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"Background: The determination of branched chain amino acids (BCAA) to tyrosine ratio (BTR) was available in making differentiation of chronic hepatitis from liver cirrhosis, because there was a strong association between BTR and staging (fibrosis) scores. Branched chain ammo acids to tvrosine ratio have a correlation with Fischer ratio and the examination is easier because it can be done by enzymatic assay.Materials and Methods: To evaluate the correlation between BTR and Child-Pugh score, we examined the amino gram of 52 liver cirrhosis patients consisted of 26 Child-Pugh A, 19 Child-Pugh B, and 7 Child-Pugh C. The examination of amino gram was done by High Pressure Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) analyzer. Branched chain amino acids to tyrosine ratio were compared to Child-Pugh score, albumin, ammonia level, number connection test to Fischer ratio.Results: Significant differences in BTR among Child-Pugh A, B, C were observed (Child-Pugh A 7.75 ± 1.2; Child Pugh B 6.0 ± 1.23 and Child Pugh C 4.38 + 3.14 (p = 0.000)). Branched chain amino acids to tyrosine ratio had a weak correlation with albumin fr - 0.292; p = 0.036), ammonia level (r = 0.376; p = 0.006) and strong correlation with Fischer ratio (r = 0.818; p = 0.000). There was no significant correlation between BTR and number connection test.Conclusion: These results showed that the determination of the molar ratio of branched chain amino acids to tyrosine well reflected the severity of liver cirrhosis and it can be used as a substitute of Fischer ratio."

"Forty-eight male weanling rats (91 g) were utilized to study the nutritional adequacy of cooked polished white rice. Ratswere individually housed, and allowed ad libitum access to one of six treatment diets. Treatment diets were 1) polishedwhite rice plus 10% casein and 0.18% methionine, CAS, 2) polished white rice, WHR, 3) polished white rice plus0.45% lysine, LYS, 4) polished white rice plus0.40% methionine, MET, 5) polished white rice plus 0.30% threonine,THR, 6) polished white rice plus 0.45% lysine, 0.40% methionine, and 0.40% threonine, COM. Rice was cooked priordiet formulation using a 3 to 1 ratio of water to rice. Vitamins (AIN-76) and AIN minerals were added to all diets tomeet NRC (1978) requirements. Rats fed CAS diets were significantly heavier on d 21 (P<0.05) than rats on COM,LYS, MET, THR, or WHR diets, (219.9 vs. 171.6, 153.2, 153.2, 148.3, or 155.4 g respectively). Supplementation of themost deficient essential amino acids, lysine (LYS) or methionine (MET) did not improve (P>0.05) rat performance overWHR fed rats, Average daily gain (ADG) for CAS was 6.1 g/d and ADG for LYS and MET was 3.0 g/d. The additionof threonine (THR) significantly (P<0.05) reduced ADG when compared to WHR diets (2.7 vs. 3.0 g/d). When ratswere fed to COM diet significant (P<0.05) improvement in ADG was observed compared to WHR fed rats (4.8 vs. 3.0g/d). The increased gains achieved with COM diet and the poor gains observed with the single amino acid diets (LYS,MET, or THR) would suggest that polished white rice is limiting in more than one essential amino acid."

"Industri farmasi bertanggung jawab untuk memastikan produksi obat yang aman, berkualitas, dan efektif. Salah satu tantangan utama adalah deteksi dan pengelolaan cemaran, termasuk cemaran besi, yang dapat memengaruhi keamanan dan kualitas produk farmasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kadar cemaran besi dalam asam amino tirosin dan lisin asetat yang digunakan dalam industri farmasi. Proses analisis melibatkan pengujian kekeruhan dan penentuan kadar besi sesuai standar farmakope. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa larutan uji tirosin dan lisin asetat tidak melebihi kekeruhan larutan pembanding. Selain itu, kadar besi pada kedua larutan memenuhi batas yang ditetapkan dalam monografi. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa tirosin dan lisin asetat yang diuji aman untuk digunakan dalam formulasi farmasi. Identifikasi cemaran secara rutin menjadi langkah penting untuk memastikan keamanan, efikasi, dan mutu produk farmasi.

