (CM) and Contingent Valuation (CV) are used to elicit consumers? willingness to pay (WTP) for different service options. The CM especially aims to estimate the implicit price for each service attribute such as the TPS odour, at source waste sorting and collection frequency. CM results indicate at-source-waste-sorting is still a burden for households while the diminishing bad odour and waste sorting in TPS add household utilities. Overall household turned out to give a fairly high valuation on 3R-based solid waste management services. By comparing the potential service fee revenue with its operational cost in each scenario, it was found that the cost recovery rate of ecological solid waste management service/TPS 3R is higher than the conventional one. With higher cost recovery rate and a number of positive externalities that can be obtained, there is no reason for the government not to support 3R-based solid waste management service/TPS 3R.;Population,economic growth and urbanization in big cities in developing countries like Jakarta cause proliferating growth in solid waste generation. Meanwhile landfill capacity is diminishing. To overcome this problem, efforts to reduce waste from the source are needed. Solid waste intermediate treatment facilities based on 3R principles (TPS 3R) can reduce waste which must be transported and disposed through communal composting and recycling. However TPS 3R relies on community participation in the form of waste retribution and at-source-wastesorting. Choice Modelling (CM) and Contingent Valuation (CV) are used to elicit consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for different service options. The CM especially aims to estimate the implicit price for each service attribute such as the TPS odour, at source waste sorting and collection frequency. CM results indicate at-source-waste-sorting is still a burden for households while the diminishing bad odour and waste sorting in TPS add household utilities. Overall household turned out to give a fairly high valuation on 3R-based solid waste management services. By comparing the potential service fee revenue with its operational cost in each scenario, it was found that the cost recovery rate of ecological solid waste management service/TPS 3R is higher than the conventional one. With higher cost recovery rate and a number of positive externalities that can be obtained, there is no reason for the government not to support 3R-based solid waste management service/TPS 3R., Population,economic growth and urbanization in big cities in developing countries like Jakarta cause proliferating growth in solid waste generation. Meanwhile landfill capacity is diminishing. To overcome this problem, efforts to reduce waste from the source are needed. Solid waste intermediate treatment facilities based on 3R principles (TPS 3R) can reduce waste which must be transported and disposed through communal composting and recycling. However TPS 3R relies on community participation in the form of waste retribution and at-source-wastesorting. Choice Modelling (CM) and Contingent Valuation (CV) are used to elicit consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for different service options. The CM especially aims to estimate the implicit price for each service attribute such as the TPS odour, at source waste sorting and collection frequency. CM results indicate at-source-waste-sorting is still a burden for households while the diminishing bad odour and waste sorting in TPS add household utilities. Overall household turned out to give a fairly high valuation on 3R-based solid waste management services. By comparing the potential service fee revenue with its operational cost in each scenario, it was found that the cost recovery rate of ecological solid waste management service/TPS 3R is higher than the conventional one. With higher cost recovery rate and a number of positive externalities that can be obtained, there is no reason for the government not to support 3R-based solid waste management service/TPS 3R.]