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The pharmaceutical industry is responsible for ensuring the production of safe, high-quality, and effective drugs. One of the primary challenges is the detection and management of impurities, including iron impurities, which can impact the safety and quality of pharmaceutical products. This study aims to identify the iron impurity levels in tyrosine and lysine acetate amino acids used in the pharmaceutical industry. The analysis process involved turbidity testing and iron content determination in accordance with pharmacopeial standards. The results indicated that the test solutions of tyrosine and lysine acetate did not exceed the turbidity of the reference solution. Furthermore, the iron levels in both solutions met the limits specified in the monograph. These findings demonstrate that the tested tyrosine and lysine acetate are safe for use in pharmaceutical formulations. Routine impurity identification is an essential step in ensuring the safety, efficacy, and quality of pharmaceutical products. "

"Industri farmasi bertanggung jawab untuk memastikan produksi obat yang aman, berkualitas, dan efektif. Salah satu tantangan utama adalah deteksi dan pengelolaan cemaran, termasuk cemaran besi, yang dapat memengaruhi keamanan dan kualitas produk farmasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kadar cemaran besi dalam asam amino tirosin dan lisin asetat yang digunakan dalam industri farmasi. Proses analisis melibatkan pengujian kekeruhan dan penentuan kadar besi sesuai standar farmakope. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa larutan uji tirosin dan lisin asetat tidak melebihi kekeruhan larutan pembanding. Selain itu, kadar besi pada kedua larutan memenuhi batas yang ditetapkan dalam monografi. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa tirosin dan lisin asetat yang diuji aman untuk digunakan dalam formulasi farmasi. Identifikasi cemaran secara rutin menjadi langkah penting untuk memastikan keamanan, efikasi, dan mutu produk farmasi.

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The pharmaceutical industry is responsible for ensuring the production of safe, high-quality, and effective drugs. One of the primary challenges is the detection and management of impurities, including iron impurities, which can impact the safety and quality of pharmaceutical products. This study aims to identify the iron impurity levels in tyrosine and lysine acetate amino acids used in the pharmaceutical industry. The analysis process involved turbidity testing and iron content determination in accordance with pharmacopeial standards. The results indicated that the test solutions of tyrosine and lysine acetate did not exceed the turbidity of the reference solution. Furthermore, the iron levels in both solutions met the limits specified in the monograph. These findings demonstrate that the tested tyrosine and lysine acetate are safe for use in pharmaceutical formulations. Routine impurity identification is an essential step in ensuring the safety, efficacy, and quality of pharmaceutical products. "

"Industri farmasi bertanggung jawab untuk memastikan produksi obat yang aman, berkualitas, dan efektif. Salah satu tantangan utama adalah deteksi dan pengelolaan cemaran, termasuk cemaran besi, yang dapat memengaruhi keamanan dan kualitas produk farmasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kadar cemaran besi dalam asam amino tirosin dan lisin asetat yang digunakan dalam industri farmasi. Proses analisis melibatkan pengujian kekeruhan dan penentuan kadar besi sesuai standar farmakope. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa larutan uji tirosin dan lisin asetat tidak melebihi kekeruhan larutan pembanding. Selain itu, kadar besi pada kedua larutan memenuhi batas yang ditetapkan dalam monografi. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa tirosin dan lisin asetat yang diuji aman untuk digunakan dalam formulasi farmasi. Identifikasi cemaran secara rutin menjadi langkah penting untuk memastikan keamanan, efikasi, dan mutu produk farmasi.

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The pharmaceutical industry is responsible for ensuring the production of safe, high-quality, and effective drugs. One of the primary challenges is the detection and management of impurities, including iron impurities, which can impact the safety and quality of pharmaceutical products. This study aims to identify the iron impurity levels in tyrosine and lysine acetate amino acids used in the pharmaceutical industry. The analysis process involved turbidity testing and iron content determination in accordance with pharmacopeial standards. The results indicated that the test solutions of tyrosine and lysine acetate did not exceed the turbidity of the reference solution. Furthermore, the iron levels in both solutions met the limits specified in the monograph. These findings demonstrate that the tested tyrosine and lysine acetate are safe for use in pharmaceutical formulations. Routine impurity identification is an essential step in ensuring the safety, efficacy, and quality of pharmaceutical products. "

"Background: The determination of branched chain amino acids (BCAA) to tyrosine ratio (BTR) was available in making differentiation of chronic hepatitis from liver cirrhosis, because there was a strong association between BTR and staging (fibrosis) scores. Branched chain ammo acids to tyrosine ratio have a correlation with Fischer ratio and the examination is easier because it can be done by enzymatic assay.Materials and Methods: To evaluate the correlation between BTR and Child-Pugh score, we examined the amino gram of 52 liver cirrhosis patients consisted of 26 Child-Pugh A, 19 Child-Pugh B, and 7 Child-Pugh C. The examination of amino gram was done by High Pressure Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) analyzer. Branched chain amino acids to tyrosine ratio were compared to Child-Pugh score, albumin, ammonia level, number connection test to Fischer ratio.Results: Significant differences in BTR among Child-Pugh A, B, C were observed (Child-Pugh A 7.75 ± 1.2; Child Pugh B 6.0 ± 1.23 and Child Pugh C 4.38 + 3.14 (p = 0.000)). Branched chain amino acids to tyrosine ratio had a weak correlation with albumin fr - 0.292; p = 0.036), ammonia level (r = 0.376; p = 0.006) and strong correlation with Fischer ratio (r = 0.818; p = 0.000). There was no significant correlation between BTR and number connection test.Conclusion: These results showed that the determination of the molar ratio of branched chain amino acids to tyrosine well reflected the severity of liver cirrhosis and it can be used as a substitute of Fischer ratio."

"ABSTRAKPasien kanker umumnya mengalami penurunan berat badan terkait kaheksia. Patofisiologi kaheksia kanker multifaktorial, termasuk efek sitokin pro inflamasi dan inflamasi sistemik. Profil asam amino plasma pada pasien kanker mengalami perubahan. Deplesi protein dapat terjadi akibat asupan yang menurun atau efek langsung dari tumor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil dan hubungan antara asam amino serum, status nutrisi dan sitokin-sitokin pro-anti inflamasi, serta sel T helper 17 pada pasien kaheksia kanker paru. Penelitian potong lintang dengan consecutive sampling pada pasien kanker paru dengan kaheksia ini mengambil subjek berusia lebih dari 18 tahun dan belum diterapi atau sudah selesai terapi lebih dari 2 bulan di Rumah Sakit Kanker Dharmais. Analisis asupan dilakukan dengan food frequency questionnaire semikuantitatif dan 24-hours food recall. Pemeriksaan asam amino serum dengan metode spektofotometri, Sel T helper-17 dengan metode flowcytometry, dan C-reactive protein dengan metode latex agglutination, serta kadar IL 17, IL 6 dan TNFα dengan metode ELISA. Data yg didapat kemudian di analisis dengan uji T atau Mann Whitney untuk melihat hubungan dan untuk menganalisis hubungan dalam tabel digunakan uji Chi-Square atau Fischer Exact, sedangkan untuk korelasi digunakan uji Pearson atau Spearman. Asam amino triptofan, asparagin, glutamin, valin, lisin dan sistein berkorelasi positif dengan sitokin anti-inflamasi dan status nutrisi, sebaliknya negatif dengan sitokin pro inflamasi. Asam amino fenilalanin, treonin, dan glutamat berkorelasi positif dengan sitokin pro-inflamasi dan berkorelasi negatif dengan status nutrisi dan sitokin anti inflamasi. Khusus aspartat, selain berkorelasi positif dengan sitokin pro inflamasi, juga berkorelasi positif dengan indeks massa tubuh, tetapi menunjukkan korelasi negatif dengan penurunan berat badan. Beberapa asam amino serum terbukti berhubungan dengan status sitokin dan status nutrisi pada subjek kanker paru dengan kaheksia, sehingga perlu menjadi perhatian dalam terapi nutrisi pasien kankerKata kunci: asam amino serum, status nutrisi, sitokin, kaheksia kanker

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ABSTRACTCancer patients generally experience weight loss associated with cancer cachexia. The pathophysiology of cancer cachexia is multifactorial, including the effects of pro inflammatory cytokines and systemic inflammation.. The plasma amino acid profile was found to significantly undergo changes in cancer patients. Protein depletion can occur due to decreased intake or direct effects of tumors on protein metabolism. This study aimed to determine the profile and relationship between serum amino acids, nutritional status and pro-anti-inflammatory cytokines, and T helper 17 cells in lung cancer cachexia patients. This cross-sectional study with consecutive sampling in lung cancer patients with cachexia took subjects over the age of 18 years and who had not been treated or who had finished therapy for more than 2 months at the Dharmais Cancer Hospital. Dietary intake analyses were carried out with semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour food recalls. Blood tests were carried out in the form of serum amino acids, cytokines, C-reactive protein and T helper 17 cells. Data obtained were then analyzed by the T or Mann Whitney test to see the relationship and to analyze relationships in the table used chi-square or Fischer Exact, while for correlation used Pearson or Spearman test. The amino acids tryptophan, asparagine, glutamine, valine, lysine and cysteine were positively correlated with anti-inflammatory cytokines and nutritional status, and negatively correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Phenylalanine, threonine and glutamate amino acids were positively correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokines and negatively correlated with nutritional status and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Aspartate showed a positive correlation pro inflammatory cytokines and body mass index, but a negative correlation with weight loss. Some serum amino acids have been shown to be related to cytokines and nutritional status in lung cancer cachexia patients, so it should be a concern in nutritional therapy for cancer patients"

"Protein biomassa mikroba diharapkan menjadi sumber protein tambahan besar selama krisis pangan Limbah lumpur aktif telah dilaporkan mengandung nutrisi penting dan potensial sebagai pengganti protein non konvensional Protein terdiri dari asam amino dengan mengetahui cara efisien mengekstrak asam amino dari limbah lumpur aktif sangat penting untuk meningkatkan pemahaman produksi protein intraseluler dari air limbah Terdapat tiga metode yang diusulkan untuk mengevaluasi ekstrak asam amino dan asam amino bebas dari dua sumber lumpur limbah sintetis dan asli Metode 1 menggunakan ultrasonication untuk solubilisasi dan 32 wt HCl untuk 16 jam hidrolisis Metode 2 dibedakan menjadi dua metode solubilisasi a Alkali ultrasonication dan b Hanya alkali dilanjutkan dengan 6N HCl untuk 24 jam hidrolisis Metode 1 menghasilkan sedikit lebih tinggi dari ekstraksi total asam amino dengan total konten asam amino g g MLVSS 28 6 dan 24 0 dibandingkan dengan Metode 2a dengan 29 3 dan 21 6 untuk limbah sintetis dan limbah asli masing masingnya Secara signifikan Metode 2b memberikan hasil terendah dengan 11 6 pada limbah asli Dalam kesimpulan umum untuk skala limbah asli Metode 1 memberikan hasil yang terbaik untuk ekstraksi asam amino.

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Microbial biomass protein is expected to be the major supplementary protein source during the food crisis. Waste activated sludge (WAS) has been reported to contain important nutrients and is potential as non-conventional protein substitutes. Proteins are composed of amino acids, by knowing how to efficiently extract amino acids from WAS is crucial to improve the understanding of intracellular protein production from wastewater. Three methods were proposed to evaluate the amino acids and free amino acids extraction from two sludge sources; lab and full-scale sludge. Method 1 utilised ultrasonication for solubilisation and 32 wt% HCl for 16h hydrolysis. Method 2 differentiate to two solubilisation methods; a). Alkaline + ultrasonication and b). Alkaline only, followed by 24h hydrolysis with 6N HCl. Method 1 gave slightly higher result of total amino acids extraction with a total amino acids content (g/g MLVSS) 28.6% and 24.0% compared to Method 2a with 29.3% and 21.6%, for lab scale and full scale sludge, respectively. Significantly, Method 2b gave lowest result with 11.6% in full scale sludge. In general conclusion for full scale sludge, Method 1 gave the best result for amino acids extraction."

"Ruang Lingkup dan Cara Penelitian : Malnutrisi seringkali terjadi pada penderita Gagal Ginjal kronik (GGK) dengan Hemodialisis (HD), yang disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor termasuk gangguan metabolisme energi dan protein, perubahan hormonal, infeksi, serta asupan makanan. Di samping itu, hemodi alisis sendiri meningkatkan katabolisme protein. Untuk mengatasi keadaan tersebut diperlukan asupan protein lebih besar dari penderita non dialisis. Substitusi analog keto dan asam amino esensial pada penderita GGK dengan HD, dapat diharapkan memperbaiki gangguan metabolisme protein tanpa menambah beban pada ginjal. Di dalam tubuh analog keto mengalami transaminasi membentuk asam amino esensial yang diperlukan untuk sintesa protein, oleh karena itu, suplementasi campuran analog keto dan asam amino esensial dipertimbangkan untuk meningkatkan asupan protein. Di Indonesia belum pernah dilakukan penelitian suplementasi campuran analog keto dan asam amino esensial pada penderita GGK dengan HD, walaupun di negara maju dengan kondisi berbeda sudah pernah dilakukan.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai pengaruh suplementasi analog keto dan asam amino esensial terhadap status protein penderita GGK dengan HD.Campuran analog keto dan asam amino esensial sebanyak 7,5 g dan vitamin B6 20 mg dalam bentuk-kapsul sebanyak 9 kapsul, diberikan secara peroral setiap hari selama 3 minggu. Penelitian dilakukan secara acak sederhana tersamar tunggal terhadap 39 penderita GGK dengan HD. Penderita GGK dengan HD dibagi dalam 2 kelompok, masing-masing 20 dan 19 orang. Kelompok kontrol diberi kapsul plasebo dan kelompok perlakuan diberikan suplementasi. Data 10 orang masing-masing 5 orang dari tiap kelompok dikeluarkan karena tidak memenuhi persyaratan.Hasil dan Kesimpulan : Nilai rata-rata(Y) kadar transferin kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan sebelum dilakukan suplementasi adalah berturut-turut (396,73 ± 48,38 mg/dl) dan (406,71t 31,95 mg/dl) Sesudah suplementasi kadar transferin pada kelompok kontrol cenderung penurunan lebih besar ( 390,92 ± 54,92 mg/dl) daripada kelompok perlakuan (387,73 ± 63,88 mg/dl) tetapi hasil uji statistik terhadap perubahan ini tidak bermakna (p > 0,05).Kesimpulan: Suplementasi campuran analog keto dan asam amino esensial pada penderita GGK dengan HD yang mempunyai status protein baik, agaknya tidak memberi pengaruh terhadap status proteinnya.

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The Effects Of Supplementation Of A Mixture Of Ketoanalogues And Essential Amino Acids On The Protein Status Of Chronic Renal Failure Patients On HemodialysisScope and Method of study: Malnutrition often occurs to chronic renal failure (CRF) patients on hemodialysis (HD). This may be a consequence of multiple factors including disturbances in energy and protein metabolism, hormonal derangements, infections and poor food intake. Besides, hemodialysis it self increases protein catabolism. To overcome such cases CRF patients on HD need more protein intake than non dialysis patients. Substituting ketoanalogues (SA)-and essential amino acids (EAA) in CRF patients on HD is hoped to be able to-eliminate the disturbance of protein metabolism without adding more work load to the kidney. In the body ketoanalogues undergo transamination to form EAA needed to synthesize protein. Therefore, supplementation of a mixture of KA and EAA is considered as means to increase protein intake. In Indonesia a study on the supplementation of a mixture of KA and EAA has never been done, whereas in developed countries, some have been done on different conditions.The aim of this study is to asses the effects of a mixture of KA and EAA on the protein status of CEF patients on HD. A mixture of KA and EAA amounting to 7,5 g and 20 mg of vitamin B6 was put into 9 capsules orally for three weeks. In this study 39 CRF patient on HD were randomly divided into two groups, each consisted of 20 and 19 subjects. The control group was given placebo capsules, and the treatment group was given supplementation. Ten subjects, 5 from each group,were excluded because they didn't participate well in the study.Findings and Conclusions :The mean of transferrin level of the control and treatment groups before the supplementation was 396,73 ± 48,38 mg/dl and 406,71 ± 31,95 mg/dl respectively. After the supplementation transferrin level of the control group to decreased (390,92 ± 54,92 mg/dl) more than that of the treatment group (387,73 ± 63,88 mg/dl). However, statistically the change was not significant. It can be concluded that the supplementation of a mixture of KA and EAA to CR patients on HD who had good protein status, presumably, did not affect their protein status."

"Ruang Lingkup dan Cara penelitian : Selama kehamilan, untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pertumbuhan janin yang optimal diperlukan adaptasi ibu. Salah satu di antaranya terjadi perubahan kadar hormon pertumbuhan plasenta (hPGH), diduga akan menyebabkan kadar glukosa dan asam amino ibu meningkat. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat perbedaan kadar glukosa dan asam amino ibu dan bayi dengan berat lahir rendah (BBLR) dan berat lahir normal (BBLN). Penelitian ini berupa studi eksploratif pada dua kelompok ibu hamil aterm (38 - 40 minggu). Kelompok I, 15 ibu hamil yang mempunyai taksiran berat janin antara 2000 - 2500 g. Kelompok II, ibu hamil yang mempunyai taksiran berat janin antara 2501 - 3500 g. Pengambilan percontoh darah dari vena kubiti ibu dan darah talipusat untuk pemeriksaan kadar glukosa dan asam amino total. Selain itu juga diukur berat plasenta. Dilakukan perbandingan nilai rata-rata antara dua kelompok dengan batas kemaknaan α = 5%.Hasil dan Kesimpulan : Kadar glukosa serum ibu kelompok BBLR = 112,4 mg/dl. Kelompok BBLN = 110,93 mg/dl. Kadar asam amino serum ibu kelompok BBLR = 5,62 mg/dl. Kelompok BBLN = 4,45 mg/dl. Kadar glukosa serum talipusat (bayi) kelompok BBLR = 97,13 mg/dl, kelompok BBLN = 107,33 mg/dl. Kadar asam amino serum talipusat kelompok BBLR = 6,33 mg/dl, kelompok BBLN = 4,79 mg/dl. Berat plasenta BBLR = 416,66 g. Berat plasenta BBLN = 483,33 g. Kadar glukosa dan asam amino ibu dan bayi dengan berat lahir rendah tidak berbeda dengan berat normal.

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Serum Levels Of Glucose And Amino Acids Of Mothers And Babies Of Low Birth Weight And NormalScope and Method of Study : During pregnancy, the mother supplies all essential nutrients for fetal growth and development. Maternal adaptations occur to meet the need of optimal fetal growth. Metabolic function changes represent one of the remarkable maternal adaptations. Maternal serum levels of glucose and amino acids increase as a result of the increasing serum levels of human placenta growth hormone (hPGH). The purpose of this study was to compare the glucose and amino acids levels in the serum of mothers with low birth weight (LBW) and normal birth weight (NBW) babies and the cord blood serum of the LBW and NBW babies. The method used in this study was exploration on two pregnant women groups of 38 - 40 weeks of pregnancy. The first group consisted of 15 pregnant women with LBW babies (2000 - 2500 g), and the second group was a group of 15 pregnant women who have NBW babies (2501 - 3500 g). Placenta weight were also taken.

Result and Conclusion : The result of the study showed that, the mean serum glucose level of mothers with LBW babies was 112.4 mg/dl, while that of mothers with NBW babies was 110,93 mg/dl. The mean serum amino acids level of mothers with LBW babies was 5.62 mg/dl, and that of mothers with NBW was 4.45 mg/dl. The mean glucose value in placental cord of LBW babies was 97.13 mg/dl, while that of NBW babies was 107.33 mg/dl. While the mean serum amino acids levels of LBW babies were 6.33 mg/dl, and that of NEW babies was 4.79 mg/dl, The mean placenta weights of LBW babies was 416.66 g and that of NBW babies was 483.33 mg/dl. There was no significant difference in serum levels of glucose and amino acids in both low birth weight and normal."